Despite the fact that crystals make up an estimated 80% of chemical and pharmaceutical products, few resources exist that provide practical guidance on achieving precision control of their size and size distribution. Based on a model developed by the author and his colleagues, Precision Crystallization: Theory and Practice of Controlling Crystal Size presents scientists and product engineers with the tools to control crystal nucleation, enabling them to ultimately control crystal size and size distribution for batch and continuous crystallizations.

At the cutting edge of crystallization science and technology, this volume presents information never before available. Introducing the Balanced Nucleation and Growth (BNG) model, the book demonstrates how the results of the nucleation process are quantitatively related to practical experimental control values such as:

• reaction addition rate
• crystal solubility
• temperature
• residence time (continuous crystallizations)
• the effect of ripening agents (crystal supersizing) during nucleation
• the effect of crystal growth restrainers (crystal nanosizing) during nucleation
• control of renucleation

The author shows how the BNG theory predicts previously unknown phenomena and also how it corrects erroneous perceptions of the importance of reaction volume on the outcome of crystal nucleation. Going above and beyond classical nucleation theories which rely to a large extent on guesswork, the BNG model gives precise guidance to scientists working in a range of critical areas, leading to promising implications for research, quality control, product development, production processes, pilot plant operations, and manufacturing.

The goal of this book is to show the high potential of chiral sulfur-containing ligands to promote numerous asymmetric catalytic transformations. The important number of reports appeared in the literature over the last 35 years often highlighted spectacular results in terms of efficiency and enantioselectivity, allowing access to many biologically important molecules, which clearly demonstrates that these ligands can now be recognised as real competitors to the more usual phosphorus- or nitrogen-containing ligands. A key point of reference for post-graduate students, researchers and academics.

This book provides a necessary bridge between the values of engineering end-use parameters of polyethylene resins and their scientific molecular and structural characteristics. The main goal is to translate such common parameters, such as the melt index of a resin or the dart impact strength of a film sample, into the universal language of polymer science. After this translation is completed, many facets of the resin properties become transparent and easily explainable. The second edition is brought up to date with coverage of new types of catalysts and polymerization processes, and a new section on PE recycling. The chapter on melt indexes is modified and simplified, that on stress cracking has a significant update, and a new chapter on the nature of LLDPE extractables is added. Contents: Educational Minimum: Manufacture, Structure, and Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Resins Melt Index and Melt Flow Ratio of Polyethylene Resin Melting Point of Polyethylene Resin Crystallinity Degree and Density of Polyethylene Resins End-Use Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Film End-Use Testing of High Molecular Weight HDPE and MDPE Resins Nature of LLDPE Extractables

Advanced membranes-from fundamentals and membrane chemistry to manufacturing and applications

A hands-on reference for practicing professionals, "Advanced Membrane Technology and Applications" covers the fundamental principles and theories of separation and purification by membranes, the important membrane processes and systems, and major industrial applications. It goes far beyond the basics to address the formulation and industrial manufacture of membranes and applications.

This practical guide:

• Includes coverage of all the major types of membranes: ultrafiltration; microfiltration; nanofiltration; reverse osmosis (including the recent high-flux and low-pressure membranes and anti-fouling membranes); membranes for gas separations; and membranes for fuel cell uses
• Addresses six major topics: membranes and applications in water and wastewater; membranes for biotechnology and chemical/biomedical applications; gas separations; membrane contractors and reactors; environmental and energy applications; and membrane materials and characterization
• Includes discussions of important strategic issues and the future of membrane technologyWith chapters contributed by leading experts in their specific areas and a practical focus, this is the definitive reference for professionals in industrial manufacturing and separations and research and development; practitioners in the manufacture and applications of membranes; scientists in water treatment, pharmaceutical, food, and fuel cell processing industries; process engineers; and others. It is also an excellent resource for researchers in industry and academia and graduate students taking courses in separations and membranes and related fields.

By and large, the debate about the merits of including higher education services within free trade policies has occurred outside of the United States, even though the U.S. Office of the Trade Representative has specifically included higher education services in its March 2003 negotiating offer to the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). This book emerged from research and conversations on the potential implications of free trade on American higher education, implications which have yet to lead to any real conversation or debate within the broad higher education community in the United States. It fills a niche in the literature on trade and higher education services by providing context and analysis of the trade issue in the American higher education context, as well as the pros and cons of free trade in higher education services from the perspectives of the U.S.-based actors.

