Oil is the lifeblood of the modern world. Without it, there would be no planes, no plastic, no exotic produce, and a global political landscape few would recognise. Humanity's dependence upon oil looks set to continue for decades to come, but what is it? Fully updated and packed with fascinating facts to fuel dinner party debate, Professor Vaclav Smil's Oil: A Beginner's Guide explains all matters related to the `black stuff', from its discovery in the earth right through to the controversy that surrounds it today.

An innovative approach that helps students move from the classroom to professional practice

This text offers a comprehensive, unified methodology to analyze and design chemical reactors, using a reaction-based design formulation rather than the common species-based design formulation. The book's acclaimed approach addresses the weaknesses of current pedagogy by giving readers the knowledge and tools needed to address the technical challenges they will face in practice.

"Principles of Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design" prepares readers to design and operate real chemical reactors and to troubleshoot any technical problems that may arise. The text's unified methodology is applicable to both single and multiple chemical reactions, to all reactor configurations, and to all forms of rate expression. This text also . . .

Describes reactor operations in terms of dimensionless design equations, generating dimensionless operating curves that depict the progress of individual chemical reactions, the composition of species, and the temperature.

Combines all parameters that affect heat transfer into a single dimensionless number that can be estimated a priori.

Accounts for all variations in the heat capacity of the reacting fluid.

Develops a complete framework for economic-based optimization of reactor operations.

Problems at the end of each chapter are categorized by their level of difficulty from one to four, giving readers the opportunity to test and develop their skills.

Graduate and advanced undergraduate chemical engineering students will find that this text's unified approach better prepares them for professional practice by teaching them the actual skills needed to design and analyze chemical reactors.

Polymer chemistry and technology form one of the major areas of molecular and materials science. This field impinges on nearly every aspect of modern life, from electronics technology, to medicine, to the wide range of fibers, films, elastomers, and structural materials on which everyone depends. Although most of these polymers are organic materials, attention is being focused increasingly toward polymers that contain inorganic elements as well as organic components. The goal of Inorganic Polymers is to provide a broad overview of inorganic polymers in a way that will be useful to both the uninitiated and those already working in this field. There are numerous reasons for being interested in inorganic polymers. One is the simple need to know how structure affects the properties of a polymer, particularly outside the well-plowed area of organic materials. Another is the bridge that inorganic polymers provide between polymer science and ceramics. More and more chemistry is being used in the preparation of ceramics of carefully controlled structure, and inorganic polymers are increasingly important precursor materials in such approaches.
This new edition begins with a brief introductory chapter. That is followed with a discussion of the characteristics and characterization of polymers, with examples taken from the field. Other chapters in the book detail the synthesis, reaction chemistry, molecular structure, and uses of polyphosphazenes, polysiloxanes, and polysilanes. The coverage in the second edition has been updated and expanded significantly to cover advances and interesting trends since the first edition appeared. Three new chapters have been added, focusing on ferrocene-based polymers, other phosphorous-containing polymers, and boron-containing polymers; inorganic-organic hybrid composites; and preceramic inorganic polymers.

Volume 17 in the Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction series represents the vanguard of research on solvent extraction. It covers the principles of electrolyte extraction and other subjects of increasing interest to the field. This volume begins with pharmaceutical applications of supercritical fluid solvents, particularly supercritical carbon dioxide. It also contains chapters on liquid ion exchangers and relevant experiment protocols, SCF applications in drug formulation and pollution reduction, exploiting SCF as reaction media, applications of metal bis(dicarbollide) in analytical chemistry and radioactive waste treatment, and synergistic extraction of metal ions. Volume 17 discusses the ion exchange isothermal supersaturation technique, metal separation via pH-induced parametric pumping, modeling of ion exchange kinetics for ultrapure water, and the engineering of activated carbons and carbonaceous materials for removal of metal ions and organic micropollutants in water. Volume 17 cover topics that include supercritical fluid applications, applications of metal bis(dicarbollide), and synergistic extraction of metal ions.

Carbon nanotubes, with their extraordinary mechanical and unique electronic properties, have garnered much attention in the past five years. With a broad range of potential applications including nanoelectronics, composites, chemical sensors, biosensors, microscopy, nanoelectromechanical systems, and many more, the scientific community is more motivated than ever to move beyond basic properties and explore the real issues associated with carbon nanotube-based applications. Taking a comprehensive look at this diverse and dynamic subject, Carbon Nanotubes: Science and Applications describes the field's various aspects, including properties, growth, and processing techniques, while focusing on individual major application areas. Well-known authors who practice the craft of carbon nanotubes on a daily basis present an overview on structures and properties, and discuss modeling and simulation efforts, growth by arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. Applications become the focal point in chapters on scanning probe microscopy, carbon nanotube-based diodes and transistors, field emission, and the development of chemical and physical sensors, biosensors, and composites. Presenting up-to-date literature citations that express the current state of the science, this book fully explores the development phase of carbon nanotube-based applications. It is a valuable resource for engineers, scientists, researchers, and professionals in a wide range of disciplines whose focus remains on the power and promise of carbon nanotubes. Editor Meyya Meyyappan will receive the Pioneer Award in Nanotechnology from the IEEE Nanotechnology Council at the IEEE Nano Conference in Portland, Oregon in August, 2011

