This book provides an interdisciplinary, integrative overview of environmental problem-solving using mild reaction conditions, green reagents, waste free and energy efficient synthesis in both industry and academic world. Discussions include a broad, integrated perspective on sustainability, integrated risk, multi-scale changes and impacts taking place within ecosystems worldwide. Features: This book serves as a reference book for scientific investigators who need to do greener synthesis of organic compounds, drugs and natural products under mild reaction condition using green reagents, eco-friendly catalysts and benign reaction mediums over traditional synthetic processes which is a key driving force of scientists. Greener synthesis of multiple value-added heterocycles opens up a new horizon towards the organic catalysis and for this purpose, development of natural resources acts as an effective catalyst. Using environmentally friendly reaction medium e.g. ACC, WETSA, WEBSA have been used for the synthesis of some crucial heterocyclic scaffolds such as bisenols and 2-amino-4H-pyrans, tetraketones, pyrans, and biaryls. This book can also be used as a textbook for graduate and post graduate level courses for students. Furthermore, the problems with answers in book will add better understanding for students.

This book on hollow fiber contractors presents an up-to-date compilation of the latest developments and milestones in this membrane technology. Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactors: Module Fabrication, Design and Operation, and Potential Applications provides a comprehensive discussion of hollow fiber membrane applications (including a few case studies) in biotechnology, chemical, food, and nuclear engineering. The chapters in this book have been classified using the following, based on different ways of contacting fluids with each other: Gas-liquid contacting; Liquid-liquid contacting; Supported liquid membrane; Supported gas membrane; Fluid-fluid contacting. Other features include: Discusses using non-dispersive solvent extraction, hollow fiber strip dispersion, hollow fiber supported liquid membranes and role of process intensification in integrated use of these processes Provides technical and economic perspectives with several case studies related to specific scenarios Demonstrates module fabrication, design, operation and maintenance of hollow fiber contactors for different applications and performance Presents discussion on newer concepts like membrane emulsification, membrane nanoprecipitation, membrane crystallization and membrane condenser Special focus on emerging areas such as the use of hollow fiber contactor in back end of nuclear fuel cycle, membrane distillation, dehumidification of air and gas absorption and stripping Discusses theoretical analysis including computational modeling of different hollow fiber membrane processes, and presents emphasis on newly developed area of hollow fiber membrane based analytical techniques Presents discussion on upcoming area dealing with hollow fiber contactors-based technology in fermentation and enzymatic transformation and in chiral separations This book is equally suited for newcomers to the field, as well as for engineers and scientists that have basic knowledge in this field but are interested in obtaining more information about specific future applications.

Chemical reaction engineering is at the core of chemical engineering education. Unfortunately, the subject can be intimidating to students, because it requires a heavy dose of mathematics. These mathematics, unless suitably explained in the context of the physical phenomenon, can confuse rather than enlighten students. Bearing this in mind, Reaction Engineering Principles is written primarily from a student's perspective. It is the culmination of the author's more than twenty years of experience teaching chemical reaction engineering. The textbook begins by covering the basic building blocks of the subject-stoichiometry, kinetics, and thermodynamics-ensuring students gain a good grasp of the essential concepts before venturing into the world of reactors. The design and performance evaluation of reactors are conveniently grouped into chapters based on an increasing degree of difficulty. Accordingly, isothermal reactors-batch and ideal flow types-are addressed first, followed by non-isothermal reactor operation, non-ideal flow in reactors, and some special reactor types. For better comprehension, detailed derivations are provided for all important mathematical equations. Narrative of the physical context in which the formulae work adds to the clarity of thought. The use of mathematical formulae is elaborated upon in the form of problem solving steps followed by worked examples. Effects of parameters, changing trends, and comparisons between different situations are presented graphically. Self-practice exercises are included at the end of each chapter.