This book highlights current efforts and research into achieving campus sustainability. The book start with Introduction followed by two chapters discusses best governance and practices in enhancing campus sustainability, while subsequent chapters elaborate on green building and bioenergy. In addition, the book discusses several initiatives regarding campus waste management including sewage recycling potential.

This book focuses on flame retardants (FR) for textile materials. It discusses basics of flame retardancy and flammability and covers various types of flame retardants and materials, including natural FRs, halogen, phosphorous, and nanomaterial-based FRs. This book also discusses methods of applications of FRs and discusses FRs and the environment. Covers a variety of interdisciplinary applications in the textile industry Emphasizes environmental aspects Reports on a large number of FR compounds studied globally Discusses in detail recent developments in halogen-free eco-friendly flame retardants Extensively describes basic aspects of flame retardancy and their measurements Aimed at the practitioner and textile engineering professional this work aims to ensure development of safe textile materials for various uses, including apparel, protective wear, floor coverings, upholstery, drapery, and others.

Focusing on fossil-fueled, nonpolluting power generation systems, Zero Emissions Power Cycles presents alternative solutions to the severe emissions problems of power plants. Along with a description of new thermodynamic cycles and the results of computational analyses, this volume provides modern analytical tools and equations to evaluate exergy and introduce "currentology."

The authors explore various aspects of zero emissions power plant (ZEPP) technology, including carbon dioxide sequestration, ion transport, and oxygen enrichment. They show that ZEPP technology can:

• Provide affordable, clean power to meet expanding energy demand
• Solve critical environmental problems, such as eliminating carbon dioxide and pollutant emissions
• Address energy security issues by supporting the use of diverse fossil fuels, including integrated coal gasification and pulverized coal combustion
• Ease the economic cost of sustainable energy supplies primarily through the use of cogenerated carbon dioxide for enhanced oil recovery

Addressing the significant human contribution to global warming, this book presents reasonable and effective approaches to minimize the harmful pollution that results from fossil fuel emissions. It shows how to create and operate ZEPPs, making our energy future clean, secure, and inexpensive.

The 20th century has seen a phenomenal growth in the global economy and continuous improvement in the standard of living in the industrialized countries. Sustainable development has become an ideal target in recent years and in the early 1990s the concept of "Green chemistry" was launched in the USA as a new paradigm, and since 1993 it has been promoted by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The success of the pharmaceutical industry is, in large part, due to the towering achievement of organic chemistry, a mature science which emerged as a distinct discipline well over 150 years ago, however this has been both a blessing and a curse. Many of our most reliable strategies for assembling target molecules employ reactions which are fifty to one hundred years old and are often named in honour of their discoverers. During these early years, the chronic toxicological properties of chemicals were often completely unknown and many unwittingly became indispensable tools of the trade. Early pioneers in green chemistry included Trost (who developed the atom economy principle) and Sheldon (who developed the E-Factor). These measures were introduced to encourage the use of more sustainable chemistry and provide some benchmarking data to encourage scientists to aspire to more benign synthesis. Green chemistry is essentially the design of chemical processes and procedures that reduce or eliminate the use, or the generation, of hazardous substances. Green chemistry is a growing area of research and an increasing number of researchers are now involved in this field. The number of publications has dramatically increased and new recognition of advances made is necessary with respect to other research areas. The synthesis of "Fine Chemicals" represents one of the main goals in organic synthesis and this new book extensively examines the main processes and procedures for their preparation under eco-friendly conditions.

The book is a collection of selected research topics delivered by scientists involved in some of the more prominent fields of green chemistry. It is devoted to the synthesis of fine chemicals by the use of alternative eco-friendly solvents (ionic liquids, polyethylene glycol, water, etc.), supported organic catalysis, microwave irradiation or high pressure as contributors to more efficient processes, photochemistry as a green procedure and solvent-free processes. Each chapter gives an introduction to the various methods or procedures and their contribution to green chemistry and a variety of the most representative examples of the eco-friendly synthesis of fine chemicals are reported and discussed. In addition, there is a chapter dedicated to the application of simple reaction to the synthesis of complex molecules.The chapters are all written by authors who are experts in their field and are exhaustively referenced and the book will be invaluable for researchers and industrialists as well as academia.

