Chemical formulation can be traced back to Stone Age times, when hunter-gatherers attached flint arrowheads to shafts using a resin made from birch bark and beeswax. Today, formulated preparations are part of everyday life. Formulations based on surfactants are by far the most prolific, from shampoos and shower gels to emulsion paint and polishes. This book discusses the chemical technology of surfactants and related chemicals, using over forty examples of everyday products. Some basic theory on surface chemistry, molecular interactions and surfactant function is included to aid understanding. Chemical Formulation: An Overview of Surfactant-based Preparations Used in Everyday Life then goes on to look at wider aspects such as surfactant manufacture, raw materials, environment, sustainability, analysis and testing. Throughout, common chemical names are used for formulation chemicals, further aiding the readability of the book. Bridging the gap between theory and application, this book will be invaluable to anyone wishing to broaden their knowledge of applied chemistry, including students on A level, BTEC and technician courses. It will also be of benefit to those new to the formulation industry.

Introduces manufacturing engineers to the use of expert systems to control autoclaves in the production of items made of thermosetting or thermoplastic composite material. Does not provide a complete solution, but discusses the rationale behind models, the rules and numerical procedures, and the sof

Pathways to Modern Physical Chemistry: An Engineering Approach with Multidisciplinary Applications focuses on recent trends and takes a systematic and practical look at theoretical aspects of materials chemistry. The book describes the characterization and analysis methods for materials and explains physical transport mechanisms in various materials. Not only does this book summarize the classical theories of materials chemistry, but it also exhibits their engineering applications in response to the current key issues. Recent trends in several areas are explored, including polymer science, textile engineering, and chemical engineering science, which have important application to practice.

Drying of solids is one of the most common, complex, and energy-intensive industrial processes. Conventional dryers offer limited opportunities to increase energy efficiency. Heat pump dryers are more energy and cost effective, as they can recycle drying thermal energy and reduce CO2, particulate, and VOC emissions due to drying. This book provides an introduction to the technology and current best practices and aims to increase the successful industrial implementation of heat pump- assisted dryers. It enables the reader to engage confidently with the technology and provides a wealth of information on theories, current practices, and future directions of the technology. It emphasizes several new design concepts and operating and control strategies, which can be applied to improve the economic and environmental efficiency of the drying process. It answers questions about risks, advantages vs. disadvantages, and impediments and offers solutions to current problems. Discusses heat pump technology in general and its present and future challenges. Describes interesting and promising innovations in drying food, agricultural, and wood products with various heat pump technologies. Treats several technical aspects, from modeling and simulation of drying processes to industrial applications. Emphasizes new design concepts and operating and control strategies to improve the efficiency of the drying process.

As the chemical process industry is among the most energy demanding sectors, chemical engineers are endeavoring to contribute towards sustainable future. Due to the limitation of fossil fuels, the need for energy independence, as well as the environmental problem of the greenhouse gas effect, there is a large increasing interest in the research and development of chemical processes that require less capital investment and reduced operating costs and lead to high eco-efficiency. The use of heat pumps is a hot topic due to many advantages, such as low energy requirements as well as an increasing number of industrial applications. Therefore, in the current book, authors are focusing on use of heat pumps in the chemical industry, providing an overview of heat pump technology as applied in the chemical process industry, covering both theoretical and practical aspects: working principle, applied thermodynamics, theoretical background, numerical examples and case studies, as well as practical applications. The worked-out examples have been included to instruct students, engineers and process designers about how to design various heat pumps used in the industry. Reader friendly resources namely relevant equations, diagrams, figures and references that reflect the current and upcoming heat pump technologies, will be of great help to all readers from the chemical and petrochemical industry, biorefineries and other related areas.

Simple, but beautifully versatile. Perhaps not a description many would choose for hydrogen peroxide, but an accurate one none the less, and this unique book explains the reasons behind the description. Beginning with an historical overview, and guidelines for the safe handling of peroxygens, Applications of Hydrogen Peroxide and Derivatives goes on to cover key activation mechanisms, organic functional group oxidations and the use of hydrogen peroxide with heterogeneous catalysts. The clean-up of environmental pollutants; chemical purification; and extraction of metals from their ores are also discussed in detail, using actual examples from industry. The versatility of this reagent may well prove to be a key to integrated pollution control in the future. This book should therefore be read by academics and industrialists at all levels, to encourage wider applications of the use of hydrogen peroxide in laboratories.

