In the 1970s, Density Functional Theory (DFT) was borrowed from physics and adapted to chemistry by a handful of visionaries. Now chemical DFT is a diverse and rapidly growing field, its progress fueled by numerous developing practical descriptors that make DFT as useful as it is vast. With 34 chapters written by 65 eminent scientists from 13 different countries, Chemical Reactivity Theory: A Density Functional View represents the true collaborative spirit and excitement of purpose engendered by the study and use of DFT. This work instructs readers on how concepts from DFT can be used to describe, understand, and predict chemical reactivity. Prior knowledge is not required as early chapters, written by the field's original pioneers, cover basic ground-state DFT and its extensions to time-dependent systems, excited states, and spin-polarized molecules. While the text is accessible to senior undergraduate or beginning graduate students, experienced researchers are certain to find interesting new insights in the perspectives presented by these seasoned experts. This remarkable one-of-a-kind resource- Provides authoritative accounts on aspects of the theory of chemical reactivity Describes various global reactivity descriptors, such as electronegativity, hardness, and electrophilicity Introduces and analyzes the usefulness of local reactivity descriptors such as Fukui, shape, and electron localization functions Offers an in-depth analysis of how chemical reactivity changes during different physicochemical processes or in the presence of external perturbations The book covers a gamut of related topics such as methods for determining atoms-in-molecules, population analysis, electrostatic potential, molecular quantum similarity, aromaticity, and biological activity. It also discusses the role of reactivity concepts in industrial and other practical applications. Whether you are searching for new products or new research projects, this is the ultimate guide for understanding chemical reactivity.

Introduction to Chemical Exposure and Risk Assessment focuses on the principles involved in assessing the risks from chemical exposure. These principles include the perception of risk, an understanding of how numbers are handled, and how chemicals affect health. The book briefly describes the major sinks, such as water and air, where chemicals are introduced. This is followed by a discussion on how concentrations are estimated and risk assessments are made. A discussion of risk benefit analysis and a presentation of several case studies using the principles for assessing risks are also included.

Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives and Applications, Second Edition explains how pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) work, why they are used, and the technology used to manufacture them. This second edition features the latest developments in the field. Dr. Benedek discusses the factors that affect the rheology and special flow characteristics responsible for the adhesivity of liquid and solid PSAs. His book explores the viscoelastic behavior of PSAs, and compares them to plastics, rubbers, and polymers properties and examines the parameters that influence the conversion process of PSAs from the coating of carrier materials to the properties of the final laminate. The author covers adhesion/cohesion balance, time-temperature dependence of pressure sensitivity, chemical composition, coating properties, and coating processes affect the adhesive properties of PSA and their end products and how application-specific performance indices are used to determine the formulation and manufacture of raw materials. In addition, up-to-date coating machines, converting technology, and environmental considerations in the manufacture of PSA final products as well as industry-specific methods of testing for quality assurance and control are discussed. Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives and Applications, Second Edition combines the theoretical basis of pressure sensitivity with the practical aspects of manufacturing, testing, and use of PSAs. Readers are offered an exhaustive as well as comparative look at the engineering of plastics, adhesives, and pressure-sensitives, resulting in an indispensable, up-to-date reference for adhesive and polymer chemists and technologists.

The first guide to compile current research and frontline developments in the science of process intensification (PI), Re-Engineering the Chemical Processing Plant illustrates the design, integration, and application of PI principles and structures for the development and optimization of chemical and industrial plants. This volume updates professionals on emerging PI equipment and methodologies to promote technological advances and operational efficacy in chemical, biochemical, and engineering environments and presents clear examples illustrating the implementation and application of specific process-intensifying equipment and methods in various commercial arenas.