Chiral titanium complexes are low-cost, low-toxicity and high-efficiency catalysts. Impressive progress on enantioselective titanium-catalysed transformations has been achieved in the past seven years, with exciting new discoveries ranging from basic reactions to novel methodologies. Despite this, the field has not been substantially reviewed since 2008.This book contains up to date research and covers all types of enantioselective transformations using chiral titanium catalysts. It illustrates the economic, health, and environmental benefits of chiral titanium catalysts, showing the types of highly enantioselective reactions that they are able to induce are unlimited.Work presented here is aimed at researchers in organic and catalytic chemistry, and has been carefully curated to encourage future research possibilities.

Lignans are aromatic compounds isolated from plants. This handbook presents an authoritative and comprehensive review of lignan chemistry, biochemistry, nomenclature, uses, and occurrence. Lignans are used in a wide variety of industries and this book will appeal to those working in the pulp and paper industries, renewable energy, specialty chemicals, pharmaceuticals, flavors and fragrances, agriculture and forestry, evolution and ecology. Additionally, the book features a comprehensive lignans dictionary section, drawn from the prestigious Dictionary of Natural Products. Other features include: Presents a comprehensive and up-to-date account of this important group of natural products Addresses and resolves problems in current lignan nomenclature Edited by the leaders in the field of lignan chemistry and biochemistry

This book focuses on novel electrochemical materials particularly designed for specific energy applications. It presents the relationship between materials properties, state-of-the-art processing, and device performance and sheds light on the research, development, and deployment (RD&D) trend of emerging materials and technologies in this field. Features: Emphasizes electrochemical materials applied in PEM fuel cells and water splitting Summarizes anode, cathode, electrolyte, and additive materials developed for lithium-ion batteries and reviews other batteries, including lithium-air, lithium-sulfur, sodium- and potassium-ion batteries, and multivalent-ion batteries Discusses advanced carbon materials for supercapacitors Highlights catalyst design and development for CO2RR and fundamentals of proton facilitated reduction reactions With a cross-disciplinary approach, this work will be of interest to scientists and engineers across chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, materials science, chemistry, physics, and other disciplines working to advance electrochemical energy conversion and storage capabilities and applications.

This book introduces several observer-based methods, including: * the sliding-mode observer * the adaptive observer * the unknown-input observer and * the descriptor observer method for the problem of fault detection, isolation and estimation, allowing readers to compare and contrast the different approaches. The authors present basic material on Lyapunov stability theory, HY control theory, sliding-mode control theory and linear matrix inequality problems in a self-contained and step-by-step manner. Detailed and rigorous mathematical proofs are provided for all the results developed in the text so that readers can quickly gain a good understanding of the material. MATLAB (R) and Simulink (R) codes for all the examples, which can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com, enable students to follow the methods and illustrative examples easily. The systems used in the examples make the book highly relevant to real-world problems in industrial control engineering and include a seventh-order aircraft model, a single-link flexible joint robot arm and a satellite controller. To help readers quickly find the information they need and to improve readability, the individual chapters are written so as to be semi-independent of each other. Robust Oberserver-Based Fault Diagnosis for Nonlinear Systems Using MATLAB (R) is of interest to process, aerospace, robotics and control engineers, engineering students and researchers with a control engineering background.

Interest in green chemistry and clean processes has grown so much in recent years that topics such as fluorous biphasic catalysis, metal organic frameworks, and process intensification, which were barely mentioned in the First Edition, have become major areas of research. In addition, government funding has ramped up the development of fuel cells and biofuels. This reflects the evolving focus from pollution remediation to pollution prevention. Copiously illustrated with more than 800 figures, the Third Edition provides an update from the frontiers of the field. It features supplementary exercises at the end of each chapter relevant to the chemical examples introduced in each chapter. Particular attention is paid to a new concluding chapter on the use of green metrics as an objective tool to demonstrate proof of synthesis plan efficiency and to identify where further improvements can be made through fully worked examples relevant to the chemical industry. NEW AND EXPANDED RESEARCH TOPICS Metal-organic frameworks Metrics Solid acids for alkylation of isobutene by butanes Carbon molecular sieves Mixed micro- and mesoporous solids Organocatalysis Process intensification and gas phase enzymatic reactions Hydrogen storage for fuel cells Reactive distillation Catalysts in action on an atomic scale UPDATED AND EXPANDED CURRENT EVENTS TOPICS Industry resistance to inherently safer chemistry Nuclear power Removal of mercury from vaccines Removal of mercury and lead from primary explosives Biofuels Uses for surplus glycerol New hard materials to reduce wear Electronic waste Smart growth The book covers traditional green chemistry topics, including catalysis, benign solvents, and alternative feedstocks. It also discusses relevant but less frequently covered topics with chapters such as "Chemistry of Long Wear" and "Population and the Environment." This coverage highlights the importance of chemistry to everyday life and demonstrates the benefits the expanded exploitation of green chemistry can have for society.

