The applications and use of inkjet-like microfluidic drop ejectors have grown rapidly in many fields, including biotechnology, drug discovery, combinatorial chemistry, and microfabrication. Yet to date, end users and even designers of microdrop systems for scientific applications have had no books to reference on the subject. Microdrop Generation meets the needs of all those who need to understand the physics and engineering behind microdrop technology. It also contains detailed, how-to information on the practical construction, operation, troubleshooting, and fluid formulation for microdrop ejection systems. Written by a highly experienced practitioner of the art, the book is organized as a self-contained tutorial of microdrop technology ideal for those new to the field.

This book presents specific key natural and artificial systems that are promising biocatalysts in the areas of health, agriculture, environment and energy. It provides a comprehensive account of the state of the art of these systems and outlines the significant progress made in the last decade using these systems to develop innovative, sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions. Chapters from expert contributors explore how natural enzymes and artificial systems tackle specific targets such as: climate change, carbon footprint and economy and carbon dioxide utilisation; nitrogen footprint and fixation and nitrous oxide mitigation; hydrogen production, fuel cells and energy from bacteria; biomass transformation and production of added-value compounds, as well as biosensors development. This book provides an important and inspiring account for the designing of new natural and artificial systems with enhanced properties, and it appeals not only to students and researchers working in the fields of energy, health, food and environment, but also to a wider audience of educated readers that are interested in these up-to-date and exciting subjects.Chapter "Carbon Dioxide Utilisation-The Formate Route" is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Desalination Technologies: Design and Operation sets the scene for desalination technologies as a long-term solution to freshwater demand by analyzing the current demand for water, available water resources and future predicted demand. The book captures recent developments in thermal desalination (multistage flash desalination, multi-effect evaporation, vapor compression), membrane desalination (forward osmosis, reverse osmosis, pressure retarded, electrodialysis, membrane distillation, ultra-, nano-, and micro-filtration), and alternative processes such as freezing and ion exchange. Both dynamic and steady state models (from short cut, simple, to detail) of various desalination processes are discussed. The book is intended for (under)graduate students in chemical engineering and postgraduate researchers and industrial practitioners in desalination.

The in-lab preparation of certain chemical reagents provides a number of advantages over purchasing various commercially prepared samples. This is especially true in isolated regions where acquiring the necessary substances from overseas can cause undue delay and inconvenience due to restrictions on the transportation of hazardous chemicals. An invaluable resource for chemists in a variety of environments, Small-Scale Synthesis of Laboratory Reagents with Reaction Modeling presents efficient, sensible, and versatile methods for the laboratory preparation of common chemical reagents. Rapid, reliable synthesis Designed to facilitate smooth experimentation in the lab, this volume presents preparations chosen for their short duration, availability of apparatus, high yield, and high purity of the product. Adding an educational component, the book also discusses fundamental processes in inorganic chemistry, presenting original modeling of reactions and their practical implementation. Theoretical aspects are discussed to a greater extent than is usual in synthetic literature in cases where there is a direct impact on experimental parameters, such as the reaction time, yield, and purity of the product. More than 30 convenient, time-saving preparations Focusing on simple synthesis of high-purity reagents, the book contains over 30 presentations, a substantial number of which are mathematically modeled for the first time. Most syntheses can be carried out in one day using common laboratory equipment, making this volume a valuable and time-saving tool.

This book contains a selection of revised and extended research articles written by prominent researchers participating in the 27th World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science (WCECS 2019) which was held in San Francisco, USA, on October 22-24, 2019. Topics covered include engineering mathematics, electrical engineering, communications systems, computer science, chemical engineering, systems engineering, manufacturing engineering, and industrial applications. With contributions carefully chosen to represent the most cutting-edge research presented during the conference, the book contains some of the state-of-the-art in engineering technologies and the physical sciences and their applications and serves as a useful reference for researchers and graduate students working in these fields.

