This is the first in-depth presentation in book form of current analytical methods for optimal design, selection and evaluation of instrumentation for process plants. The presentation is clear, concise and systematic-providing process engineers with a valuable tool for improving quality, costs, safety, loss prevention, and production accounting.

From Chapter 1 Introduction
"Instrumentation is needed in process plants to obtain data that are essential to perform several activities. Among the most important are control, the assessment of the quality of products, production accounting… and the detection of failures related to safety. In addition, certain parameters than cannot be measured directly, such as heat exchanger, fouling or column deficiencies, are of interest. Finally, new techniques, such as on-line optimization, require the construction of reliable computer models for which the estimation of process parameters is essential.

"This book concentrates on the tasks of determining the optimal set of measured variables and selecting the accuracy and reliability of the corresponding instruments. The goal is to obtain sufficiency accurate and reliable estimates of variables of interest while filtering bad data due to possible instrument malfunction. An additional goal is to observe and diagnose single and multiple process faults."

From the Preface
"There is a vast amount of literature devoted to the selection and good maintenance of instruments. This literature covers the selection of the right instrument for a particular range and system, but only after the desired accuracy and reliability of measurement have been established. Little has been written on how to systematically determine the right accuracy and reliability needed when selecting an instrument, much less how much redundancy is needed for a particular system. The key variables that needed estimation come from control requirements, as well as monitoring needs for safety, quality control and production accounting. These are the starting points of the design methodology. This book concentrates on determining the optimal accuracy and reliability of instruments and their location. To determine this, certain desired properties of the system of instruments are used as constraints while the cost is minimized. These properties, among others are variable observability, system reliability and precision of certain variables.

"This book is not a textbook. Rather it is intended to be an organized collection of the most relevant work in this area…. It has been written with the intention of making it readable by engineers with some background in linear algebra, mathematical optimization and graph theory. It is organized so that the complexity of the sensor network design is addressed step by step."

The information in this new book serves the needs of chemical and other process engineers involved in instrumentation and control, maintenance, plant operations, process design, process development, quality control, safety, and loss prevention.

Illustrations and Tables
The text is supplemented with more than 100 flow charts, diagrams and other schematics that illustrate procedures, systems and instrumentation. More than 70 tables provide useful reference data.
The Author
Dr. Miguel J. Bagajewicz brings to this new book his extensive experience in design, data management, teaching and writing in the area of process engineering. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the California Institute of Technology. He is presently Associate Professor, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Director, Center for Engineering Optimization at the University of Oklahoma. He is the author or co-author of more than 100 journal articles, conference presentations, and reports, and the author of articles on data reconciliation and sensor location in the Instrument Engineers' Handbook, fourth edition. He is a member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), and on the executive committee of the Central Oklahoma Chapter.

When a pharmaceutical company decides to build a Quality System, it has to face the fact that there aren't any guideline that define exactly how such a system has to be built. With terms such as quality system, quality assurance, and quality management used interchangeably, even defining the system's objectives is a problem. This book provides a practical guide to building a quality system. Beginning with explanations of key terms and concepts, it covers ISO 9000 and GMP and how to combine them, and includes a matrix showing their similarities and differences. Implementation reviews illustrate how Quality (Management) Systems have been installed successfully in pharmaceutical companies. Also covered are the individual components of a Quality System; auditing, validation, and supplier qualification systems; and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP).

The petrochemical industry is a scientific and engineering field that encompasses the production of a wide range of chemicals and polymers. The purpose of this book is not only to provide a follow-on to form the later chapters of the highly successful Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum 5th Edition but also provides a simplified approach to a very diverse chemical subject dealing with the chemistry and technology of various petroleum and petrochemical process. Following from the introductory chapters, this book provides the readers with a valuable source of information containing insights into petrochemical reactions and products, process technology, and polymer synthesis. Provides readers with a valuable source of information containing insights into petrochemical reactions and products, process technology, and polymer synthesis Introduces the reader to the various petrochemical intermediates are generally produced by chemical conversion of primary petrochemicals to form more complicated derivative products The reactions and processes involved in transforming petroleum-based hydrocarbons into the chemicals that form the basis of the multi-billion dollar petrochemical industry are reviewed and described The book includes information on new process developments for the production of raw materials and intermediates for petrochemicals Includes a description of the origin of the raw materials for the petrochemicals industry - including an overview of the coal chemicals industry