This book presents a complete picture of the current state-of-the-art in alternative and green solvents used for laboratory and industrial natural product extraction in terms of the latest innovations, original methods and safe products. It provides the necessary theoretical background and details on extraction, techniques, mechanisms, protocols, industrial applications, safety precautions and environmental impacts. This book is aimed at professionals from industry, academicians engaged in extraction engineering or natural product chemistry research, and graduate level students. The individual chapters complement one another, were written by respected international researchers and recognized professionals from the industry, and address the latest efforts in the field. It is also the first sourcebook to focus on the rapid developments in this field.

The manner in which time is captured forms the foundation for synthesis, design, and optimization in batch chemical plants. However, there are still serious challenges with handling time in batch plants. Most techniques tend to assume either a fixed time dimension or adopt time average models to tame the time dimension, thereby simplifying the resultant mathematical models. A direct consequence of this simplification is a suboptimal process. Synthesis, Design, and Resource Optimization in Batch Chemical Plants aims to close this scientific gap. Presenting state-of-the art models for the scheduling, synthesis, design, and resource optimization of batch chemical processes, this cutting-edge text: Describes different ways to represent and capture time in the optimal allocation of tasks to various units with the objective of maximizing throughput or minimizing makespan Covers synthesis and design where the objective is mainly to yield a chemical facility, which satisfies all the targets with minimum capital cost investment Deals with resource conservation aspects in batch plants, where water and energy take the center stage Synthesis, Design, and Resource Optimization in Batch Chemical Plants offers a comprehensive discussion of scheduling techniques, continuous-time formulations, and the synthesis and design of chemical plants that optimally utilize water and energy resources.

This book facilitates the study of problematic chemicals in such applications as chemical fate modeling, chemical process design, and experimental design. This volume provides comprehensive coverage of modern biochemical engineering, detailing the basic concepts underlying the behavior of bioprocesses as well as advances in bioprocess and biochemical engineering science. It combines contemporary engineering science with relevant biological concepts in a comprehensive introduction to biochemical engineering.

This book provides both a rigorous view and a more practical, understandable view of chemical compounds and biochemical engineering and their applications. Every section of the book has been expanded where relevant to take account of significant new discoveries and realizations of the importance of key concepts. Furthermore, emphases are placed on the underlying fundamentals and on acquisition of a broad and comprehensive grasp of the field as a whole.

Keeping in mind the advantages of bio-based materials, this book focuses on the potential efficacy of different biocomposites procured from diverse natural resources and the preparation and processing of the biocomposites to be used for a variety of applications. Each chapter gives an overview on a particular biocomposite material and its processing and successful utilization for selected applications. The chapters summarize recently developed research on such topics as:

Spider silk biocomposites

Biogenic hydroxyapatite-based implant biocomposites

Liquid crystals and cellulose derivatives biocomposites

Bio-based epoxy resins

Bio-based polyphenols and lignocellulosic fibers

Wood-based biocomposites

Flame retardant biocomposites

Biocomposites for industrial noise control

Cellulose-based bionanocomposites

Each individual chapter also focuses on the knowledge and understanding of the interfaces manifested in these biocomposites systems and the optimization of different parameters for novel properties. In addition to this, the book also summarizes the recent developments made in the area of injection molding of biocomposites, chemical functionalization of natural fibers, processing of biocomposites, and their applications in the automotive and biomedical industries. A number of critical issues and suggestions for future work are discussed, underscoring the roles of researchers for the efficient development of biocomposite materials through value addition to enhance their use."