This volume compiles and discusses the fundamental and multidisciplinary knowledge on adsorption and separation processes using zeolites as adsorbents. Over the last decade, a large amount of research has been carried out for the development of zeolites as adsorbents. However, there is still a growing interest to increase the understanding of such selective adsorbents. Therefore, synthesis strategies and new approaches for developing new selective zeolite adsorbents for gas separation are presented in the first chapter. In addition, a chapter focused on adsorption characterization techniques of microporous materials is included. This will be helpful for advanced readers, since the new IUPAC recommendations for microporous characterization are not still widely employed by the zeolite community. Experimental and theoretical aspects of economically and environmentally relevant separations, which have been successfully carried out with zeolites, are discussed in detail in subsequent chapters. Finally, industrial zeolite based adsorption and separation processes as well as current perspectives for new zeolite based separations, and improvements of current technologies are presented.

This book addresses microwave chemistry at both the physical and molecular level. Its main goal is to elaborate the highly complex scientific issues involved in the fundamental theory of microwave chemistry, and in industrialized applications in the near future.The book provides detailed insights into the characterization and measurement of dielectric properties under complex conditions, such as chemical reactions, high-temperature environments, etc. Considerable attention is paid to the theory of dynamics in microwave chemistry, from the view of both physical level and molecular level. Microwave-Material Interactions simulation is used for physical dynamical analysis, while a Microwave-Molecules Interactions methodology is proposed for molecular dynamical analysis. In turn, calculational examples are introduced for better description and validation, respectively. Lastly, the book proposes design strategies and calculational examples for large-scale application. Richly illustrated and including a wealth of worked-out examples, this book is ideal for all researchers, students and engineers who are just getting started in the dynamics of microwave chemistry.

Layer of protection analysis (LOPA) is a recently developed, simplified method of risk assessment that provides the much-needed middle ground between a qualitative process hazard analysis and a traditional, expensive quantitative risk analysis. Beginning with an identified accident scenario, LOPA uses simplifying rules to evaluate initiating event frequency, independent layers of protection, and consequences to provide an order-of-magnitude estimate of risk. LOPA has also proven an excellent approach for determining the safety integrity level necessary for an instrumented safety system, an approach endorsed in instrument standards, such as ISA S84 and IEC 61511. Written by industry experts in LOPA, this pioneering book provides all the necessary information to undertake and complete a Layer of Protection Analysis during any stage in a processes' life cycle. Loaded with tables, charts, and examples, this book is invaluable to technical experts involved with ensuring the safety of a process. Because of its simplified, quicker risk assessment approach, LOPA is destined to become a widely used technique. Join other major companies and start your LOPA efforts now by purchasing this book.

Featuring extensive calculations and examples, this reference discusses theoretical and practical aspects of short-circuit currents in ac and dc systems, load flow, and harmonic analyses to provide a sound knowledge base for modern computer-based studies that can be utilized in real-world applications. Presenting more than 2300 figures, tables, and equations, the author explores matrix methods for network solutions and includes load flow and optimization techniques. He discusses ac and dc short-circuit systems calculations in accordance with standards set by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

Plants produce secondary metabolites that humans harness for their own benefit. About half of drugs currently in clinical use are based on these chemicals found in nature. Chemistry of Natural Products covers secondary metabolites present in medicinal plants and their biosynthesis, biological activities, and isolation and separation techniques. This book is ideal for researchers in the areas of biochemistry, medicine, and pharmacology.

This book summarizes all different fields of cotton fiber, including genetics, fiber chemistry, soft materials, textile, and fashion engineering. It also contains some new applications such as biomaterials, nanocoated smart fabrics, and functional textiles. Moreover, the significant improvement recently in gene modification and gene technology is introduced. This book discusses all these aspects in a more straightforward way, and new illustrations will help readers to understand the contents. It is intended for undergraduate and graduate students who are interested in cotton science and processing technologies, researchers investigating the updated applications of cotton in various fields as well as industrialists who want to have a quick review of the cotton and its different stages.

Surface Modified Nanomaterials for Applications in Catalysis: Fundamentals, Methods and Applications provides an overview of the different state-of-the-art surface modification methods of nanomaterials and their commercial applications. The main objective of this book is to comprehensively cover the modification of nanomaterial and their fabrication, including different techniques and discussions of present and emerging commercial applications. The book addresses fundamental chemistry concepts as applied to the modification of nanomaterials for applications in energy, catalysis, water remediation, sensors, and more. Characterization and fabrication methodologies are reviewed, along with the challenges of up-scaling of processes for commercial applications. This book is suitable for academics and practitioners working in materials science, engineering, nanotechnology, green chemistry and chemical engineering.