30 tutorials and more than 100 exercises in chemoinformatics, supported by online software and data sets Chemoinformatics is widely used in both academic and industrial chemical and biochemical research worldwide. Yet, until this unique guide, there were no books offering practical exercises in chemoinformatics methods. Tutorials in Chemoinformatics contains more than 100 exercises in 30 tutorials exploring key topics and methods in the field. It takes an applied approach to the subject with a strong emphasis on problem-solving and computational methodologies. Each tutorial is self-contained and contains exercises for students to work through using a variety of software packages. The majority of the tutorials are divided into three sections devoted to theoretical background, algorithm description and software applications, respectively, with the latter section providing step-by-step software instructions. Throughout, three types of software tools are used: in-house programs developed by the authors, open-source programs and commercial programs which are available for free or at a modest cost to academics. The in-house software and data sets are available on a dedicated companion website. Key topics and methods covered in Tutorials in Chemoinformatics include: * Data curation and standardization * Development and use of chemical databases * Structure encoding by molecular descriptors, text strings and binary fingerprints * The design of diverse and focused libraries * Chemical data analysis and visualization * Structure-property/activity modeling (QSAR/QSPR) * Ensemble modeling approaches, including bagging, boosting, stacking and random subspaces *3D pharmacophores modeling and pharmacological profiling using shape analysis * Protein-ligand docking * Implementation of algorithms in a high-level programming language Tutorials in Chemoinformatics is an ideal supplementary text for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in chemoinformatics, bioinformatics, computational chemistry, computational biology, medicinal chemistry and biochemistry. It is also a valuable working resource for medicinal chemists, academic researchers and industrial chemists looking to enhance their chemoinformatics skills.

Organized on a product category basis, this book provides a review of, and introduction to, the cosmetics and toiletries industry in a readily digestible form. The point of view is that of the chemist, whilst extensive coverage of economic and market recognizes the importance of these constraints. Authors discuss the rationale of raw material selection, the formulation and development of products that meet the demands of an international market place, product performances, and safety and quality aspects. Regulatory issues are considered from a worldwide perspective. The editors (British and American) have assembled an international team of contributors all of whom have extensive experience from distinguished careers within the industry. This book is for chemists and engineers, especially those new to the industry.

The applications and use of inkjet-like microfluidic drop ejectors have grown rapidly in many fields, including biotechnology, drug discovery, combinatorial chemistry, and microfabrication. Yet to date, end users and even designers of microdrop systems for scientific applications have had no books to reference on the subject. Microdrop Generation meets the needs of all those who need to understand the physics and engineering behind microdrop technology. It also contains detailed, how-to information on the practical construction, operation, troubleshooting, and fluid formulation for microdrop ejection systems. Written by a highly experienced practitioner of the art, the book is organized as a self-contained tutorial of microdrop technology ideal for those new to the field.

This text examines the thermal and catalytic processes involved in the refining of petroleum including visbreaking, coking, pyrolysis, catalytic cracking, oligomerization, alkylation, hydrofining, hydroisomerization, hydrocracking, and catalytic reforming. It analyzes the thermodynamics, reaction mechanisms, and kinetics of each process, as well as the effects of operating conditions and reactor design on process performance and product quality. This is a valuable resource for chemists who wish to improve their knowledge of some of the real world issues that must be addressed in hydrocarbon conversion. Topics include processes on metallic catalysts, processes using bifunctional catalysts, and catalytic reforming.

Smart and Functional Textiles is an application-oriented book covering a wide range of areas from multifunctional nanofinish, wearable e-textiles, textile-based sensors and actuators, thermoregulating textiles, to smart medical textiles and stimuli-responsive textiles. It also includes chapters on 3D printed smart textiles, automotive smart textiles, smart textiles in military and defense, as well as functional textiles used in care and diagnosis of Covid-19.

This four volume set covers the entire spectrum of pulp and paper chemistry and technology from starting material to processes and products including market demands. This work is essential for all students of wood science and a useful reference for those working in the pulp and paper industry or on the chemistry of renewable resources. This volume examines the physical properties of paper and modern demands on this versatile material. The book presents fundamental definitions of fibre networks and their structure, physical properties of the paper and their development during pressing and drying, interactions with moisture and its affect on mechanical properties, interactions between light and fibrous materials and the determination of optical properties of the paper, physical action of dry-strength and wet-strength chemicals, physical properties of the paper surface with special emphasis on printing and print quality, overview of packaging materials and the demands on paper from a packaging materials perspective, laminate theories for papermakers and theoretical models of paper for converting and end-uses.