This book is about Nano and micro engineered membrane technology, an emerging new technological area in membrane technology. Potential applications cover a broad spectrum of science, such as micro and nano filtration, gas separation, optics and nanophotonics, catalysis, microbiology, controlled drug delivery, nanopatterning, micro contact printing, atomisation, cross flow emulsification, etc. A brief overview of filtration membranes and pore structures is presented in chapter 1 and in the subsequent chapter 2 an overview is presented of conventional micro perforation methods, like laser drilling, electroforming, precision etching etc. With micro engineering techniques (chapter 3), originating from the semiconductor industry, it is relatively easy to downscale and form submicron pores (down to 100 nm) using photolithographic methods, with e.g. contact masks and wafer steppers. In chapter 4 some elementary fluid mechanics related to fluid flow in conducts and single and multiple orifices is presented covering analytical methods as well as computational fluid dynamics. Much effort has been put in strength and maximum pressure load analysis (chapter 5) of perforated and unperforated membranes. New analytical expressions were obtained that were verified by a number of computer simulations and many experiments. A separate chapter (chapter 6) has been devoted to the pioneering work of manufacturing polymeric perforated membranes because of its potential future economical impact. Large scale microfiltration applications on e.g. skim milk and lager beer are presented in chapter 7, whereas in chapter 8 a micro scale Lab-on-a-Chip microfiltration/fractionation demonstrator is discussed.
Nanotechnology and nano engineered membranes is the fascinating topic of chapter 9, with typical examples as nanopatterning, nanophotonics and nanomembrane technology. This book closes with novel pioneering applications on atomization (chapter 10) for deep pulmonary inhale and cross flow emulsification (chapter 11) for the manufacturing of e.g. functional foods and nano/micro emulsions.
1. Overview on the implementation of nano and micro engineering techniques in membrane science; which is an upcoming new cross-road technology.
2. Demonstration of feasibility with respect to micro and nano filtration, gas separation, photonic structures, catalysis, microbiology, controlled drug delivery, nanopatterning, micro contact printing, atomisation and emulsification techniques.
3. Informative introductions with rules of thumb for fluid flow in micro channels, pressure strength of thin supported perforated and unperforated membranes, silicon micro machining techniques, membrane filtration technology, Rayleigh breakup and cross-flow emulsification.

Handbook of Industrial Hydrocarbon Processes, Second Edition, provides an analysis of the process steps required to produce hydrocarbons from various raw materials and how the choice of a process depends not only on technology, but also on external effects, such as social and economic developments, political factors affecting the availability of raw materials, and environmental legislation. This book qualitatively examines chemical processes and plant design by showing the factors determining process structures, including the underlying chemistry, feedstock, product specifications and reactor design. The book also compares the processes for different products based on raw materials and manufacturing processes based on their respective applications. With the addition of useful flowcharts that present an overview of the chemical processes, process design and equipment, this book is a valuable resource to industry professionals on how to understand how hydrocarbons are produced from different raw materials and how to develop an instinct for the right process development strategy.

Chemical formulation can be traced back to Stone Age times, when hunter-gatherers attached flint arrowheads to shafts using a resin made from birch bark and beeswax. Today, formulated preparations are part of everyday life. Formulations based on surfactants are by far the most prolific, from shampoos and shower gels to emulsion paint and polishes. This book discusses the chemical technology of surfactants and related chemicals, using over forty examples of everyday products. Some basic theory on surface chemistry, molecular interactions and surfactant function is included to aid understanding. Chemical Formulation: An Overview of Surfactant-based Preparations Used in Everyday Life then goes on to look at wider aspects such as surfactant manufacture, raw materials, environment, sustainability, analysis and testing. Throughout, common chemical names are used for formulation chemicals, further aiding the readability of the book. Bridging the gap between theory and application, this book will be invaluable to anyone wishing to broaden their knowledge of applied chemistry, including students on A level, BTEC and technician courses. It will also be of benefit to those new to the formulation industry.

This timely publication will be welcomed by those needing access to the latest research in the profitable field of industrial mineral process chemistry. It is an up-to-date account of the performance gains achievable in the use of speciality chemicals in industrial mineral processing and products, with each chapter presenting the new and potentially valuable technology for consideration. This book presents the most recent research in this key area and is unique in its coverage. Diverse topics such as dispersants, dewatering and flocculants, are discussed, along with selective processing and biocides. Speciality Chemicals in Mineral Processing is an essential purchase for speciality chemical producers and users, particularly those in the paper, plastic, polymer, paint, rubber, adhesive and ceramic industries.