This monograph details basic concepts and tools fundamental for the analysis and synthesis of linear systems subject to actuator saturation and developments in recent research. The authors use a state-space approach and focus on stability analysis and the synthesis of stabilizing control laws in both local and global contexts. Different methods of modeling the saturation and behavior of the nonlinear closed-loop system are given special attention. Various kinds of Lyapunov functions are considered to present different stability conditions. Results arising from uncertain systems and treating performance in the presence of saturation are given. The text proposes methods and algorithms, based on the use of linear programming and linear matrix inequalities, for computing estimates of the basin of attraction and for designing control systems accounting for the control bounds and the possibility of saturation. They can be easily implemented with mathematical software packages.

In contrast to nuclear plants and aerospace systems, human error is largely ignored in quantitative risk assessment for petroleum and chemical plants. Because of this, current risk analysis methods are able to calculate and predict only about one-third of the accidents happening in practice. Human Error in Process Plant Design and Operations: A Practitioner's Guide shows you how to develop a comprehensive risk assessment that includes human error. Based on the well-known SRK model of human error, this book represents a practical collection of examples and statistics from more than 30 years of study, with many examples of the practical application of methods. The book provides a complete overview of the various types of human error, including operator error, hindrances and inability to function, errors in observation, errors in performing standard procedures, errors in supervisory control, errors in decision making and planning, infractions and violations, design errors, and errors in procedures. It then goes on to identify human error potential and probabilities, and discusses techniques and methodologies that can be implemented to minimize human errors and prevent accidents. The result of the author's observations of human error over a lifetime of work as an operator, as a commissioning coordinator, and as an operations manager, the book demonstrates how to analyse, manage, and mitigate many types of error. By taking advantage of the author's experience and expert knowledge, and by applying the techniques and methodologies illustrated in this book, you will be able to make changes which will make work easier, error free, clearly understood, and more congenial.

This volume contains the extended version of selected talks given at the international research workshop "Coping with Complexity: Model Reduction and Data Analysis," Ambleside, UK, August 31 - September 4, 2009. The book is deliberately broad in scope and aims at promoting new ideas and methodological perspectives. The topics of the chapters range from theoretical analysis of complex and multiscale mathematical models to applications in e.g., fluid dynamics and chemical kinetics.

"Written by engineers for engineers (with over 150 International Editorial Advisory Board members),this highly lauded resource provides up-to-the-minute information on the chemical processes, methods, practices, products, and standards in the chemical, and related, industries. "

This new edition of the Handbook of Surface and Colloid Chemistry informs you of significant recent developments in the field. It highlights new applications and provides revised insight on surface and colloid chemistry's growing role in industrial innovations. The contributors to each chapter are internationally recognized experts. Several chapters represent new research areas while others provide updates on important areas of the field. Reduced in length, the new edition presents a more concise volume for quicker understanding of the physical principles necessary for application. It includes extensive references for understanding related phenomena, providing a reference point to broaden knowledge of theoretical and practical functions. It also illustrates surface and colloid chemistry's relevance in the struggle against global issues such as energy resources, environmental control, transportation, housing, biotechnology, health, medicine, drinking water, and food production. The Handbook of Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Fourth Edition is an invaluable resource for staying informed on progress in the field. It keeps you current with theories and their applications to the development of technology so that you can find more effective solutions to vital problems facing us today and tomorrow.

Selenium (Se) is a chemical element of concern due to its toxicity and increasing anthropogenic release to the environment. Se oxyanions, selenite and selenate, are water-soluble, bioavailable and toxic, whereas elemental selenium, Se(0), is solid and less toxic. Nevertheless, Se(0) is potentially harmful as particulate Se(0) has been reported to be bioavailable to bivalves, to fish and also prone to re-oxidation. In the current work we investigated the reduction of selenite and selenate using pure and mixed microbial cultures. A novel strain of Pseudomonas moraviensis showing high Se tolerance was isolated, classified and characterized for the first time. Biogenic Se(0) shows colloidal properties due to its nanosize scale and negatively-charged biopolymer coating. To address the need for efficient solid-liquid separation of biogenic Se(0) prior to environmental discharge, we tested and compared several physical-chemical separation methods. Centrifugation and filtration can be efficiently used for Se(0) separation but they are not feasible at the industrial scale due to prohibitive costs. Alternatively, chemical coagulation by metal salts, e.g. aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride, resulted in high removal rates around 90%. Electrocoagulation reached the highest colloidal Se(0) removal efficiency of 97% when using iron electrodes. In conclusion, biogenic Se(0) must be removed in a biological post-treatment step and several approaches described in this work could be successfully used.