Featuring extensive calculations and examples, this reference discusses theoretical and practical aspects of short-circuit currents in ac and dc systems, load flow, and harmonic analyses to provide a sound knowledge base for modern computer-based studies that can be utilized in real-world applications. Presenting more than 2300 figures, tables, and equations, the author explores matrix methods for network solutions and includes load flow and optimization techniques. He discusses ac and dc short-circuit systems calculations in accordance with standards set by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

The in-lab preparation of certain chemical reagents provides a number of advantages over purchasing various commercially prepared samples. This is especially true in isolated regions where acquiring the necessary substances from overseas can cause undue delay and inconvenience due to restrictions on the transportation of hazardous chemicals. An invaluable resource for chemists in a variety of environments, Small-Scale Synthesis of Laboratory Reagents with Reaction Modeling presents efficient, sensible, and versatile methods for the laboratory preparation of common chemical reagents. Rapid, reliable synthesis Designed to facilitate smooth experimentation in the lab, this volume presents preparations chosen for their short duration, availability of apparatus, high yield, and high purity of the product. Adding an educational component, the book also discusses fundamental processes in inorganic chemistry, presenting original modeling of reactions and their practical implementation. Theoretical aspects are discussed to a greater extent than is usual in synthetic literature in cases where there is a direct impact on experimental parameters, such as the reaction time, yield, and purity of the product. More than 30 convenient, time-saving preparations Focusing on simple synthesis of high-purity reagents, the book contains over 30 presentations, a substantial number of which are mathematically modeled for the first time. Most syntheses can be carried out in one day using common laboratory equipment, making this volume a valuable and time-saving tool.

In the tradition of the popular first edition, Analysis of Surfactants, Second Edition offers a comprehensive and practical account of analysis methods for determining and understanding commercially important surfactants-individually and in compounds. Combining a complete review of the literature with a variety of evaluation procedures and the specifications for commercial products, this useful reference explores the key stages and latest developments for surfactant applications. This edition has been thoroughly expanded and features new sections on capillary electrophoresis, ether carboxylates, and ester quats. It is also more globally accessible with foreign language citations and SI units. Containing over 2400 references, drawings, tables, and equations, Analysis of Surfactants, Second Edition is an recommended reference for physical, surface, colloid, and oil chemists; analytical, research, and quality assurance chemists working in the soap and detergent, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic industries; regulatory and food scientists; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

This book discusses effective and alternative uses for natural gas (NG) and highlights the utilization of NG in the field of methane activation and chemical production. It details the techniques used during the reforming process of petrochemical and bio-derived fuels and it presents cutting-edge research that describes the utilization of NG that enables it to be more cost-effective and eliminate the expensive greenhouse gas emitting process of hydrogen production. The book addresses three major topics: NG use in upstream heavy oil and bitumen upgrading, NG and its use in downstream oil refining through co-aromatization of various feeds in the petrochemical industry, and NG use in the upgrading of bio-derived fuels and discusses alternative uses of NG. In-depth chapters demonstrate uses for NG beyond heating homes, through catalysis and in-situ hydrogen donation, and its potential applications for the petrochemical and biofuel industries.

Arranged alphabetically and by CAS number, the Handbook serves as a quick and convenient reference guide to more than 750 chemical pollutants The Regulatory Chemicals Handbook provides a wealth of data on over 185 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), more than 125 priority water pollutants (PWPs), and some 450 chemicals listed by the Occupational, Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA). Fields of information for the HAPs contain: CAS #/DOT # Synonyms Physical Properties Chemical Properties Exposure Routes Human Health Risks Hazard Risk Measurement Methods Applicable Regulations Major Uses Storage Fire Fighting Exposure Guidelines Personal Protection Spill Clean Up General Comments Health Symptoms Key References Fields of information for the PWPs contain: CAS #/DOT # Synonyms Physical Properties Chemical Properties Biological Properties Bioaccumulation Origin/Industry Sources/Uses Toxicity Exposure Routes Regulatory Status Probable Fate Treatability/Removability Key References Fields of information for the OSHA chemicals contain: CAS # / DOT # Synonyms Physical Properties Chemical Properties Explosion and Fire Concerns Health Symptoms First Aid Human Toxicity Data Acute Health Risks Chronic Health Risks Exposure Guidelines Personal Protection Spill Clean-Up Disposal and Storage Methods Regulatory Information Other Comments Key References Comprehensive in scope and content, the Regulatory Chemicals Handbook is a must-have desktop reference for all chemical, civil, environmental, pollution control, and occupational health and safety engineers; health and safety officers in government and industry; industrial hygienists and toxicologists; environmental regulators; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

A compilation of the most important aerosol chemical processes involved in known scientific and technological disciplines, Aerosol Chemical Processes in the Environment serves as a handbook for aerosol chemistry. Aerosol science is interdisciplinary, interfacing with many environmental, biological and technological research fields. Aerosols and aerosol research play an important role in both basic and applied scientific and technological fields. Interdisciplinary cooperation is useful and necessary. Aerosol Chemical Processes in the Environment uses several examples to show the impact of aerosol chemistry in several different fields, mainly in basic and atmospheric research. The book describes the most important chemical processes involved in the various scientific and technological disciplines.

