This book covers different aspects of gas injection, from the classic pressure maintenance operation to enhanced oil recovery (EOR), underground gas storage (UGS), and carbon capture and storage (CCS). The authors detail the unique characteristics and specific criteria of each application, including: material balance equations phase behaviour reservoir engineering well design operating aspects surface facilities environmental issues Examples, data, and simulation codes are provided to enable the reader to gain an in-depth understanding of these applications. Fundamentals and Practical Aspects of Gas Injection will be of use to practising engineers in the fields of reservoir engineering, and enhanced oil recovery. It will also be of interest to researchers, academics, and graduate students working in the field of petroleum engineering.

In the development of next-generation nanoscale devices, higher speed and lower power operation is the name of the game. Increasing reliance on mobile computers, mobile phone, and other electronic devices demands a greater degree of speed and power. As chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) progressively becomes perceived less as black art and more as a cutting-edge technology, it is emerging as the technology for achieving higher performance devices. Nanoparticle Engineering for Chemical-Mechanical Planarization explains the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles according to each step in the CMP process, including dielectric CMP, shallow trend isolation CMP, metal CMP, poly isolation CMP, and noble metal CMP. The authors provide a detailed guide to nanoparticle engineering of novel CMP slurry for next-generation nanoscale devices below the 60nm design rule. They present design techniques using polymeric additives to improve CMP performance. The final chapter focuses on novel CMP slurry for the application to memory devices beyond 50nm technology. Most books published on CMP focus on the polishing process, equipment, and cleaning. Even though some of these books may touch on CMP slurries, the methods they cover are confined to conventional slurries and none cover them with the detail required for the development of next-generation devices. With its coverage of fundamental concepts and novel technologies, this book delivers expert insight into CMP for all current and next-generation systems.

Touted as the new darling of the chemical industry, alkyl polyglycosides are gaining in popularity due to the fact that they are readily biodegradable, low-toxic, and made from renewable resources. Sugar-Based Surfactants compiles the most recent and relevant aspects of sugar-based surfactants, including self-association, phase behavior, and interfacial properties. Focusing on both colloidal and interfacial science, the book deals with the adsorption of surfactants in both the air-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces. It also covers new advances in surfactant science, such as the development of a family of potent surface active agents that are non-toxic, and thus usable in ubiquitous consumer products

While mathematically sophisticated methods can be used to better understand and improve processes, the nonlinear nature of food processing models can make their dynamic optimization a daunting task. With contributions from a virtual who s who in the food processing industry, Optimization in Food Engineering evaluates the potential uses and limitations of optimization techniques for food processing, including classical methods, artificial intelligence-genetic algorithms, multi-objective optimization procedures, and computational fluid dynamics.

The book begins by delineating the fundamentals and methods for analytical and numerical procedures. It then covers optimization techniques and how they specifically apply to food processing. The final section digs deep into fundamental food processes and provides detailed explanation and examples from the most experienced and published authors in the field. This includes a range of processes from optimization strategies for improving the performance of batch reactors to the optimization of conventional thermal processing, microwave heating, freeze drying, spray drying, and refrigeration systems, to structural optimization techniques for developing beverage containers, optimization approaches for impingement processing, and optimal operational planning methodologies. Each chapter presents the required parameters for the given process with the optimization procedure to apply.

An increasing part of the food processor s job is to optimize systems to squeeze more dollars out of overhead to offset rising utility and transportation costs. Logically combining optimization techniques from many sources into a single volume focused on food production processes, this book provides real solutions to increases in energy, healthcare, and product liability costs that impact the bottom line in food production.