This volume presents the various categories of high performance materials and their composites and provides up-to-date synthesis details, properties, characterization, and applications for such systems to give readers and users better information to select the required material. The volume provides the following features: * Includes a wide range of high performance and engineering materials * Details the synthesis and properties of each of new materials * Presents practical industrial applications * Contains material written by some of the world's most well-known and respected experts in the field

This timely publication will be welcomed by those needing access to the latest research in the profitable field of industrial mineral process chemistry. It is an up-to-date account of the performance gains achievable in the use of speciality chemicals in industrial mineral processing and products, with each chapter presenting the new and potentially valuable technology for consideration. This book presents the most recent research in this key area and is unique in its coverage. Diverse topics such as dispersants, dewatering and flocculants, are discussed, along with selective processing and biocides. Speciality Chemicals in Mineral Processing is an essential purchase for speciality chemical producers and users, particularly those in the paper, plastic, polymer, paint, rubber, adhesive and ceramic industries.

Retaining the successful previous editions' programmed instructional format, this book improves and updates an authoritative textbook to keep pace with compounding trends and calculations addressing real-world calculations pharmacists perform and allowing students to learn at their own pace through examples. * Connects well with the current emphasis on self-paced and active learning in pharmacy schools * Adds a new chapter dedicated to practical calculations used in contemporary compounding, new appendices, and solutions and answers for all problems * Maintains value for teaching pharmacy students the principles while also serving as a reference for review by students in preparation for licensure exams * Rearranges chapters and rewrites topics of the previous edition, making its content ideal to be used as the primary textbook in a typical dosage calculations course for any health care professional * Reviews of the prior edition: "...a well-structured approach to the topic..." (Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy) and "...a perfectly organized manual that serves as a expert guide..." (Electric Review)

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a new family of nanoporous materials. With an enormous choice of inorganic/organic building blocks, MOFs possess a wide range of surface area, pore size, and functionality and, thus, have been considered versatile materials for many potential applications. This book presents a broad collection of recent modeling studies in the field of MOFs toward potential engineering applications, such as gas storage/separation, carbon capture, catalysis, water purification, and drug delivery.

Stresses the Potential Applications of Biosurfactants in Various Industries Environmental concerns and a demand for sustainable chemical production have become important issues in recent years. As a result, microbial biosurfactant-producing systems are gaining momentum as potential replacements for chemical surfactants. Biosurfactants: Production and Utilization-Processes, Technologies, and Economics explores the production, utilization, and industrial/economic use of biosurfactants in modern biotechnology. This book represents comprehensive material developed by contemporary experts in the field. Focusing on research and developments within the last 20 years, it highlights relevant changes in the industry. It provides a detailed account of the current applications of biosurfactants, considers the potential for further environmental, biological, and industrial applications, and concentrates on surfactants and organisms with possibilities for future use. Emphasizes Process Scale-Up and Commercialization Factoring in the industrial application of biosurfactant production based on renewable resources, the book determines how biosurfactants can enhance or replace the properties of chemically synthesized surface-active agents. It discusses moving beyond the laboratory scale of research and development and on to the industrial scale of commercial interest. The book consists of 17 chapters and features expert authors discussing topics that include: Understanding the regulatory processes controlling the production of biosurfactants Strategies for feasible commercial biosurfactant production Examples of cost analysis based on published information The viability of industrial applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals Patents for future trends Biosurfactants: Production and Utilization-Processes, Technologies, and Economics contains special sections devoted to the overview and evaluation of specific patents relating to biosurfactants, and methods for production of biosurfactants on a laboratory and industrial/commercial scale. It also presents novel and proven applications for biosurfactants from a number of biotechnology laboratories and research facilities around the world. In addition, it introduces the reader to a variety of real-world industry techniques readily applicable for practical use.