This book contains a selection of research articles written by prominent researchers participating in The 27th World Congress on Engineering (WCE 2019) which was held in London, UK, July 3-5, 2019. Topics covered include engineering mathematics, electrical engineering, communications systems, computer science, chemical engineering, systems engineering, manufacturing engineering, and industrial applications. With contributions carefully chosen to represent the most cutting-edge research presented during the conference, the book contains some of the state of the art in engineering technologies and the physical sciences and their applications and serves as a useful reference for researchers and graduate students working in these fields.

This book discusses macromolecular chemistry, from natural to synthetic polymers. Natural polymers including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are explored including their classifications and properties. Industrial synthetic polymers are discussed including their synthesis, characterization, and industrial use. Applications discussed include potential additives and biodegradable polymers.

This book is an effort to tether all the exuberant observations on adding nanomaterial in the TPE matrix. With an enhanced processing property along with amplified recyclability and reprocessing feature, thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) proves to be one of the most significant polymeric materials till date. As the scientific world evolves, these advanced materials have attuned themselves with various anisotropic nanomaterials to induce an enhanced property effect on the final product. On an additional note, authors have done extensive research on graphene, the most multifaceted element in the filler family keeping TPE and its derivate as the matrix martial. Cogitating the idea of a multidimensional readership, authors have analyzed the synthesis, derivatization, and properties of graphene and its derivatives separately. Apart from reviewing the future prospects and the potential application of these nano-filled advanced materials, they have kept the structure-property relationship of graphene-based composites at the cynosure to provide firm understanding on the blossoming of these elastomeric composites. The authors believe this book is a potential content for both professionals and academicians.

This book covers the recent research advances on the utilization of date palm fibers as a new source of cellulosic fibers that can be used in the reinforcement of polymer composites. It discusses the competitive mechanical, physical, and chemical properties which make date palm fibers stand out as an alternative to other fibers currently used in the natural fiber composites market. This volume will be useful to researchers working on natural fiber composites and fiber reinforced composites looking to develop green, biodegradable and sustainable components for application in automotive, marine, aerospace, construction, wind energy and consumer goods sectors.

In the tradition of the popular first edition, Analysis of Surfactants, Second Edition offers a comprehensive and practical account of analysis methods for determining and understanding commercially important surfactants-individually and in compounds. Combining a complete review of the literature with a variety of evaluation procedures and the specifications for commercial products, this useful reference explores the key stages and latest developments for surfactant applications. This edition has been thoroughly expanded and features new sections on capillary electrophoresis, ether carboxylates, and ester quats. It is also more globally accessible with foreign language citations and SI units. Containing over 2400 references, drawings, tables, and equations, Analysis of Surfactants, Second Edition is an recommended reference for physical, surface, colloid, and oil chemists; analytical, research, and quality assurance chemists working in the soap and detergent, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic industries; regulatory and food scientists; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

Accidents in industrial installations are random events. Hence they cannot be totally avoided. Only the probability of their occurrence may be reduced and their consequences be mitigated. The book proceeds from hazards caused by materials and process conditions to indicating engineered and organizational measures for achieving the objectives of reduction and mitigation. Qualitative methods for identifying weaknesses of design and increasing safety as well as models for assessing accident consequences are presented. The quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of safety measures is explained. The treatment of uncertainties plays a role there. They stem from the random character of the accident and from lacks of knowledge of some of the phenomena to be addressed. The reader is acquainted with the simulation of accidents, with safety and risk analyses and learns how to judge the potential and limitations of mathematical modelling. Risk analysis is applied amongst others to "functional safety" and the determination of "appropriate distances" between industry and residential areas (land-use planning). This shows how it can be used as a basis for safety-relevant decisions. Numerous worked-out examples and case studies addressing real plants and situations deepen the understanding of the subjects treated and support self-study.

This book presents the select peer-reviewed proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Bioprocess Engineering and Technology (ICABET 2020). The book covers all aspects of bioprocesses, especially related to fermentation technology, food technology, environmental biotechnology, and sustainable energy. Along with this primary theme, the focus is on recent advances in bioprocessing research such as biosensors, micro-reactors, novel separation techniques, bioprocess control, bio-safety, advanced techniques for waste to wealth generation, and nanobiotechnology. This contents are divided according to the major themes of the conference: (i) Fermentation Technology and Bioreactor, (ii) Food Pharmaceuticals and Health care, (iii) Environment and Agriculture, and (iv) Sustainable Energy. This book is intended to help students, researchers, and industry professionals acquire knowledge on innovative technologies and recent advancements in the field of bioprocess engineering and technology.