Synthesizing research from a wide variety of sources, this work offers a convenient guide to a clean, safe, inexpensive, non-toxic, non-polluting solvent that performs better than most conventional solvents. Natural Extracts Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide reviews recent development in the technology and its applications to the food, flavor, fragrance, and pharmaceutical industries. It outlines the many advantages the method has over traditional methods like steam distillation, solvent extraction, and molecular distillation and it supports the popular trend toward the use of natural products in these industries.

Waste minimisation has a number of aims which include enhancing the intrinsic selectivity of any given process, providing a means of recovering reagents in a form which allows easy regeneration and the replacement of stoichiometric processes with catalytic ones. Solids, as catalysts or as supports for other reagents, offer potential for benefit in all these areas. This monograph provides an overview of the properties of the more useful solid catalysts and supported reagents, and highlights their most valuable applications in the preparation of organic chemicals in liquid phase reactions. Clean Synthesis Using Porous Inorganic Solid Catalysts and Supported Reagents is concerned with the use of solid catalysts in the clean synthesis of organic chemicals. The emphasis is on chemical processes of importance to the manufacture/preparation of fine and speciality chemicals, chemical intermediates and pharmaceutical intermediates, especially where catalysis is not currently used or where current catalysts are homogeneous, leading to difficult separation procedures and unacceptable levels of waste. This book focuses on solid catalysts based on inorganic supports and covers the emerging area of chemically modified mesoporous solid catalysts.

The Definitive, Learner-Friendly Guide to Chemical Engineering Separations--Extensively Updated, Including a New Chapter on Melt Crystallization Efficient separation processes are crucial to addressing many societal problems, from developing new medicines to improving energy efficiency and reducing emissions. Separation Process Engineering, Fifth Edition, is the most comprehensive, accessible guide to modern separation processes and the fundamentals of mass transfer. In this completely updated edition, Phillip C. Wankat teaches each key concept through detailed, realistic examples using actual data--with up-to-date simulation practice, spreadsheet-based exercises, and references. Wankat thoroughly covers each separation process, including flash, column, and batch distillation; exact calculations and shortcut methods for multicomponent distillation; staged and packed column design; absorption; stripping; and more. His extensive discussions of mass transfer and diffusion enable faculty to teach separations and mass transfer in a single course. And detailed material on liquid-liquid extraction, adsorption, chromatography, and ion exchange prepares students for advanced work. New and updated content includes melt crystallization, steam distillation, residue curve analysis, batch washing, the Shanks system for percolation leaching, eutectic systems, forward osmosis, microfiltration, and hybrid separations. A full chapter discusses economics and energy conservation, including updated equipment costs. Over 300 new and updated homework problems are presented, all extensively tested in undergraduate courses at Purdue University. New chapter on melt crystallization: solid-liquid phase equilibrium, suspension, static and falling film layer approaches, and 34 questions and problems New binary VLE equations and updated content on simultaneous solutions New coverage of safety and fire hazards New material on steam distillation, simple multi-component batch distillation, and residue curve analysis Expanded discussion of tray efficiencies, packed column design, and energy reduction in distillation New coverage of two hybrid extraction with distillation, and the Kremser equation in fractional extraction Added sections on deicing with eutectic systems, eutectic freeze concentration, and scale-up New sections on forward osmosis and microfiltration Expanded advanced content on adsorption and ion exchange including updated instructions for eight detailed Aspen Chromatography labs Discussion of membrane separations, including gas permeation, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, pervaporation, and applications Thirteen up-to-date Aspen Plus process simulation labs, adaptable to any simulator This guide reflects an up-to-date understanding of how modern students learn: designed, organized, and written to be exceptionally clear and easy to use. It presents detailed examples in a clear, standard format, using real data to solve actual engineering problems, preparing students for their future careers.