While chemical products are useful in their own right-they address the demands and needs of the masses-they also drain our natural resources and generate unwanted pollution. Green Chemical Engineering: An Introduction to Catalysis, Kinetics, and Chemical Processes encourages minimized use of non-renewable natural resources and fosters maximized pollution prevention. This text stresses the importance of developing processes that are environmentally friendly and incorporate the role of green chemistry and reaction engineering in designing these processes. Focused on practical application rather than theory, the book integrates chemical reaction engineering and green chemical engineering, and is divided into two sections. The first half of the book covers the basic principles of chemical reaction engineering and reactor design, while the second half of the book explores topics on green reactors, green catalysis, and green processes. The authors mix in elaborate illustrations along with important developments, practical applications, and recent case studies. They also include numerous exercises, examples, and problems covering the various concepts of reaction engineering addressed in this book, and provide MATLAB (R) software used for developing computer codes and solving a number of reaction engineering problems. Consisting of six chapters organized into two sections, this text: Covers the basic principles of chemical kinetics and catalysis Gives a brief introduction to classification and the various types of chemical reactors Discusses in detail the differential and integral methods of analysis of rate equations for different types of reactions Presents the development of rate equations for solid catalyzed reactions and enzyme catalyzed biochemical reactions Explains methods for estimation of kinetic parameters from batch reactor data Details topics on homogeneous reactors Includes graphical procedures for the design of multiple reactors Contains topics on heterogeneous reactors including catalytic and non-catalytic reactors Reviews various models for non-catalytic gas-solid and gas-liquid reactions Introduces global rate equations and explicit design equations for a variety of non-catalytic reactors Gives an overview of novel green reactors and the application of CFD technique in the modeling of green reactors Offers detailed discussions of a number of novel reactors Provides a brief introduction to CFD and the application of CFD Highlights the development of a green catalytic process and the application of a green catalyst in the treatment of industrial effluent Comprehensive and thorough in its coverage, Green Chemical Engineering: An Introduction to Catalysis, Kinetics, and Chemical Processes explains the basic concepts of green engineering and reactor design fundamentals, and provides key knowledge for students at technical universities and professionals already working in the industry.

The goal of this book is to show the high potential of chiral sulfur-containing ligands to promote numerous asymmetric catalytic transformations. The important number of reports appeared in the literature over the last 35 years often highlighted spectacular results in terms of efficiency and enantioselectivity, allowing access to many biologically important molecules, which clearly demonstrates that these ligands can now be recognised as real competitors to the more usual phosphorus- or nitrogen-containing ligands. A key point of reference for post-graduate students, researchers and academics.

As a result of their unique physical properties, biological membrane mimetics, such as liposomes, are used in a broad range of scientific and technological applications. Liposomes, Lipid Bilayers and Model Membranes: From Basic Research to Application describes state-of-the-art research and future directions in the field of membranes, which has evolved from basic studies of the physicochemical properties of amphiphiles to their application in industry and medicine. Written by leading researchers in their fields, this book describes basic and applied research, and serves as a useful reference for both the novice and the expert. Part one covers a range of basic research topics, from theory and computational simulations to some of the most up-to-date experimental research. Topics discussed include soft matter physics of membranes, nonlamellar phases, extraction of molecules by amphiphiles, lipid models for membrane rafts, membrane dynamics, nanodiscs, microemulsions, active membranes, as well as interactions of bilayers with drugs or DNA to treat disease or for gene transfer, respectively. Part two of the book focuses on technological applications of amphiphiles, such as liposome-based nanoparticles for drug delivery, formulation of liposomes for prolonged in vivo circulation and functionalization for medical purposes, novel drug delivery systems for increased drug loading, and the use of tethered membranes for bio-sensing applications. Chapters also describe the use of liposomes in textile dyeing and how lipidic nanoparticles are used by the food industry.

Since the third edition of this reference was completed, there have been major changes in the global chemical industry. With less emphasis on new processes for making basic chemicals and more emphasis on pollution prevention and waste disposal, petrochemical processes are giving way to biochemical processes. These changes are reflected in the new processes being developed, many of which have their own names. In addition, niche improvements are still being made in petrochemistry, and some of these processes have new names as well. Gathering and defining a large portion of special named processes that may fall outside standard chemical texts or be scattered among industry manuals, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Named Processes in Chemical Technology, Fourth Edition provides a single-source reference on an extensive array of named processes. It provides concise descriptions of those processes in chemical technology that are known by special names that are not self-explanatory. While overviews of the chemical technology industry are present in other books, most of the names defined within this volume are unique to this compilation. This reference includes named processes in current commercial use around the world, processes that have been or are being piloted on a substantial scale, and even obsolete processes that have been important in the past. The length of the dictionary entries reflects their importance and topicality. The text includes references that document the origins of the processes and review the latest developments. Written by a highly experienced and respected author, this user-friendly text is presented in a practical dictionary format that is useful for a broad audience including industrial chemists and engineers.