Electrolyte solutions play a key role in traditional chemical industry processes as well as other sciences such as hydrometallurgy, geochemistry, and crystal chemistry. Knowledge of electrolyte solutions is also key in oil and gas exploration and production, as well as many other environmental engineering endeavors. Until recently, a gap existed between the electrolyte solution theory dedicated to diluted solutions, and the theory, practice, and technology involving concentrated solutions. Electrolytes: Supramolecular Interactions and Non-Equilibrium Phenomena in Concentrated Solutions addresses concentrated electrolyte solutions and the theory of structure formation, super and supramolecular interactions, and other physical processes with these solutions-now feasible due to new precision measurement techniques and experimental data that have become available. The first part of the book covers the electrolyte solution in its stationary state-electrostatic, and various ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, and mutual repulsion interactions. The second part covers the electrolyte solution in its nonstationary status, in the case of forced movement between two plates-electrical conductivity, viscosity, and diffusion. This theoretical framework allows for the determination of activity coefficients of concentrated electrolyte solutions, which play a key role in many aspects of electrochemistry and for developing novel advanced processes in inorganic chemical plants.

Processes for clearing gases from dust in wet-type dust separators are widely applied in many industries for technological purposes and environmental control. Among goals of these processes is to ensure high efficiency of dust removal with minimum energy costs.

This book presents the newest scientific research data under the theory and practice of wet clearing of industrial gases from dispersion particles. The authors consider the modern aspects of the separation process and gas-dispersed impurities.

The book covers three main sections on working out and research of the following types of wet gas purifiers: dynamic scrubbers, wet gas clean apparatuses of shock-inertial act, and bubble dust traps. Each section considers the engineering and technological aspects of circuit design, including the theoretical fundamentals of process of gas cleaning, trial and error methods and calculation of apparatuses of wet gas cleaning, and construction of new gas clean apparatuses, their operational characteristics, and recommendations about application

In the literature there are no reliable methods of efficient clearing of gas emissions in scrubbers. This creates complexities at calculation and designing of these apparatuses and also complicates process intensification. The authors develop methods of calculation of process of gas cleaning on the basis of studying of hydrodynamic characteristics of apparatuses.

Can we emulate nature's technology in chemistry?

Through billions of years of evolution, Nature has generated some remarkable systems and substances that have made life on earth what it is today. Increasingly, scientists are seeking to mimic Nature's systems and processes in the lab in order to harness the power of Nature for the benefit of society.

"Bioinspiration and Biomimicry in Chemistry" explores the chemistry of Nature and how we can replicate what Nature does in abiological settings. Specifically, the book focuses on wholly artificial, man-made systems that employ or are inspired by principles of Nature, but which do not use materials of biological origin.

Beginning with a general overview of the concept of bioinspiration and biomimicry in chemistry, the book tackles such topics as: Bioinspired molecular machinesBioinspired catalysisBiomimetic amphiphiles and vesiclesBiomimetic principles in macromolecular scienceBiomimetic cavities and bioinspired receptorsBiomimicry in organic synthesis

Written by a team of leading international experts, the contributed chapters collectively lay the groundwork for a new generation of environmentally friendly and sustainable materials, pharmaceuticals, and technologies. Readers will discover the latest advances in our ability to replicate natural systems and materials as well as the many impediments that remain, proving how much we still need to learn about how Nature works.

"Bioinspiration and Biomimicry in Chemistry" is recommended for students and researchers in all realms of chemistry. Addressing how scientists are working to reverse engineer Nature in all areas of chemical research, the book is designed to stimulate new discussion and research in this exciting and promising field.

In "Different Dispatches", David Humphries brings together in a new way a diverse group of well-known American writers of the inter-war period including: Willa Cather, Sherwood Anderson, Ernest Hemmingway, Zora Neale Hurston, James Agee and Robert Penn Warren. He demonstrates how these writers engage journalism in creating innovative texts that address mass culture as well as underlying cultural conditions. The book will be of interest to readers approaching these well-known authors for the first time or for scholars grappling with larger issues of cultural production and reception.