Numerous applications for biocides have been found in fields as diverse as ethical pharmaceuticals and cat litter products. The aim of this book is two-fold: to provide a comprehensive guide to the use of biocides across a range of applications; and to aid in the selection of a biocide that is "fit for purpose." It covers a cross-section of traditional measures, novel ideas and innovative developments, as well as addressing the biocides market, the political outlook and future trends of biocide use. With contributions by acknowledged experts in the field, Industrial Biocides is a unique title that will be welcomed by many in industry, including industrial and water chemists, microbiologists, and plant and environment managers.

Written by leading experts from industry and academia, this is the first book devoted to the topic of chirality in agrochemicals, discussing the synthesis, activity and toxicology of chiral agrochemicals.
The importance of using optically pure compounds has long been recognized by the pharmaceutical industry. The discovery that opposite enantiomers can have similarly diverse effects on plants and insects has had no less a revolutionary impact on the agrochemical industry. In this review volume, interesting and topical examples of chiral agrochemicals are brought together.
It covers:
* Pyrethroid Insecticides
* Organophosphorus Insecticides and Fungicides
* Aryloxyophenoxypropanoate Herbicides
* Acylanilides
* Triazoles
* Insect Hormones and Pheromones
The book will provide invaluable information for all those in the field.

Uniformly presents extensive data on the properties of solvent mixtures and describes their structures and interactions-leading to analyses of preferential solvation phenomena in these solvent mixtures. This reference examines the properties, function, and behavior of binary, ternary, and multicomponent mixtures in the presence and absence of solutes-detailing the effects and impact of preferential solvation on the environment, action, and components of chemical systems. Features numerous tables displaying the physical, thermodynamic, and chemical properties of binary solvent mixtures. Solvent Mixtures highlights - experimental approaches to determine when, and to what extent, preferential solvation has taken place -models for organic, ionic, macromolecular, and biochemical solutes and discusses -excess Gibbs energy and volume, enthalpy, and entropy -chemical probes for polarity, electron pair donicity, and hydrogen bond formation -correlation volumes and local mole fractions. Compiling, comparing, and analyzing research from a wide range of abstracts, journal articles, and websites, Solvent Mixtures is a timely guide for analytical, coordination, process, separation, surface, organic, inorganic, physical, and environmental chemists; geochemists; electrochemists; radiochemists; biochemists; biophysicists; hydrometallurgists; membrane researchers; chemical engineers; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

Featuring case studies and worked examples that illustrate key concepts in the text, this book contains guidelines for scaleup of laboratory and pilot plant results, methods to derive the correct reaction order, activation energy, or kinetic model from laboratory tests, and theories, correlations, and practical examples for 2- and 3-phase reaction systems, including bubble columns, slurry reactions, trickle-led reactors, and fluidized beds. A comprehensive reference, the book offers strategies to analyze and interpret kinetic data for homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions, practical design procedures, rate equations, and analytical models for improved reactor performance.

This volume examines the technological advances made in the development of microsystem technologies using electrochemical techniques. It covers electrochemical microsystem technologies for microelectronics, sensors, materials science, microbiology, neurobiology and applications of microtechnologies and microsystems in medicine and provides an overview of the technological status and development of micropatternings and micro-biosensors and the application of micropower systems.
This book will be a valuable reference source for graduate/postgraduate students, technologists, and researchers working in the field of electrochemical technology.

eBook available with sample pages: 020321921X

This comprehensive handbook provides a complete and updated overview of filter media. From classification to performance date to practical selection tables.

Chemical Engineering Volume 2 covers the properties of particulate systems, including the character of individual particles and their behaviour in fluids. Sedimentation of particles, both singly and at high concentrations, flow in packed and fluidised beads and filtration are then examined.
The latter part of the book deals with separation processes, such as distillation and gas absorption, which illustrate applications of the fundamental principles of mass transfer introduced in Chemical Engineering Volume 1. In conclusion, several techniques of growing importance - adsorption, ion exchange, chromatographic and membrane separations, and process intensification - are described.
* A logical progression of chemical engineering concepts, volume 2 builds on fundamental principles contained in Chemical Engineering volume 1 and these volumes are fully cross-referenced
* Reflects the growth in complexity and stature of chemical engineering over the last few years
* Supported with further reading at the end of each chapter and graded problems at the end of the book

Showing how to apply the theoretical knowledge in practice, the one and only compilation of electrochemical experiments on the market now in a new edition. Maintaining its didactic approach, this successful textbook provides clear and easy-to-follow instructions for carrying out the experiments, illustrating the most important principles and applications in modern electrochemistry, while pointing out the potential dangers and risks involved. This second edition contains approximately 25% new material and 20 new experiments, many of which cover electrochemical energy conversion and storage as well as electrochemical equilibrium. With a foreword by R. Daniel Little.