The phenomenon known as fluorescence is now widely used in the chemical and life sciences largely due to the development of highly sophisticated fluorescent probe chemistries and the commercial availability of these probes as well as the development of novel microscopy approaches. Introduction to Fluorescence helps readers acquire a sound understanding of basic fluorescence theory and practice. It describes general principles in a straightforward way and uses examples from a variety of disciplines to demonstrate them. In color throughout, the book takes readers through the history of important discoveries to the most current advances. It introduces the fundamentals of the fluorescence phenomenon and gives detailed examples of fluorescence applications in the molecular life sciences, including biochemistry, biophysics, clinical chemistry and diagnostics, pharmaceutical science, and cell and molecular biology. The author presents the basic theories underlying the applications and offers in-depth information on practical aspects. Along with a list of references in each chapter, the text incorporates more than 250 figures that clearly illustrate the concepts and gives the chemical structures of the most widely used fluorescent molecules. In addition, the appendix provides a "Rogue's Gallery" of the most common errors and pitfalls to avoid.

Over the past several decades, the theme of supramolecular chemistry (SC) has permeated nearly all aspects of chemical endeavor. Not surprisingly, it has also pervaded the field of solvent extraction (SX), inspiring the framework for this volume of Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction. In addition, tools for studying aggregation have grown increasingly sophisticated, leading to a greater understanding of what we now recognize as SC phenomena in SX. Volume 21, Supramolecular Aspects of Solvent Extraction identifies how supramolecular behavior occurs and is studied in the context of SX and how SC is influencing the direction of SX.
With contributions by internationally recognized specialists from different fields, this volume examines how principles of SC are being used in advancing the design of new highly selective SX systems and for understanding aggregation phenomena in SX systems. The book begins with a discussion of the nature and definition of SC and its general use in the design of novel SX reagents. Chapter 2 expands the subject of ion-pair recognition to introduce outer-sphere recognition of metal complexes.
Chapter 3 reviews the literature on calixarenes as extraction reagents for metal ions. Chapter 4 extends the utility of this chemistry, describing the use of calixarenes for the extraction of biomolecules. Chapter 5 examines the liquid liquid interface as an expression of supramolecular phenomena in SX, reviewing interfacial aggregation in model two-phase systems and metal extraction systems. The final chapter explores the problem of aggregation in SX, the historical attempts to understand it, and recent progress that has been made in addressing the issue.

Designed to provide a comprehensive, step-by-step approach to organic process research and development in the pharmaceutical, fine chemical, and agricultural chemical industries, this book describes the steps taken, following synthesis and evaluation, to bring key compounds to market in a cost-effective manner. It describes hands-on, step-by-step, approaches to solving process development problems, including route, reagent, and solvent selection; optimising catalytic reactions; chiral syntheses; and "green chemistry." Second Edition highlights: * Reflects the current thinking in chemical process R&D for small molecules * Retains similar structure and orientation to the first edition. * Contains approx. 85% new material * Primarily new examples (work-up and prospective considerations for pilot plant and manufacturing scale-up) * Some new/expanded topics (e.g. green chemistry, genotoxins, enzymatic processes) * Replaces the first edition, although the first edition contains useful older examples that readers may refer to

Providing comprehensive discussions of the physical and chemical properties, manufacture, and industrial uses of biosurfactants, this reference offers first-hand accounts of biosurfactant research of leading biotechnology laboratories. It introduces promising possible uses of biosurfactants in medicine, in environmental control, and for marine organisms. In contributions of more than 30 leading international experts, the text reviews the biosynthetic mechanisms for surfactants and their precursor molecules; explicates the biophysics of microbial surfactants and examines the production of immobilized biocatalysts, lipopeptides, and rhamnolipids. It also presents information on the economics of biosurfactants.