Although batch processing has existed for a long time, designing these processes and unit operations has been considered an onerous task that required computational efforts. Design of these processes is made more complex because of the time dependent nature of the process and the allowable flexibility. More often than not, every unit encounters optimal control problems. Therefore, traditional design books have not covered batch processing in detail. Filling this void, Batch Processing: Modeling and Design describes various unit operations in batch and bio-processing as well as design methods for these units.

Topics include:

• Batch distillation operating modes and configurations
• Batch absorption operations based on the solubility difference
• Batch adsorption based on differential affinity of various soluble molecules to solid absorbents
• Batch chromatography for measuring a wide variety of thermodynamic, kinetic, and physico-chemical properties
• Batch crystallization where a phase is used to find the supersaturation at which point material crystallizes
• Batch drying that stresses the phase diagram of water to describe this operation
• Batch filtration using a porous medium or screen to separate solids from liquids
• Batch centrifugation where centrifugal force is used for separation

Batch processes are widely used in pharmaceutical, food, and specialty chemicals where high value, low volume products are manufactured. Recent developments in bio-based manufacturing also favor batch processes because feed variations can be easily handled in batch processes. Further, the emerging area of nanomaterials manufacturing currently uses batch processes as they are low volume, high energy intensive processes. With examples, case studies, and more than 100 homework problems, this book describes the unit operations in batch and bioprocessing and gives students a thorough grounding in the numerical methods necessary to solve these design problems.

Despite achievements in the application of enzymes, antibodies and biological receptors to diagnostics and sensing, the last two decades have also witnessed the emergence of a number of alternative technologies based on synthetic chemistry. This volume shows how synthetic receptors can be designed with characteristics that make them attractive alternatives to biological molecules in the sensory and diagnostics fields, with contributions from leading experts in the area. Subjects covered include synthetic receptors for a range of biomolecules, the use of antimicrobial peptides for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms, the development of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) nanoparticles, the in silico design of MIPs and MIP-based sensors, and two chapters examining the development of sensors from an industrial point of view. The particular focus of all chapters is on practical aspects, either in the development process or the applications of the synthesized materials. This book will serve as an important reference work for business leaders and technology experts in the sensors and diagnostics sector.

Thermodynamic Optimization of Finite-Time Processes is the first book to provide a comprehensive treatment integrating finite-time thermodynamics and optimal control, and to give an overview of important breakthroughs in the field which have occurred during the last 20 years. A survey of the optimization technique, including the basics of optimal control theory, and the principal thermodynamic concepts and equations are presented in the first four chapters. The remaining chapters are devoted to the solutions of a variety of finite-time thermodynamic problems, and include coverage of their potential applications for the design of real technological processes, such as:

• heat exchange systems
• mass transfer and separation processes
• commodity exchange as a finite-time thermodynamic process
• heat-driven mechanical processes with one or several reservoirs.

Software tools are a great aid to process engineers, but too much dependence on such tools can often lead to inappropriate and suboptimal designs. Reliance on software is also a hindrance without a firm understanding of the principles underlying its operation, since users are still responsible for devising the design.
In Process Engineering and Design Using Visual Basic, Arun K. Datta provides a unique and versatile suite of programs along with simultaneous development of the underlying concepts, principles, and mathematics. Each chapter details the theory and techniques that provide the basis for design and engineering software and then showcases the development and utility of programs developed using the material outlined in the chapter. This all-inclusive guide works systematically from basic mathematics to fluid mechanics, separators, overpressure protection, and glycol dehydration, providing basic design guidelines based on international codes. Worked examples demonstrate the utility of each program, while the author also explains problems and limitations associated with the simulations.
After reading this book you will be able to immediately put these programs into action and have total confidence in the result, regardless of your level of experience. Companion Visual Basic and Excel files are available for download on under the "Downloads/Updates" tab on this web page.