Because enzyme-catalyzed reactions exhibit higher enantioselectivity, regioselectivity, substrate specificity, and stability, they require mild conditions to react while prompting higher reaction efficiency and product yields. Biocatalysis in the Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Industries examines the use of catalysts to produce fine chemicals and chiral intermediates in a variety of pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and other biotechnological applications. Written by internationally recognized scientists in biocatalysis, the authors analyze the synthesis of chiral intermediates for over 60 brand-name pharmaceuticals for a wide range of drug therapies and treatments. From starting material to product, the chapters offer detailed mechanisms that show chiral intermediates and other by-products for each reaction-including hydrolytic, acylation, halogenation, esterification, dehalogenation, oxidation-reduction, oxygenation, hydroxylation, deamination, transamination, and C-C, C-N, C-O bonds formation. Cutting-edge topics include advanced methodologies for gene shuffling and directed evolution of biocatalysts; the custom engineering of enzymes; the use of microbial cells and isolated biocatalysts; the use of renewable starting materials; and generating novel molecules by combinatorial biocatalysis and high-throughput screening. Focusing on industrial applications, the book also considers factors such as bulk processes, instrumentation, solvent selection, and techniques for catalyst immobilization, reusability, and yield optimization throughout. Biocatalysis in the Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Industries showcases the practical advantages and methodologies for using biocatalysts to develop and produce chiral pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals.

As chemical companies strive to be more competitive in the world economy, it is essential that their employees, including sales and marketing personnel, as well as administrative support groups understand the basic concepts of the science upon which the industry is based. The authors, who have over 100 years of combined experience in the chemical industry, developed this easy-to-read book to provide a fundamental understanding of the chemical industry for non-chemists and those poised to enter the chemical profession.

Designed specifically for self-study, Chemistry and the Chemical Industry: A Practical Guide for Non-Chemists reviews the important aspects of industrial chemistry in a way that can be easily understood even if you have not taken any formal chemistry courses. The authors provide a clear, concise presentation of the foremost issues behind the chemical discipline along with key definitions and concepts so you can readily obtain an appreciation of the nature of the industry and its contribution to society. Even though you are not at the lab bench, you can still understand, recognize, and partake in discussions about the work being done at your company. Compiled in a straightforward and accessible manner, this book is unique in that it bridges the gap between nonscientific employees and the scientific world in which they operate.

The first chapter begins with a description of the chemical industry. It defines the most common terms used in chemistry, drawing on nonscientific analogies whenever possible. In the following chapters, the authors review the concepts and terminology of organic and inorganic chemistry, polymer chemistry, high volume chemicals, and environmental concerns about chemical production with each subject presented as a graphic representation accompanied by a description. Finally, there is a short compilation of general information sources for further study. Chemistry and the Chemical Industry: A Practical Guide for Non-Chemists will allow you to communicate effectively within your organization and become more familiar with this vital industry.

Silicone is an important class of materials used in applications that range from industrial assembly to everyday consumer products. Silicones are often delivered and synthesized in dispersion forms, the most common being liquid-in-liquid (emulsion), solid-in-liquid (suspension), air-in-liquid (foam) and solid-in air (powder). This book compiles a carefully selected number of topics that are essential to the understanding, creative design and production of silicone dispersions. As such, it provides the first unified description of silicone dispersions in the literature.