The growing interest in replacing petroleum-based products by inexpensive, renewable, natural materials will have a significant impact on sustainability, environment, and the polymer industry. This book provides scientists a useful framework to help take advantage of the latest research conducted in this rapidly advancing field enabling them to develop and commercialize their own products quickly and more successfully.

This book addresses conventional and new predictive methodologies for estimating thermophysical properties of heavy petroleum fluids. For the unidentifiable fractions forming the fluids, chemical structures are calculated so that property estimation methods for mixtures of identifiable components are now available for such fractions. Chemical and multiphase equilibriums are of utmost importance; hence, the most significant ones involving heavy petroleum fluids are determined and illustrated using advanced equations of state such as sPC-SAFT and EoS/GE. The included phase equilibriums are phase envelopes of reservoir fluids, asymmetric mixtures between light solvents and bitumen including the presence of water and asphaltenes, among others. Besides, heavy petroleum fluids are analyzed from the Newtonian and non-Newtonian viewpoints, exploring their complex rheological behavior. Finally, complemented by online an Excel program for the thermodynamic characterization of unidentifiable petroleum fractions, this book is a useful resource for engineers and researchers in the petroleum industry and is also of interest to students studying chemical and petroleum engineering.

This book outlines the physical and chemical foundations of high-temperature processes for producing silicon, manganese and chromium ferroalloys, alloys of molybdenum, vanadium, titanium, alkaline earth and rare earth metals, niobium, zirconium, aluminum, boron, nickel, cobalt, phosphorus, selenium and tellurium, iron-carbon alloys by carbon, silicone and aluminothermic methods. The chapters introduce the industrial production technologies of these groups of ferroalloys, the characteristics of charge materials, and the technological parameters of the melting processes. A description of ferroalloy furnaces is given in detail. Topics such as waste recycling, fines agglomeration technologies, and environmental issues are considered.

This book explains the aspiring vision of a sustainable hydrogen generating system which employs nanotechnology one way or the other and presents a detailed update on research activities, achievements and challenges. It explores how nanotechnology is reshaping science in general and how this can be applied to the generation and storage of hydrogen energy. This book begins by highlighting the importance of hydrogen a source of sustainable energy and its impact on the technical advances of fuel cells, internal combustion engines, batteries and power plants. The book depicts the role of nanotechnology in the development of sustainable hydrogen. Comprehensive studies on various nanotechnologies involved in hydrogen generation are discussed in separate chapters, representing a complete picture of hydrogen generation utilizing nanotechnology. This book serves as a useful research tool for academics and practitioners looking towards new ways to develop and consume energy, without conceding our environment. Providing the advantages and disadvantages of each technology discussed, this book shows the benefits of utilizing nanotechnology in this field.

A compilation of the most important aerosol chemical processes involved in known scientific and technological disciplines, Aerosol Chemical Processes in the Environment serves as a handbook for aerosol chemistry. Aerosol science is interdisciplinary, interfacing with many environmental, biological and technological research fields. Aerosols and aerosol research play an important role in both basic and applied scientific and technological fields. Interdisciplinary cooperation is useful and necessary. Aerosol Chemical Processes in the Environment uses several examples to show the impact of aerosol chemistry in several different fields, mainly in basic and atmospheric research. The book describes the most important chemical processes involved in the various scientific and technological disciplines.

Discusses the industry transformation aligned with computerization of manufacturing and the concept of required skills needed to build the new workforce Covers the role of Artificial Intelligence in the management of resource flow and decision-making in the industrial transformation of operations and supply chain management Presents sustainability efficiency for industrial transformation with IoT, machine learning, data analysis and blockchain technologies Focuses on industrial development, design, implementation, and transformation using technologies such as Big Data Analytics, Blockchain among others Showcases the incorporation of complex processes and functions as one central component of digital systems Explores current trends that are accelerating the industrial transformation and influencing the transition of the fourth industrial revolution related to industrial infrastructure, biodiversity, and production enhancement