Fibre reinforced composite materials are showing sustained growth in an ever widening range of applications from food trays to spacecraft as well as contributing to resolving environmental problems, including enabling the forthcoming hydrogen economy to be realised. This second edition of Fundamentals of Fibre Reinforced Composite Materials has been fully updated throughout, providing an authoritative and modern introduction to the topic with a brief history of composite development, a review of composite applications, manufacture and markets, types of fibres and matrices used, and their properties with a detailed introduction into the computer simulation of composite behaviour. With extensive sets of sample problems accompanying each chapter, this book is ideally suited to undergraduate and graduate students of materials science, structural, mechanical, and aeronautical engineering, polymer science, metallurgy, and other courses. It will also be of use as a reference to researchers and engineers working with composite materials and material scientists in general. Features: Presents thorough discussions on composite history, composite applications and markets, types of fibres and resins used, and their respective properties Relates mathematical concepts to the structure of the material under discussion leading to the quantitative evaluation of safety factors Provides numerous sets of sample problems in each chapter

In the 20 years since the publication of the author s multi-contributor volume on defoaming, a vast amount of new work has been published and many new insights have been revealed. A cohesive, single-authored book, The Science of Defoaming: Theory, Experiment and Applications provides comprehensive coverage of the topic. It describes the mode of action of antifoams, presenting the relevant theory and the supporting experimental evidence. Beginning with an introductory chapter that discusses the intrinsic properties of foam, the book then describes experimental methods for measuring foam properties important for studying antifoam action and techniques used in establishing the mode of action of antifoams.
Since most commercially effective antifoams are oil based, a chapter is devoted to the entry and spreading behavior of oils and the role of thin film forces in determining that behavior. The book reviews the mode of action of antifoams, including theories of antifoam mechanisms and the role of bridging foam films by particles and oil drops. It also addresses issues related to the effect of antifoam concentration on foam formation by air entrainment and the process of deactivation of mixed oil particle antifoams during dispersal and foam generation.
For applications where chemical antifoam use is unacceptable, the text examines mechanical means of defoaming, such as the use of rotary devices and ultrasound. The final chapters consider the application of defoaming in radically different contexts including waterborne latex paints and varnishes, machine washing of textiles, gas oil separation in crude oil production, and cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Focusing on the basic science of defoaming, this book presents a balanced view, which also addresses the challenges that may arise for these specific defoaming applications.

Striking a balance between the scientific and technological aspects of radiation curing, this work includes both a summary of current knowledge as well as many chapters which present the first comprehensive accounts of their subjects.

This book offers a modern view of process control in the context of today's technology. It provides innovative chapters on the growth of educational, scientific, and industrial research among chemical engineers. It presents experimental data on thermodynamics and provides a broad understanding of the main computational techniques used for chemical processing. Readers will gain an understanding of the areas of process control that all chemical engineers need to know. The information is presented in a concise and readable format. The information covers the basics and also provides unique topics, such as using a unified approach to model representations, statistical quality control, and model-based control. The methods presented have been successfully applied in industry to solve real problems. Designed as an advanced research guide in process dynamics and control, the book will be useful in chemical engineering courses as well as for the teaching of mechanical, nuclear, industrial, and metallurgical engineering.

This book introduces chemical engineering students to key concepts, strategies, and evaluation methods in sustainable process engineering. The book is intended to supplement chemical engineering texts in fundamentals and design, rather than replace them. The key objectives of the book are to widen system boundaries beyond a process plant to include utility supplies, interconnected plants, wider industry sectors, and entire product life cycles; identify waste and its sources in process and utility systems and adopt waste minimization strategies; broaden evaluation to include technical, economic, safety, environmental, social, and sustainability criteria and to integrate the assessments; and broaden the engineering horizon to incorporate planning, development, design, and operations.

Case examples are integrated with chapter topics throughout, and defined problems that reflect current industry challenges are provided. Contexts include electricity generation, waste sulfuric acid minimization, petroleum fuel desulfurization, and byproduct hydrogen utilization.