Analytical Methods for Biomass Characterization and Conversion is a thorough resource for researchers, students and professors who investigate the use of biomass for fuels, chemicals and products. Advanced analytical chemistry methods and techniques can now provide detailed compositional and chemical measurements of biomass, biomass conversion process streams, intermediates and products. This volume from the Emerging Issues in Analytical Chemistry series brings together the current knowledge on each of these methods, including spectroscopic methods (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Near-infrared Spectroscopy, Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), pyrolysis (Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry), Liquid Chromatography/High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, and so on. Authors David C. Dayton and Thomas D. Foust show how these can be used for measuring biomass composition and for determining the composition of intermediates with regard to subsequent processing for biofuels, bio-chemicals and bio-based products.

Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: Relationships with Heterogeneous Catalysis and Perspectives highlights the differences between thermal-catalysis and photo-catalysis and indicates borderlines, in particular, the possible synergism between them. The book outlines the basic aspect of thermal- and photo-catalysis, along with the most important characterization techniques. In addition, it presents case studies of thermal-catalytic and photo-catalytic or thermal-photo-catalytic reactions and includes a comparison between the results obtained using an inorganic solid as thermal catalyst and photocatalyst for the same reaction, and in the same setup. Final sections offer information on the preparation methods of (photo)catalysts, various techniques used for their characterization, engineering and economical aspects. This book will be a valuable reference source for students and researchers involved in heterogeneous photocatalysis and catalysis, chemistry, chemical engineering, materials science, materials engineering, environment engineering, nanotechnology and green chemistry.

Modern mineral processing plants are required to be safe and profitable and to minimize their environmental impact. The consequent quest for higher operational standards at reduced cost is leading the industry towards automation technologies as capital-effective means of attaining these objectives.

"Advanced Control and Supervision of Mineral Processing Plants" describes the use of dynamic models of major items of mineral processing equipment in the design of control, data reconciliation and soft-sensing schemes; through examples, it illustrates tools integrating simulation and control system design for comminuting circuits and flotation columns. Full coverage is given to the design of soft sensors based on either single-point measurements or more complex measurements like images. The chief issues concerning steady-state and dynamic data reconciliation and their employment in the creation of instrument architecture and fault diagnosis are surveyed. In consideration of the widespread use of distributed control and information management systems in mineral processing, the book describes the current platforms and toolkits available for implementing such advanced systems.

Applications of the techniques described in real mineral processing plants are used to highlight their benefits; information for all of the examples, together with supporting MATLAB(r) code can be found at www.springer.com/978-1-84996-105-9.

The provision of valuable tools and information on the use of modern software platforms and methods will benefit engineers working in the mineral processing industries, and control engineers and academics interested in the real industrial practicalities of new control ideas. The book will also be of interest to graduate students in chemical, metallurgical and electronic engineering looking for applications of control technology in the treatment of raw materials.

An innovative approach that helps students move from the classroom to professional practice

This text offers a comprehensive, unified methodology to analyze and design chemical reactors, using a reaction-based design formulation rather than the common species-based design formulation. The book's acclaimed approach addresses the weaknesses of current pedagogy by giving readers the knowledge and tools needed to address the technical challenges they will face in practice.

"Principles of Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design" prepares readers to design and operate real chemical reactors and to troubleshoot any technical problems that may arise. The text's unified methodology is applicable to both single and multiple chemical reactions, to all reactor configurations, and to all forms of rate expression. This text also . . .

Describes reactor operations in terms of dimensionless design equations, generating dimensionless operating curves that depict the progress of individual chemical reactions, the composition of species, and the temperature.

Combines all parameters that affect heat transfer into a single dimensionless number that can be estimated a priori.

Accounts for all variations in the heat capacity of the reacting fluid.

Develops a complete framework for economic-based optimization of reactor operations.

Problems at the end of each chapter are categorized by their level of difficulty from one to four, giving readers the opportunity to test and develop their skills.

Graduate and advanced undergraduate chemical engineering students will find that this text's unified approach better prepares them for professional practice by teaching them the actual skills needed to design and analyze chemical reactors.