This book provides practical information on obtaining and using a wide variety of plant based reagents for different sectors, addressing the needs and challenges in a single resource. The chapters complement each other seamlessly and present contributions from reputed international researchers and renowned professionals from industry, covering the latest efforts in the field. The book serves as the starting point for future collaborations in the new area "Plant Based Green Chemistry" between research, industry, and education, covering large ecologic and economic applications: perfume, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food ingredients, nutraceuticals, biofuels, or fine chemicals industries. This book is aimed at professionals from industries, academicians engaged in plant based green chemistry, researchers and graduate level students, but will also be useful to food technologists and students and researchers involved in natural products chemistry.

This unique book presents an integrated approach to the chemistry of art materials, exploring the many chemical processes involved. The Chemistry and Mechanism of Art Materials: Unsuspected Properties and Outcomes engages readers with historical vignettes detailing examples of unexpected outcomes due to materials used by known artists. The book discusses artists' materials focusing on relevant chemical mechanisms which underlie the synthesis and deterioration of inorganic pigments in paintings, the ageing of the binder in oil paintings, and sulfation of wall paintings as well as the toxicology of these pigments and solvents used by artists. Mechanisms illustrate the stepwise structural transformation of a variety of art materials. Based on the author's years of experience teaching college chemistry, the approach is descriptive and non-mathematical throughout. An introductory section includes a review of basic concepts and provides concise descriptions of analytical methods used in contemporary art conservation. Additional features include: Illustrations of chemical reactivity associated with art materials Includes a review of chemical bonding principles, redox and mechanism writing Covers analytical techniques used by art conservation scientists Accessible for readers with a limited science background Provides numerous references for readers seeking additional information

This book aims to stimulate and promote the wide-ranging aspects of green chemistry and its major role in ensuring sustainable development.

The book covers the following areas: green chemistry; green reagents and atom economy; safeguarding the atmosphere; industrial green catalysis; alternative reaction conditions; biocatalysis and green chemistry.

This book is based on the third edition of the Collection of Lectures of the Summer Schools on Green Chemistry held in Venice, Italy in the summers of 1998-2003 (sponsored by the European Commission, TMR and Improving Programmes and carried out by the Consortzio Interuniversitario La Chemica per l'Ambiente).

Stochastic Process Optimization using Aspen (R) Plus Bookshop Category: Chemical Engineering Optimization can be simply defined as "choosing the best alternative among a set of feasible options". In all the engineering areas, optimization has a wide range of applications, due to the high number of decisions involved in an engineering environment. Chemical engineering, and particularly process engineering, is not an exception; thus stochastic methods are a good option to solve optimization problems for the complex process engineering models. In this book, the combined use of the modular simulator Aspen (R) Plus and stochastic optimization methods, codified in MATLAB, is presented. Some basic concepts of optimization are first presented, then, strategies to use the simulator linked with the optimization algorithm are shown. Finally, examples of application for process engineering are discussed. The reader will learn how to link the process simulator Aspen (R) Plus and stochastic optimization algorithms to solve process design problems. They will gain ability to perform multi-objective optimization in several case studies. Key Features: * The book links simulation and optimization through numerical analyses and stochastic optimization techniques * Includes use of examples to illustrate the application of the concepts and specific guidance on the use of software (Aspen (R) Plus, Excel, MATLB) to set up and solve models representing complex problems. * Illustrates several examples of applications for the linking of simulation and optimization software with other packages for optimization purposes. * Provides specific information on how to implement stochastic optimization with process simulators. * Enable readers to identify practical and economic solutions to problems of industrial relevance, enhancing the safety, operation, environmental, and economic performance of chemical processes.

