Advances in the Use of Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS): Instrumentation Developments and Application, Volume 79, highlights the most recent LC-MS evolutions through a series of contributions by world renowned scientists that will lead the readers through the most recent innovations in the field and their possible applications. Many authoritative books on LC-MS are already present in market, describing in detail the different interfaces and their principles of operation. This book focuses more on new trends, starting with the innovations of each technique, to the most progressive challenges of LC-MS.

Substantial enhancement of important properties of materials is manifested when impurity concentrations are reduced to extremely low levels. Current technologies are not fully adequate and the frontiers of our present knowledge of theory and practice need exploration. New concepts and methodologies are evolving and novel purification processes are beinb developed for producing ultra-high-purity metals with purpose-designed atomic patterns for sophisticated functional applications. This book gives a critical, up-to-date evaluation starting with an extended introductory treatise on the fundamentals, followed by a detailed description of the new methods of purification of transition metals and rare earth metals, including their characterization. The subject is approached both from the basic science and applied engineering points of view.

Written by an engineering consultant with over 48 years of experience in the field, this Second Edition provides a reader-friendly and thorough discussion of the fundamental principles and science of cryogenic engineering including the properties of fluids and solids, refrigeration and liquefaction, insulation, instrumentation, natural gas processing, and safety in cryogenic system design.

A matroid is an abstract mathematical structure that captures combinatorial properties of matrices. This book offers a unique introduction to matroid theory, emphasizing motivations from matrix theory and applications to systems analysis.This book serves also as a comprehensive presentation of the theory and application of mixed matrices, developed primarily by the present author in the last decade. A mixed matrix is a convenient mathematical tool for systems analysis, compatible with the physical observation that "fixed constants" and "system parameters" are to be distinguished in the description of engineering systems.This book will be extremely useful to graduate students and researchers in engineering, mathematics and computer science.

Chemical Reactor Development is written primarily for chemists and chemical engineers who are concerned with the development of a chemical synthesis from the laboratory bench scale, where the first successful experiments are performed, to the design desk, where the first commercial reactor is conceived. It is also written for those chemists and chemical engineers who are concerned with the further development of a chemical process with the objective of enhancing the performance of an existing industrial plant, as well as for students of chemistry and chemical engineering. In Part I, the how' and the why' of chemical reaction engineering are explained, particularly for those who are not familiar with this area. Part II deals with the effects of a number of physical phenomena on the outcome of chemical reactions, such as micro and meso-mixing and residence time distribution, mass transfer between two phases, and the formation of another phase, such as in precipitations. These scale-dependent effects are not only important in view of the conversion of chemical reactions, but also with regard to the selectivity, and in the case of solid products, to their morphology. In Part III, some applications are treated in a general way, including organic syntheses, the conversion and formation of inorganic solids, catalytic processes and polymerizations. The last chapter gives a review of the importance of the selectivity for product quality and for the purity of waste streams. For research chemists and chemical engineers whose work involves chemical reaction engineering. The book is also suitable as a supplementary graduate text.

Process Control details the core knowledge and practical skills that a successful process control practitioner needs. It explains the essential technologies that are in use in current industrial practice or which may be wanting for the future. The book focuses on practical considerations, not only on those that make a control solution work, but also on those that prevent it from failing, especially for complex control loops and plant-wide control solutions. After discussing the indispensable role of control in modern process industries, the authors concentrate on the skills required for process analysis, control design, and troubleshooting. One of the first books to provide a systematic approach and structured methodology for process analysis and control design, Process Control illustrates that methodology with many practical examples that cover process control, equipment control, and control calculations derived from real projects and applications. The book uses 229 drawings and 83 tables to make the concepts it presents more intuitive and its methodology easy to follow. Process Control will help the practising control engineer to benefit from a wealth of practical experience and good ideas on how to make control work in the real world and students training to take up roles in process control are shown the applied relevance of control theory in the efficient functioning of industrial plant and the considerations needed to make it work. Advances in Industrial Control reports and encourages the transfer of technology in control engineering. The rapid development of control technology has an impact on all areas of the control discipline. The series offers an opportunity for researchers to present an extended exposition of new work in all aspects of industrial control.