This book provides a comprehensive and detailed description of the various mechanisms of the CCS-EOR process. Whereas previous texts have primarily focused on carbon capture and storage (CCS) and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) separately, this book provides a general overview of both technologies when used together. Coupled CCS-EOR technology has become increasingly important, as it overcomes the respective shortcomings of the two technologies. The book presents an integrated numerical model including the hysteresis effect, solubility trapping, miscibility, and formation damage by asphaltene deposition. The experimental and model-based evaluation of fluid properties is also discussed. The book concludes by discussing the latest research into CO2 storage coupled with EOR, most notably performance control by including additives in CO2 injection, and CO2 injection into shale reservoirs. Ideally suited for graduate students and researchers in the fields of carbon capture, utilisation, and storage, the book shares essential insights into maximising the efficiency of CCS and EOR alike.

Polymer chemistry and technology form one of the major areas of molecular and materials science. This field impinges on nearly every aspect of modern life, from electronics technology, to medicine, to the wide range of fibers, films, elastomers, and structural materials on which everyone depends. Although most of these polymers are organic materials, attention is being focused increasingly toward polymers that contain inorganic elements as well as organic components. The goal of Inorganic Polymers is to provide a broad overview of inorganic polymers in a way that will be useful to both the uninitiated and those already working in this field. There are numerous reasons for being interested in inorganic polymers. One is the simple need to know how structure affects the properties of a polymer, particularly outside the well-plowed area of organic materials. Another is the bridge that inorganic polymers provide between polymer science and ceramics. More and more chemistry is being used in the preparation of ceramics of carefully controlled structure, and inorganic polymers are increasingly important precursor materials in such approaches.
This new edition begins with a brief introductory chapter. That is followed with a discussion of the characteristics and characterization of polymers, with examples taken from the field. Other chapters in the book detail the synthesis, reaction chemistry, molecular structure, and uses of polyphosphazenes, polysiloxanes, and polysilanes. The coverage in the second edition has been updated and expanded significantly to cover advances and interesting trends since the first edition appeared. Three new chapters have been added, focusing on ferrocene-based polymers, other phosphorous-containing polymers, and boron-containing polymers; inorganic-organic hybrid composites; and preceramic inorganic polymers.

Volume 17 in the Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction series represents the vanguard of research on solvent extraction. It covers the principles of electrolyte extraction and other subjects of increasing interest to the field. This volume begins with pharmaceutical applications of supercritical fluid solvents, particularly supercritical carbon dioxide. It also contains chapters on liquid ion exchangers and relevant experiment protocols, SCF applications in drug formulation and pollution reduction, exploiting SCF as reaction media, applications of metal bis(dicarbollide) in analytical chemistry and radioactive waste treatment, and synergistic extraction of metal ions. Volume 17 discusses the ion exchange isothermal supersaturation technique, metal separation via pH-induced parametric pumping, modeling of ion exchange kinetics for ultrapure water, and the engineering of activated carbons and carbonaceous materials for removal of metal ions and organic micropollutants in water. Volume 17 cover topics that include supercritical fluid applications, applications of metal bis(dicarbollide), and synergistic extraction of metal ions.

Carbon nanotubes, with their extraordinary mechanical and unique electronic properties, have garnered much attention in the past five years. With a broad range of potential applications including nanoelectronics, composites, chemical sensors, biosensors, microscopy, nanoelectromechanical systems, and many more, the scientific community is more motivated than ever to move beyond basic properties and explore the real issues associated with carbon nanotube-based applications. Taking a comprehensive look at this diverse and dynamic subject, Carbon Nanotubes: Science and Applications describes the field's various aspects, including properties, growth, and processing techniques, while focusing on individual major application areas. Well-known authors who practice the craft of carbon nanotubes on a daily basis present an overview on structures and properties, and discuss modeling and simulation efforts, growth by arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. Applications become the focal point in chapters on scanning probe microscopy, carbon nanotube-based diodes and transistors, field emission, and the development of chemical and physical sensors, biosensors, and composites. Presenting up-to-date literature citations that express the current state of the science, this book fully explores the development phase of carbon nanotube-based applications. It is a valuable resource for engineers, scientists, researchers, and professionals in a wide range of disciplines whose focus remains on the power and promise of carbon nanotubes. Editor Meyya Meyyappan will receive the Pioneer Award in Nanotechnology from the IEEE Nanotechnology Council at the IEEE Nano Conference in Portland, Oregon in August, 2011