In the 1970s, Density Functional Theory (DFT) was borrowed from physics and adapted to chemistry by a handful of visionaries. Now chemical DFT is a diverse and rapidly growing field, its progress fueled by numerous developing practical descriptors that make DFT as useful as it is vast. With 34 chapters written by 65 eminent scientists from 13 different countries, Chemical Reactivity Theory: A Density Functional View represents the true collaborative spirit and excitement of purpose engendered by the study and use of DFT. This work instructs readers on how concepts from DFT can be used to describe, understand, and predict chemical reactivity. Prior knowledge is not required as early chapters, written by the field's original pioneers, cover basic ground-state DFT and its extensions to time-dependent systems, excited states, and spin-polarized molecules. While the text is accessible to senior undergraduate or beginning graduate students, experienced researchers are certain to find interesting new insights in the perspectives presented by these seasoned experts. This remarkable one-of-a-kind resource- Provides authoritative accounts on aspects of the theory of chemical reactivity Describes various global reactivity descriptors, such as electronegativity, hardness, and electrophilicity Introduces and analyzes the usefulness of local reactivity descriptors such as Fukui, shape, and electron localization functions Offers an in-depth analysis of how chemical reactivity changes during different physicochemical processes or in the presence of external perturbations The book covers a gamut of related topics such as methods for determining atoms-in-molecules, population analysis, electrostatic potential, molecular quantum similarity, aromaticity, and biological activity. It also discusses the role of reactivity concepts in industrial and other practical applications. Whether you are searching for new products or new research projects, this is the ultimate guide for understanding chemical reactivity.

Introduction to Chemical Exposure and Risk Assessment focuses on the principles involved in assessing the risks from chemical exposure. These principles include the perception of risk, an understanding of how numbers are handled, and how chemicals affect health. The book briefly describes the major sinks, such as water and air, where chemicals are introduced. This is followed by a discussion on how concentrations are estimated and risk assessments are made. A discussion of risk benefit analysis and a presentation of several case studies using the principles for assessing risks are also included.

First published in 1919. Tilden discusses a compilation of chemical discovery and invention to demonstrate the progress of chemistry in the early 20th century. Divided into 5 sections, chemical laboratories and the work done in them, modern discoveries and theories, modern applications of chemistry, and modern progress in organic chemistry, the author presents an overview of the subject. The final section of the book contains an account of important discoveries which find practical applications and provide new views of the constitution of the world in which we live.

This book provides recent developments in sustainable manufacturing ranging from product designing to product delivery. It focuses on key challenges and solutions at various stages such as product design, material selection, material processing, manufacturing and energy consumption to ensure sustainability at every stage of product lifecycle. It further offers solutions to build sustainable product by responsible consumption and production. The role of advanced technologies in sustainable manufacturing is also covered in this book. Given the topics covered, this book will be useful for the researchers and professionals working in the area of mechanical engineering, especially industrial and production engineering.

Examines regulatory and other strategies for improving chemical risk management in small enterprises in the European Union. This book considers what supports are necessary to secure the implementation of these strategies and is particularly concerned with the role of chemical product supply as envisaged by REACH.

Many industrial formulations such as detergents, paints, foodstuff and cosmetics contain both surfactants and polymers and their interaction govern many of the properties. This book is unique in that it discusses the solution chemistry of both surfactants and polymers and also the interactions between the two. The book, which is based on successful courses given by the authors since 1992, is a revised and extended version of the first edition that became a market success with six reprints since 1998. Surfactants and Polymers in Aqueous Solution is broad in scope, providing both theoretical insights and practical help for those active in the area.

This book contains a thorough discussion of surfactant types and gives information of main routes of preparation. A chapter on novel surfactants has been included in the new edition. Physicochemical phenomena such as self-assembly in solution, adsorption, gel formation and foaming are discussed in detail. Particular attention is paid to the solution behaviour of surfactants and polymers containing polyoxyethylene chains. Surface active polymers are presented and their interaction with surfactants is a core topic of the book. Protein-surfactant interaction is also important and a new chapter deals with this issue. Microemulsions are treated in depth and several important application such as detergency and their use as media for chemical reactions are presented. Emulsions and the choice of emulsifier is discussed in some detail. The new edition also contains chapters on rheology and wetting.

Surfactants and Polymers in Aqueous Solution is aimed at those dealing with surface chemistry research at universities and with surfactant formulation in industry.

This volume focuses on recent scientific and technological developments in silicon-based (i.e., silicon nitride, SiAlONs, silicon carbide, silicon oxynitride) structural ceramics. Authors from academia and industry assess the current state of the art in slilicon-based structual ceramics. Industrial case studies are advocated to highlight the development and application of these materials in real engineering environments.