The series Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry presents critical reviews on present and future trends in the research of heterocyclic compounds. Overall the scope is to cover topics dealing with all areas within heterocyclic chemistry, both experimental and theoretical, of interest to the general heterocyclic chemistry community. The series consists of topic related volumes edited by renowned editors with contributions of experts in the field. All chapters from Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry are published Online First with an individual DOI. In references, Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry is abbreviated as Top Heterocycl Chem and cited as a journal.

1. The ninth International Summer School on Crystal Growth. ISSCG IX A complete theory of crystal growth establishes the full dependence of crystal size, shape and structure on external parameters like temperature, pressure, composition, purity, growth rate and stirring of the mother phase, implicitly establishing how the corresponding fields vary in space and time. Such a theory does not exist, however. Therefore equipment to grow crystals is developed on the basis of partial knowledge. Skill, experience and creativity still are of central importance for the success o~ a crystal growth system. In this book we collected contributions from the teachers of the ninth International Summer School on Crystal Growth ISSCG IX, held 11-16 june 1995 at Papendal, the national sports centre of the Netherlands. These contributions were used during the lectures. The authors have tried to present their work in such a way that only basic physical knowledge is required to understand the papers. The book can be used as an introduction to various important sub disciplines of the science and technology of crystal growth. Since, however the information content considerably exceeds a lecture note level and touches the present limits of understanding, it is an up to date handbook as well.

This book summarizes the recent research development concerning olive oil wastewater management: characterization, environmental impact, recovery and treatment. The book combines different chapters on the management of olive oil rejects using simple techniques with low investment and operating costs. The main focus of the book is: - Diagnosis, impacts of olive oil waste, and regulations- The valorization of the margins and the olive waste- Wastewater treatment and recovery- Evaluation of investments and operating costs of treatment techniques- Shaped by experience, the authors present their view and approach to each focus area of managing liquid and solid waste produced by crushing units.

This book investigates the sustainability performance of system that use microgrids in desalination processes. Climate change may be especially dramatic in its effects on island environments. In these environments, aquifers and wells could become over exploited resulting the use of desalination plans. The synergies between water, energy, and food sectors have been identified as vital in achieving the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals. The book explores desalination and microgrids technically as well the economic and legal aspects that must be considered in order explore their techno-economic feasibility - analyzing how to improve the desalination process, proposing a method to locate and size a microgrid. Other synergies between the water, energy, and food system are discussed and the benefits to society that might result in these systems. Also, the lessons learned are highlighted in the context of how they may apply to other sustainable enterprises.

This book covers recent advances and future trends in yeast synthetic biology, providing readers with an overview of computational and engineering tools, and giving insight on important applications. Yeasts are one of the most attractive microbial cell factories for the production of a wide range of valuable products, including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, agrochemicals and biofuels. Synthetic biology tools have been developed to improve the metabolic engineering of yeasts in a faster and more reliable manner. Today, these tools are used to make synthetic pathways and rewiring metabolism even more efficient, producing products at high titer, rate, and yield. Split into two parts, the book opens with an introduction to rational metabolic pathway prediction and design using computational tools and their applications for yeast systems and synthetic biology. Then, it focuses on the construction and assembly of standardized biobricks for synthetic pathway engineering in yeasts, yeast cell engineering and whole cell yeast-based biosensors. The second part covers applications of synthetic biology to produce diverse and attractive products by some well-known yeasts. Given its interdisciplinary scope, the book offers a valuable asset for students, researchers and engineers working in biotechnology, applied microbiology, metabolic engineer ing and synthetic biology.

This short monograph focuses on the theoretical backgrounds and practical implementations concerning the thermodynamic modeling of multiphase equilibria of complex reservoir fluids using cubic equations of state. It aims to address the increasing needs of multiphase equilibrium calculations that arise in the compositional modeling of multiphase flow in reservoirs and wellbores. It provides a state-of-the-art coverage on the recent improvements of cubic equations of state. Considering that stability test and flash calculation are two basic tasks involved in any multiphase equilibrium calculations, it elaborates on the rigorous mathematical frameworks dedicated to stability test and flash calculation. A special treatment is given to the new algorithms that are recently developed to perform robust and efficient three-phase equilibrium calculations. This monograph will be of value to graduate students who conduct research in the field of phase behavior, as well as software engineers who work on the development of multiphase equilibrium calculation algorithms.