Plants produce secondary metabolites that humans harness for their own benefit. About half of drugs currently in clinical use are based on these chemicals found in nature. Chemistry of Natural Products covers secondary metabolites present in medicinal plants and their biosynthesis, biological activities, and isolation and separation techniques. This book is ideal for researchers in the areas of biochemistry, medicine, and pharmacology.

Providing a critical and extensive compilation of the downstream processes of natural gas that involve the principle of gas processing , transmission and distribution, gas flow and network analysis, instrumentation and measurement systems and its utilisation, this book also serves to enrich readers understanding of the business and management aspects of natural gas and highlights some of the recent research and innovations in the field. Featuring extensive coverage of the design and pipeline failures and safety challenges in terms of fire and explosions relating to the downstream of natural gas technology, the book covers the needs of practising engineers from different disciplines, who may include project and operations managers, planning and design engineers as well as undergraduate and postgraduate students in the field of gas, petroleum and chemical engineering. This book also includes several case studies to illustrate the analysis of the downstream process in the gas and oil industry. Of interest to researchers is the field of flame and mitigation of explosion: the fundamental processes involved are also discussed, including outlines of contemporary and possible future research and challenges in the different fields.

Reviews a range of fundamental concepts, recent developments and practical applications in dispersion theory, along with relevant insights from colloidal and interfacial science. The text contains new work on the stabilization of solid-liquid dispersions. It focuses on topics as varied as electrostatics, hydrodynamics and rheology.

Comprehensively introduces readers to the production, modifications, and applications of nanocellulose This book gives a thorough introduction to the structure, properties, surface modification, theory, mechanism of composites, and functional materials derived from nanocellulose. It also provides in-depth descriptions of plastics, composites, and functional nanomaterials specifically derived from cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils, and bacterial cellulose. It includes the most recent progress in developing a conceptual framework of nanocellulose, as well as its numerous applications in the design and manufacture of nanocomposites and functional nanomaterials. The book also looks at the relationship between structure and properties. Featuring contributions from many noted experts in the field, Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Materials examines the current status of nanocomposites based on nanocelluloses. It covers surface modification of nanocellulose in the nanocomposites development; reinforcing mechanism of cellulose nanocrystals in nanocomposites; and advanced materials based on self-organization of cellulose nanocrystals. The book studies the role of cellulose nanofibrils in nanocomposites, as well as a potential application based on colloidal properties of cellulose nanocrystals. It also offers strategies to explore biomedical applications of nanocellulose. Provides comprehensive knowledge on the topic of nanocellulose, including the preparation, structure, properties, surface modification and strategy Covers new reports on the application of nanocellulose Summarizes three kinds of nanocellulose (cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils, and bacterial cellulose) and their production, modification, and applications Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Materials is a useful resource for specialist researchers of chemistry, materials, and nanotechnology science, as well as for researchers and students of the subject.

"Presents the most comprehensive coverage available of the detection, isolation, identification, and estimation of all anionic surfactants in a wide variety of samples in trace and macro quantities. Features new chapters on volumetric and trace analysis, molecular and mass spectroscopy, and chromatographic processes."

This book provides, for the first time, a thorough survey of the techniques and equipment for both high and low pressure phase equilibrium measurement and the equally challenging task of accurately modelling or predicting the equilibria. It is unique in the fact that it combines in-depth and authoritative coverage of both experimental and theoretical procedures in a single volume.

Beginning with a review of relevant thermodynamic theory, this book provides detailed discussions of the many different models and approaches, along with advantages and disadvantages for some theories and equations.

Gasoline - the most common petroleum product comes in several types or grades. Straight-run gasoline is generated solely by crude oil distillation. Crack gasoline, derived by thermal or catalytic breaking of heavier oil fractions, accounts for the majority of gasoline used in automobile and aviation. Straight-run gasoline, fractured gasoline, reformed and synthetic gasoline, and additives are used to create a wide range of gasoline kinds.

This volume extends the discussions of basic theory and applications featured in volumes 1-3 of this series. It includes details on emulsion stability and emulsification; an examination on the effect of added polymers on emulsion rheology; findings on the role of repulsive forces in aqueous solubility, micelle stability, micro-emulsion formation, and phase separation; and a model for microemulsions.