Surfactants are used throughout industry as components in a huge range of formulated products or as effect chemicals in the production or processing of other materials. A detailed understanding of the basis of their activity is required by all those who use surfactants, yet the new graduate or postgraduate chemist or chemical engineer will generally have little or no experience of how and why surfactants work.

Chemistry & Technology of Surfactants is aimed at new graduate or postgraduate level chemists and chemical engineers at the beginning their industrial careers and those in later life who become involved with surfactants for the first time. The book is a straightforward and practical survey of the chemistry of surfactants and their uses, providing a basic introduction to surfactant theory, information on the various types of surfactant and some application details. This will allow readers to build onto their scientific education the concepts and principles on which the successful use of surfactants, across a wide range of industries, is based.

In "Different Dispatches", David Humphries brings together in a new way a diverse group of well-known American writers of the inter-war period including: Willa Cather, Sherwood Anderson, Ernest Hemmingway, Zora Neale Hurston, James Agee and Robert Penn Warren. He demonstrates how these writers engage journalism in creating innovative texts that address mass culture as well as underlying cultural conditions. The book will be of interest to readers approaching these well-known authors for the first time or for scholars grappling with larger issues of cultural production and reception.

By and large, the debate about the merits of including higher education services within free trade policies has occurred outside of the United States, even though the U.S. Office of the Trade Representative has specifically included higher education services in its March 2003 negotiating offer to the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). This book emerged from research and conversations on the potential implications of free trade on American higher education, implications which have yet to lead to any real conversation or debate within the broad higher education community in the United States. It fills a niche in the literature on trade and higher education services by providing context and analysis of the trade issue in the American higher education context, as well as the pros and cons of free trade in higher education services from the perspectives of the U.S.-based actors.

Besides being one of the best Clean Coal Technologies, fluidized beds are also proving to be the most practical option for biomass conversion. Although the technology is well established, the field lacks a comprehensive guide to the design and operating principles of fluidized bed boilers and gasifiers. With more than 30 years of research and industrial experience, Prabir Basu answers this pressing need with Combustion and Gasification in Fluidized Beds.

This book is a versatile resource that explains how fluidized bed equipment works and how to use the basic principles of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics in design while providing insight into planning new projects, troubleshooting existing equipment, and appreciating the capabilities and limitations of the process. From hydrodynamics to construction and maintenance, the author covers all of the essential information needed to understand, design, operate, and maintain a complete fluidized bed system. It is a must for clean coal technology as well as for biomass power generation.

Beginning with a general introduction to fossil or biofuel conversion choices, the book surveys hydrodynamics, fundamentals of gasification, combustion of solid fuels, pollution aspects including climate change mitigation, heat transfer in fluidized beds, the design and operation of bubbling and circulating fluidized bed boilers, and various supporting components such as distributor grates, feeding systems, and gas-solid separators.

This excellent book systematically identifies the issues surrounding the effective linking of project management techniques and engineering applications. It is not a technical manual, nor is it procedure--led. Instead, it encourages creative learning of project engineering methodology that can be applied and modified in different situations. In short, it offers a distillation of practical 'on--the job' experience to help project engineers perform more effectively. While this book specifically addresses process plants, the principles are applicable to other types of engineering project where multidisciplinary engineering skills are required, such as power plant and general factory construction. It focuses on the technical aspects, which typically influence the configuration of the plant as a whole, on the interface between the various disciplines involved, and the way in which work is done -- the issues central to the co--ordination of the overall engineering effort. It develops an awareness of relationships with other parties -- clients, suppliers, package contractors, and construction managers -- and of how the structure and management of these relationships impact directly on the performance of the project engineer. Readers will welcome the author's straightforward approach in tackling sensitive issues head on. COMPLETE CONTENTS* Introduction* A process plant* A project and its management* A brief overview* The engineering work and its management* The project's industrial environment* The commercial environment* The contracting environment* The economic environment* Studies and proposals* Plant layout and modelling* Value engineering and plant optimization* Hazards, loss, and safety* Specification, selection and purchase* Fluid transport* Bulk solids transport* Slurries and two--phase transport* Hydraulic design and plant drainage* Observations on multidiscipline engineering* Detail design and drafting* The organization of work* Construction* Construction contracts* Commissioning* Communication* Change and chaos* Fast--track projects* Advanced information management* Project strategy development* Key issues summary