There have been several attempts to write the history of Britain's chemical industry as a whole, and countless others concentrating on individual companies. Some have looked at the technical aspects of the industry, whilst others have addressed economic issues. Few have, however, attempted to analyse the effects of the chemical industry on society in general. The current environmental crisis can only be fully understood in the light of its history. This is the first such book to look critically at the whole development of industrial chemistry in the UK in the context of its effects on the environment. No one from industry, government or academia can afford to be unaware of the historical roots of our present dilemma. Industrial chemists can take heart from the realization that their predecessors were remarkably aware of the problems and often found satisfactory solutions. Industrial chemistry has traditionally been seen as the great 'polluter'. Without any attempts at 'whitewash' this book puts the record straight. From academic chemist to industrialist to politician, Chemistry, Society and Environment: A New History of the British Chemical Industry will be of relevance to all those concerned with the social and environmental impact of the chemical industry.

This book presents part of the proceedings of the Manufacturing and Materials track of the iM3F 2020 conference held in Malaysia. This collection of articles deliberates on the key challenges and trends related to manufacturing as well as materials engineering and technology in setting the stage for the world in embracing the fourth industrial revolution. It presents recent findings with regards to manufacturing and materials that are pertinent towards the realizations and ultimately the embodiment of Industry 4.0, with contributions from both industry and academia.

This long-awaited, revised and updated reference/text combines a thorough description of the origin and application of fundamental chemical kinetics through an assessment of realistic reactor problems with an expanded discussion of kinetics and its relation to chemical thermodynamics. Provides exercises of gradiating difficulty that range from simple applications of equations and concepts developed in the text to open-ended situations drawing on creative thinking Adds a host of worked-out illustrations and a notation list after each chapter, reinforcing important concepts Retaining the careful organization and logical progression of ideas that characterized the first edition, the Second Edition of Reaction Kinetics and Reactor Design clarifies chain and polymerization reactions in greater depth contains new material on microbial and enzyme kinetics and adsorption-desorption theory streamlines the presentation of the derivations arising from the kinetic theory of gases addresses transport effect in catalytic reactions explains gas-solid noncatalytic reactions covers the development of two-phase reactor theory based on plug flow, mixing cell, and dispersion models introduces theory and design of fluid slurry and trickle beds examines catalyst deactivation phenomena, ion exchange, and chromatographic reactors and more Including over 1450 equations for developing rational chemical reactor designs and analysis models, the Second Edition of Reaction Kinetics and Reactor Design is an excellent reference for chemical, mechanical, petroleum, plant, process, civil, and design engineers, and an ideal text for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

"Serves as a comprehensive introduction to the preparation, uses, and physical chemistry of silicone surfactants--focusing on silicone polyoxyalkylene copolymers that are surface active in both aqueous and nonaqueous systems. Covers applications in the manufacture of polyurethane foam, coatings, wetting agents, fabric finishes, and polymer surface modifiers."

This book covers the principles of cryopreservation as they relate the preservation of viable cells and cell materials being developed for biopharmaceutical applications. Topics include: the principles of freezing and thawing cells, physiochemical phenomena, process and system design options, method selection considerations, preservation procedures, cryoprotectant additives, freeze-drying human live virus vaccines, and transport system selection criteria. Contributions from well-known experts such as Steven S. Lee, Thomas C. Pringle, William H. Siegel, Richard Wisniewski, and Fangdong Yin make this the single most important study available.

Editors: V.B. Fainerman, G. Loglio, E.H. Lucassen-Reynders, R. Miller and P. Petrov

This monograph provides a comprehensive introduction into the fast developing research field of dynamic processes at liquid/gas and liquid/liquid interfaces to postgraduate students, scientists and engineers interested in the fundamentals of non-equilibrium interfacial properties. It also addresses to some extent application fields, such as foams and emulsions. Theory and experiments on dynamic adsorption layers are considered systematically and discussed with respect to processes at interfaces.
It is both an introduction for beginners in the present field as well as a systematic preparation of a vast range of the current scientific investigations generalised, together with accumulated knowledge for those already being an insider. It is the first extensive review available on the subject of dynamics of adsorption and gives a general summary of the current state of adsorption kinetics theory and experiments. The book also reviews recent progress in new-designed set-ups and improved and generalised known methods for studying interfacial relaxations.