Organized on a product category basis, this book provides a review of, and introduction to, the cosmetics and toiletries industry in a readily digestible form. The point of view is that of the chemist, whilst extensive coverage of economic and market recognizes the importance of these constraints. Authors discuss the rationale of raw material selection, the formulation and development of products that meet the demands of an international market place, product performances, and safety and quality aspects. Regulatory issues are considered from a worldwide perspective. The editors (British and American) have assembled an international team of contributors all of whom have extensive experience from distinguished careers within the industry. This book is for chemists and engineers, especially those new to the industry.

The applications and use of inkjet-like microfluidic drop ejectors have grown rapidly in many fields, including biotechnology, drug discovery, combinatorial chemistry, and microfabrication. Yet to date, end users and even designers of microdrop systems for scientific applications have had no books to reference on the subject. Microdrop Generation meets the needs of all those who need to understand the physics and engineering behind microdrop technology. It also contains detailed, how-to information on the practical construction, operation, troubleshooting, and fluid formulation for microdrop ejection systems. Written by a highly experienced practitioner of the art, the book is organized as a self-contained tutorial of microdrop technology ideal for those new to the field.

This book discusses effective and alternative uses for natural gas (NG) and highlights the utilization of NG in the field of methane activation and chemical production. It details the techniques used during the reforming process of petrochemical and bio-derived fuels and it presents cutting-edge research that describes the utilization of NG that enables it to be more cost-effective and eliminate the expensive greenhouse gas emitting process of hydrogen production. The book addresses three major topics: NG use in upstream heavy oil and bitumen upgrading, NG and its use in downstream oil refining through co-aromatization of various feeds in the petrochemical industry, and NG use in the upgrading of bio-derived fuels and discusses alternative uses of NG. In-depth chapters demonstrate uses for NG beyond heating homes, through catalysis and in-situ hydrogen donation, and its potential applications for the petrochemical and biofuel industries.

In the tradition of the popular first edition, Analysis of Surfactants, Second Edition offers a comprehensive and practical account of analysis methods for determining and understanding commercially important surfactants-individually and in compounds. Combining a complete review of the literature with a variety of evaluation procedures and the specifications for commercial products, this useful reference explores the key stages and latest developments for surfactant applications. This edition has been thoroughly expanded and features new sections on capillary electrophoresis, ether carboxylates, and ester quats. It is also more globally accessible with foreign language citations and SI units. Containing over 2400 references, drawings, tables, and equations, Analysis of Surfactants, Second Edition is an recommended reference for physical, surface, colloid, and oil chemists; analytical, research, and quality assurance chemists working in the soap and detergent, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic industries; regulatory and food scientists; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

Plants produce secondary metabolites that humans harness for their own benefit. About half of drugs currently in clinical use are based on these chemicals found in nature. Chemistry of Natural Products covers secondary metabolites present in medicinal plants and their biosynthesis, biological activities, and isolation and separation techniques. This book is ideal for researchers in the areas of biochemistry, medicine, and pharmacology.

A compilation of the most important aerosol chemical processes involved in known scientific and technological disciplines, Aerosol Chemical Processes in the Environment serves as a handbook for aerosol chemistry. Aerosol science is interdisciplinary, interfacing with many environmental, biological and technological research fields. Aerosols and aerosol research play an important role in both basic and applied scientific and technological fields. Interdisciplinary cooperation is useful and necessary. Aerosol Chemical Processes in the Environment uses several examples to show the impact of aerosol chemistry in several different fields, mainly in basic and atmospheric research. The book describes the most important chemical processes involved in the various scientific and technological disciplines.