Methods in Chemical Process Safety, Volume One publishes fully commissioned reviews across the field of process safety, risk assessment, and management and loss prevention, with this volume focusing on the process of learning from experience, elements of process safety management, human factors in the chemical process industries, and the regulation of chemical process safety, including current approaches and their effectiveness. Users will find an informative tool and user manual for process safety for both engineering researchers and practitioners that details the latest methods in the field of chemical process safety.

This book presents the select proceedings of the National Conference on Research and Developments in Material Processing, Modelling and Characterization (RDMPMC 2020). It covers the recent advances in manufacturing processes. The book explains various manufacturing process technologies based on surface modification, welding, mechanical deformation, and heat treatment. It also covers the topics such as microstructural characterization and properties evaluation, corrosion, and tribology. The book will be useful to researchers, students and professionals working in areas related to materials processing and characterization.

Without process R&D there would be no modern pharmaceutical industry. Yet, unlike most other areas of chemistry, it is not taught in schools. As a consequence, the only way for chemists to acquire chemical development expertise is through on-the-job training—a process that can last several years. This book helps shorten the learning curve.

Dr. Oljan Repic clearly explains the goals and basic principles of chemical development. He explores the crucial aspects of a new process that must be considered when scaling up a research synthesis to industrial levels. And, with the help of many fascinating case studies and vignettes, he delineates each phase of the development process. Key topics include:

• Qualities of an ideal process
• Techniques for minimizing impurities
• Criteria for cost-effective synthesis of enantiopure compounds by resolutions
• Asymmetric synthesis and the "chiral pool" strategy
• Synthesis for labeling substances with hydrogen or carbon isotopes
• New drug registration requirements

Writing with candor, wit, and an unflagging enthusiasm for his chosen profession, Dr. Repic vividly chronicles the challenges, disappointments, and rewards experienced by the member of a chemical development team responsible for bringing a lifesaving drug to market. This book is an invaluable reference for professionals as well as an important source of guidance and inspiration for young chemists considering entering the field.

The series Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry presents critical reviews on present and future trends in the research of heterocyclic compounds. Overall the scope is to cover topics dealing with all areas within heterocyclic chemistry, both experimental and theoretical, of interest to the general heterocyclic chemistry community. The series consists of topic related volumes edited by renowned editors with contributions of experts in the field.

This technical book considers the application side of LDA techniques. Starting from the basic theories that are crucial for each LDA user, the main subject of the book is focused on diverse application methods. In details, it deals with universal methodical techniques that have been mostly developed in the last 15 years. The book thus gives for the first time an application reference for LDA users in improving the optical conditions and enhancing the measurement accuracies. It also provides the guidelines for simplifying the measurements and correcting measurement errors as well as for clarifying the application limits and extending the application areas of LDA techniques. Beside the treatments of some traditional optical and flow mechanical features influencing the measurement accuracies, the book shows a broad spectrum of LDA application methods in the manner of measuring the flow turbulence, resolving the secondary flow structures, and quantifying the optical aberrations at measurements of internal flows etc.. Thus, it also supports the further developments of both the hard- and software of LDA instrumentations.

Addresses the composites development process including damage detection and repair of composites for aerospace application Covers research on multi-scale process modelling, material modelling, self-healing, repairing and their analysis Concentrates on repair of composites for weight sensitive applications in automobile and aerospace areas Analyses materials processing and materials design perspective Details composite joints, their failure, and operation of aircraft component under various environments

The book explains the principles and fundamentals of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) and highlights the current developments and future potential of the analytical green chemistry-oriented applications of various solutions. The book consists of sixteen chapters, including the history and milestones of GAC; issues related to teaching of green analytical chemistry and greening the university laboratories; evaluation of impact of analytical activities on the environmental and human health, direct techniques of detection, identification and determination of trace constituents; new achievements in the field of extraction of trace analytes from samples characterized by complex composition of the matrix; "green" nature of the derivatization process in analytical chemistry; passive techniques of sampling of analytes; green sorption materials used in analytical procedures; new types of solvents in the field of analytical chemistry. In addition green chromatography and related techniques, fast tests for assessment of the wide spectrum of pollutants in the different types of the medium, remote monitoring of environmental pollutants, qualitative and comparative evaluation, quantitative assessment, and future trends and perspectives are discussed. This book appeals to a wide readership of the academic and industrial researchers. In addition, it can be used in the classroom for undergraduate and graduate Ph.D. students focusing on elaboration of new analytical procedures for organic and inorganic compounds determination in different kinds of samples characterized by complex matrices composition.Jacek Namiesnik was a Professor at the Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland. Justyna Plotka-Wasylka is a teacher and researcher at the same department.