Surveys fabrication, from organizational setup to final testing and documentation. Explaining vessel manufacture and the corresponding procedures of quality assurance and control, this state-of-the-art guide details the necessary methods for code specification compliance, promotes uniformity of inspection, testing, and documentation, and examines all stages of the manufacturing process. Clarifies the ASME code The Practical Guide to Pressure Vessel Manufacturing is an invaluable resource for mechanical, construction, chemical, plant, and heating engineers, and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

To meet changing market demands that have stringent emission standards and to ensure proper performance in refinery units, evaluation of novel catalyst designs and results from material characterization and testing of catalysts are of crucial importance for refiners as well as for catalyst manufacturers. This book highlights recent developments in the application of refinery catalysts in selected units such as fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), hydrogen production for hydroprocessing units, hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and sustainable processing of biomass into biofuels.

This expert volume provides specialized coverage of the current state of the art in carbon gels. Carbon gels represent a promising class of materials with high added value applications and many assets, like the ability to accurately tailor their structure, porosity, and surface composition and easily dope them with numerous species. The ability to obtain them in custom shapes, such as powder, beads, monoliths, or impregnated scaffolds opens the way towards numerous applications, including catalysis, adsorption, and electrochemical energy storage, among others. Nevertheless, it remains a crucial question as to which design synthesis and manufacturing processes are viable from an economic and environmental point of view. The book represents the perspectives of renowned specialists in the field, specially invited to conduct a one-day workshop devoted to carbon gels as part of the 19th International Sol-Gel Conference, SOL-GEL 2017, held on September 3rd, 2017 in Liege, Belgium. Addressing properties and synthesis through applications and industry outlook, this book represents essential reading for advanced graduate students through practicing researchers interested in these exciting materials.

Elastomer Technology Handbook is a major new reference on the science and technology of engineered elastomers. This contributed volume features some of the latest work by international experts in polymer science and rubber technology. Topics covered include theoretical and practical information on characterizing rubbers, designing engineering elastomers for consumer and engineering applications, properties testing, chemical and physical property characterization, polymerization chemistry, rubber processing and fabrication methods, and rheological characterization. The book also highlights both conventional and emerging market applications for synthetic rubber products and emphasizes the latest technology advancements. Elastomer Technology Handbook is a "must have" book for polymer researchers and engineers. It will also benefit anyone involved in the handling, manufacturing, processing, and designing of synthetic rubbers.

Drying of solids is one of the most common, complex, and energy-intensive industrial processes. Conventional dryers offer limited opportunities to increase energy efficiency. Heat pump dryers are more energy and cost effective, as they can recycle drying thermal energy and reduce CO2, particulate, and VOC emissions due to drying. This book provides an introduction to the technology and current best practices and aims to increase the successful industrial implementation of heat pump- assisted dryers. It enables the reader to engage confidently with the technology and provides a wealth of information on theories, current practices, and future directions of the technology. It emphasizes several new design concepts and operating and control strategies, which can be applied to improve the economic and environmental efficiency of the drying process. It answers questions about risks, advantages vs. disadvantages, and impediments and offers solutions to current problems. Discusses heat pump technology in general and its present and future challenges. Describes interesting and promising innovations in drying food, agricultural, and wood products with various heat pump technologies. Treats several technical aspects, from modeling and simulation of drying processes to industrial applications. Emphasizes new design concepts and operating and control strategies to improve the efficiency of the drying process.

Traditionally, design and control decisions are made in sequential stages over the life cycle of a chemical plant. In the design phase, the optimal operating conditions and the corresponding material and energy balance data are established mainly on the basis of economic considerations. In the subsequent step, the control systems are configured to maintain the key process conditions at the fixed nominal values. Because it is often desirable to address the operability issues at the earliest possible stage before stipulation of control schemes, the systematic incorporation of flexibility analysis in process synthesis and design has received considerable attention in recent years. This book focuses to a large extent on computation and implementation methods of deterministic performance measures, i.e., the steady-state, volumetric, dynamic and temporal flexibility indices, in various applications. The formal definitions of several available performance indices, their mathematical formulations, and the corresponding algorithms and codes are provided in sufficient detail to facilitate implementation. To show the utility of flexibility analyses, the book presents several practical case studies including membrane modules and heat-exchanger networks, solar-driven membrane distillation desalination systems, and hybrid power generation systems. It also includes MATLAB and GAMS codes.