Arranged alphabetically and by CAS number, the Handbook serves as a quick and convenient reference guide to more than 750 chemical pollutants The Regulatory Chemicals Handbook provides a wealth of data on over 185 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), more than 125 priority water pollutants (PWPs), and some 450 chemicals listed by the Occupational, Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA). Fields of information for the HAPs contain: CAS #/DOT # Synonyms Physical Properties Chemical Properties Exposure Routes Human Health Risks Hazard Risk Measurement Methods Applicable Regulations Major Uses Storage Fire Fighting Exposure Guidelines Personal Protection Spill Clean Up General Comments Health Symptoms Key References Fields of information for the PWPs contain: CAS #/DOT # Synonyms Physical Properties Chemical Properties Biological Properties Bioaccumulation Origin/Industry Sources/Uses Toxicity Exposure Routes Regulatory Status Probable Fate Treatability/Removability Key References Fields of information for the OSHA chemicals contain: CAS # / DOT # Synonyms Physical Properties Chemical Properties Explosion and Fire Concerns Health Symptoms First Aid Human Toxicity Data Acute Health Risks Chronic Health Risks Exposure Guidelines Personal Protection Spill Clean-Up Disposal and Storage Methods Regulatory Information Other Comments Key References Comprehensive in scope and content, the Regulatory Chemicals Handbook is a must-have desktop reference for all chemical, civil, environmental, pollution control, and occupational health and safety engineers; health and safety officers in government and industry; industrial hygienists and toxicologists; environmental regulators; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

Reviews a range of fundamental concepts, recent developments and practical applications in dispersion theory, along with relevant insights from colloidal and interfacial science. The text contains new work on the stabilization of solid-liquid dispersions. It focuses on topics as varied as electrostatics, hydrodynamics and rheology.

Providing a critical and extensive compilation of the downstream processes of natural gas that involve the principle of gas processing , transmission and distribution, gas flow and network analysis, instrumentation and measurement systems and its utilisation, this book also serves to enrich readers understanding of the business and management aspects of natural gas and highlights some of the recent research and innovations in the field. Featuring extensive coverage of the design and pipeline failures and safety challenges in terms of fire and explosions relating to the downstream of natural gas technology, the book covers the needs of practising engineers from different disciplines, who may include project and operations managers, planning and design engineers as well as undergraduate and postgraduate students in the field of gas, petroleum and chemical engineering. This book also includes several case studies to illustrate the analysis of the downstream process in the gas and oil industry. Of interest to researchers is the field of flame and mitigation of explosion: the fundamental processes involved are also discussed, including outlines of contemporary and possible future research and challenges in the different fields.

"Presents the most comprehensive coverage available of the detection, isolation, identification, and estimation of all anionic surfactants in a wide variety of samples in trace and macro quantities. Features new chapters on volumetric and trace analysis, molecular and mass spectroscopy, and chromatographic processes."

Smart and Functional Textiles is an application-oriented book covering a wide range of areas from multifunctional nanofinish, wearable e-textiles, textile-based sensors and actuators, thermoregulating textiles, to smart medical textiles and stimuli-responsive textiles. It also includes chapters on 3D printed smart textiles, automotive smart textiles, smart textiles in military and defense, as well as functional textiles used in care and diagnosis of Covid-19.

This book provides, for the first time, a thorough survey of the techniques and equipment for both high and low pressure phase equilibrium measurement and the equally challenging task of accurately modelling or predicting the equilibria. It is unique in the fact that it combines in-depth and authoritative coverage of both experimental and theoretical procedures in a single volume.

Beginning with a review of relevant thermodynamic theory, this book provides detailed discussions of the many different models and approaches, along with advantages and disadvantages for some theories and equations.