The use of silicon-based microsystems for chemical analysis is one of the most promising concepts in the recent developments in micro system technology (MST). It is expected that chemical sensors will be increasingly integrated in so-called miniaturized total analysis systems (uTAS), a concept first presented by Ciba-Geigy. In such systems, all steps in a chemical determination, from sampling to detection and data treatment, are integrated in one miniature instrument. uTAS offer a variety of advantages over conventional analysis systems such as improved analytical performance, reduced reagent and power consumption, small size, possibility of new and more complicated functions, higher reliability and lower fabrication costs. Application of uTAS may be found in fields like process industry, environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, aeronautics, automotive industry, and more.

This highly informative and carefully presented book offers a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of thermal engineering. The book focuses both on the fundamentals and more complex topics such as the basics of thermodynamics, Zeroth Law of thermodynamics, first law of thermodynamics, application of first law of thermodynamics, second law of thermodynamics, entropy, availability and irreversibility, properties of pure substance, vapor power cycles, introduction to working of IC engines, air-standard cycles, gas turbines and jet propulsion, thermodynamic property relations and combustion. The author has included end-of-chapter problems and worked examples to augment learning and self-testing. This book is a useful reference to undergraduate students in the area of mechanical engineering.

This book uses kinematics, mechanics, mathematics, and so on, to systematically propose the fixturing performance evaluation and fixturing layout planning method. The proposed method is a novel method, including the analysis method of locating determination, the analysis method of workpiece stability, the analysis method of clamping reasonability, the analysis method of workpiece attachment/detachment, the analysis method of locating accuracy, and the planning algorithm of locating point layout, the planning algorithm of clamping force, and so forth. It can enrich and develop the basic theory of computer aided fixture design, change the empirical method of fixture design. The combination of theoretical analysis and mathematical modeling technology can resolve the key problems in the process of fixture design, which will play a certain role in promoting the progress of manufacturing technology, improving the precision and level of product manufacturing, and meeting the higher and higher requirements of mechanical manufacturing industry.

This volume discusses the theoretical fundamentals and potential applications of the original electro-Fenton (EF) process and its most innovative and promising versions, all of which are classified as electrochemical advanced oxidation processes. It consists of 15 chapters that review the latest advances and trends, material selection, reaction and reactor modeling and EF scale-up. It particularly focuses on the applications of EF process in the treatment of toxic and persistent organic pollutants in water and soil, showing highly efficient removal for both lab-scale and pre-pilot setups. Indeed, the EF technology is now mature enough to be brought to market, and this collection of contributions from leading experts in the field constitutes a timely milestone for scientists and engineers.

This book serves as an accelerated learning tool for students of Additive Manufacturing. The author presents key aspects of the subject in the form of questions and answers, so learners in a variety of contexts can find answers quickly to their specific question. Solutions to a variety of current, challenging problems are presented, clarified with examples, illustrations and copious references for more thorough investigation of the specific topic. Offers a unique, accelerated learning tool for students of Additive Manufacturing, presenting the subject in the form of questions and answers; Provides solutions to today's challenging problems in additive manufacturing, using examples, illustrations and references; Includes coverage of various aspects of additive manufacturing, such as materials, design, applications, post-process and digital manufacturing.

The conventional solvents used in chemical, pharmaceutical, biomedical and separation processes represent a great challenge to green chemistry because of their toxicity and flammability. Since the beginning of "the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry" in 1998, a general effort has been made to replace conventional solvents with environmentally benign substitutes. Water has been the most popular choice so far, followed by ionic liquids, surfactant, supercritical fluids, fluorous solvents, liquid polymers, bio-solvents and switchable solvent systems. Green Solvents Volume I and II provides a throughout overview of the different types of solvents and discusses their extensive applications in fields such as extraction, organic synthesis, biocatalytic processes, production of fine chemicals, removal of hydrogen sulphide, biochemical transformations, composite material, energy storage devices and polymers. These volumes are written by leading international experts and cover all possible aspects of green solvents' properties and applications available in today's literature. Green Solvents Volume I and II is an invaluable guide to scientists, R&D industrial specialists, researchers, upper-level undergraduates and graduate students, Ph.D. scholars, college and university professors working in the field of chemistry and biochemistry.