New process technology strategies are required to cope with the future. Fossil feedstocks are losing ground in favour of renewable feedstocks and secondary resources. Conventional processing routes using thermal "sledgehammer" techniques are replaced by highly selective (bio)catalytic conversions. The future process engineer is neither allowed to think in terms of unit operations, nor to take for granted the conventional practice of continuous steady state processing. Hybrid systems and transient operations are more and more frequently encountered. The continuing impressive progress being made in process modelling and control will revolutionize the process industries. In the new generation of chemical production processes the keyword is precision. Precision, in terms of selectivity and of efficiency, is required to maximize the utilisation of materials and energy. Moreover, enhanced precision is needed to exploit the quality of materials and energy to the full extent. Only by reducing the squandering of materials, energy and quality will a harmonious relationship be established between the process industries, the economy, and the environment. Process integration, as well as an integrated effort by the disciplines involved in process technology, will be of crucial importance in attaining the goals of precision process technology. These emerging strategies involve an active exchange of tools and ideas between a variety of disciplines, not only in plant design and operation, but even more in the early stages of process development and design. By looking from various angles at what the future has in store for the process industries, this volume systematically lifts the corners of the veil and may help to establish a new tradition of precision in process technology.

Simple, but beautifully versatile. Perhaps not a description many would choose for hydrogen peroxide, but an accurate one none the less, and this unique book explains the reasons behind the description. Beginning with an historical overview, and guidelines for the safe handling of peroxygens, Applications of Hydrogen Peroxide and Derivatives goes on to cover key activation mechanisms, organic functional group oxidations and the use of hydrogen peroxide with heterogeneous catalysts. The clean-up of environmental pollutants; chemical purification; and extraction of metals from their ores are also discussed in detail, using actual examples from industry. The versatility of this reagent may well prove to be a key to integrated pollution control in the future. This book should therefore be read by academics and industrialists at all levels, to encourage wider applications of the use of hydrogen peroxide in laboratories.

This book presents the chemical properties of lignocellulosic fibers, knowledge of which is essential for innovation and sustainable development of their transformation. Thermochemical transformation of wood and other lignocellulosics is presented to highlight its volatile, liquid and solid products and their novel applications. Forest biorefinery is described to emphasize the new products from lignocellulosic constituents, both structural (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignins) and those extraneous to cell walls-extractives. New developments in cellulose technology related to nanocellulose are discussed in relation to new applications. Industrial lignins are presented in detail, both in terms of extraction procedures from spent liquors and structural characterization of the isolated lignins. Application of lignocellulosic biopolymers in new composite materials, or in biomaterials for medicinal purposes, and in solid wood preservation, are described. The example of an industrial biorefinery installed in southwestern France more than 40 years ago is presented.

This edited volume focuses on comprehensive state-of-the-art information about the practical aspects of cultivation, harvesting, biomass processing and biofuel production from algae. Chapters cover topics such as synthetic ecological engineering approaches towards sustainable production of biofuel feedstock, and algal biofuel production processes using wastewater. Readers will also discover more about the role of biotechnological engineering in improving ecophysiology, biomass and lipid yields. Particular attention is given to opportunities of commercialization of algal biofuels that provides a realistic assessment of various techno-economical aspects of pilot scale algal biofuel production. The authors also explore the pre-treatment of biomass, catalytic conversion of algal lipids and hydrothermal liquefaction with the biorefinery approach in detail. In a nut shell, this volume will provide a wealth of information based on a realistic evaluation of contemporary developments in algal biofuel research with an emphasis on pilot scale studies. Researchers studying and working in the areas of environmental science, biotechnology, genetic engineering and biochemistry will find this work instructive and informative.

Intended primarily for undergraduate chemical-engineering students, this book also includes material which bridges the gap between undergraduate and graduate requirements. The introduction contains a listing of the principal types of reactors employed in the chemical industry, with diagrams and examples of their use. There is then a brief exploration of the concepts employed in later sections for modelling and sizing reactors, followed by basic information on stoichiometry and thermodynamics, and the kinetics of homogeneous and catalyzed reactions. Subsequent chapters are devoted to reactor sizing and modelling in some simple situations, and more detailed coverage of the design and operation of the principal reactor types.

Discussing the technology and its applications, Membrane Processes: A Technology Guide investigates the differing requirements of industry today. Driven by increasing water quality demands, the technological spotlight is now on the application of membranes to potable water, and several significant examples of filtration processes are given. Encompassing the fundamentals of design and operation of membranes, feasibility of use and economics as well as applications in water, paint and other industries, this coverage of the key aspects of membrane technology will be welcomed by technologists, engineers and scientists in a variety of disciplines.

First published in 1919. Tilden discusses a compilation of chemical discovery and invention to demonstrate the progress of chemistry in the early 20th century. Divided into 5 sections, chemical laboratories and the work done in them, modern discoveries and theories, modern applications of chemistry, and modern progress in organic chemistry, the author presents an overview of the subject. The final section of the book contains an account of important discoveries which find practical applications and provide new views of the constitution of the world in which we live.

"Viscosity, Heavy Oils to Waste, Hazardous, Legislation"

This new edition follows the original format, which combines a detailed case study - the production of phthalic anhydride - with practical advice and comprehensive background information. Guiding the reader through all major aspects of a chemical engineering design, the text includes both the initial technical and economic feasibility study as well as the detailed design stages. Each aspect of the design is illustrated with material from an award-winning student design project.
The book embodies the "learning by doing" approach to design. The student is directed to appropriate information sources and is encouraged to make decisions at each stage of the design process rather than simply following a design method. Thoroughly revised, updated, and expanded, the accompanying text includes developments in important areas and many new references.

Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.

Discusses the laboratory and industrial synthesis of nonionic surfactants. Furnishes exhaustive coverage of the most recent advances in nonionic surfactant organic chemistry. Analyzes a novel class of catalysts for the production of surfactants with highly narrow distributions.

Soon after its publication in 1987, the first edition of Ultrafiltration Handbook became recognized as the leading handbook on ultrafiltration technology. Reviews in professional journals praised it as an authoritative and substantive information resource on this technology. Now a completely, updated and expanded edition is available under the title, Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration Handbook.
This practical handbook systematically covers the basics of this technology from its scientific fundamentals to a wide range of industrial applications. The presentation is clear and concise with the emphasis on practical use. Many schematics and micrographs illustrate membranes, equipment and processes. Numerous tables and graphs provide useful data on specifications and performance.
The updated information is useful to all those involved in the use of separation and filtration in industrial processes.

New edition covers the latest practices, regulations, and alternative disinfectants

Since the publication of the Fourth Edition of "White's Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants" more than ten years ago, the water industry has made substantial advances in their understanding and application of chlorine, hypochlorite, and alternative disinfectants for water and wastewater treatment. This "Fifth Edition," with its extensive updates and revisions, reflects the current state of the science as well as the latest practices.

Balancing theory with practice, the "Fifth Edition" covers such important topics as:

Advances in the use of UV and ozone as disinfectants

Alternative disinfectants such as chlorine dioxide, iodine, and bromine-related products

Advanced oxidation processes for drinking water and wastewater treatment

New developments and information for the production and handling of chlorine

Latest regulations governing the use of different disinfectants

For each disinfectant, the book explains its chemistry, effectiveness, dosing, equipment, and system design requirements. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of each disinfectant are clearly set forth. References at the end of each chapter guide readers to the primary literature for further investigation.

Authored and reviewed by leading experts in the field of water and wastewater treatment, this "Fifth Edition" remains an ideal reference for utilities, regulators, engineers, and plant operators who need current information on the disinfection of potable water, wastewater, industrial water, and swimming pools.