Sol-Gel Processing for Conventional and Alternative Energy is a comprehensive source of information on the use of sol-gel processing in materials in energy systems, conversion, storage, and generation. The volume editors include numerous applications, primarily in nuclear fuel processing, electrolytes for fuel cells, and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). In addition to examining contemporary processing, properties, and industrial applications, "Sol-Gel Processing for Conventional and Alternative Energy" identifies materials challenges presented by conventional and alternative energy generation that require new materials and innovative processing. Each chapter is written by an internationally respected researcher. The book provides a state-of-the-art treatment of different aspects of materials for energy production, with a focus on processing, and covers related topics such as carbon sequestration, clean energy, and biofuels.

This book had its genesis in a symposium on gas hydrates presented at the 2003 Spring National Meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. The symposium consisted of twenty papers presented in four sessions over two days. Additional guest authors were invited to provide continuity and cover topics not addressed during the symposium. Gas hydrates are a unique class of chemical compounds where molecules of one compound (the guest material) are enclosed, without bonding chemically, within an open solid lattice composed of another compound (the host material). These types of configurations are known as clathrates. The guest molecules, u- ally gases, are of an appropriate size such that they fit within the cage formed by the host material. Commonexamples of gas hydrates are carbon dioxide/water and methane/water clathrates. At standard pressure and temperature, methane hydrate contains by volume 180 times as much methane as hydrate. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has estimated that there is more organic carbon c- tained as methane hydrate than all other forms of fossil fuels combined. In fact, methane hydrates could provide a clean source of energy for several centuries. Clathrate compounds were first discovered in the early 1800s when Humphrey Davy and Michael Faraday were experimenting with chlorine-water mixtures.

A widely-acclaimed serial, Advances in Organometallic Chemistry contains authoritative reviews that address all aspects of organometallic chemistry, a field which has expanded enormously since the publication of Volume 1 in 1964. Almost all branches of chemistry and material science now interface with organometallic chemistry--the study of compounds containing carbon-metal bonds. Organometallic compounds range from species which are so reactive that they only have a transient existence at ambient temperatures to species which are thermally very stable. Organometallics are used extensively in the synthesis of compounds on both large and small scales. Industrial processes involving plastics, polymers, electronic materials, and pharmaceuticals all depend on advancements in organometallic chemistry.

This book focuses on droplets and sprays and their applications. It discusses how droplet level transport is central to a multitude of applications and how droplet level manipulation and control can enhance the efficiency and design of multiphase systems. Droplets and sprays are ubiquitous in a variety of multiphase and multiscale applications in surface patterning, oil recovery, combustion, atomization, spray drying, thermal barrier coating, renewable energy, and electronic cooling, to name but a few. This book provides two levels of details pertaining to such applications. Each chapter delves into a specific application and provides not only an overview but also detailed physical insights into the application mechanism from the point of view of droplets and sprays. All chapters provide a mix of cutting-edge applications, new diagnostic techniques and modern computational methodologies, as well as the fundamental physical mechanism involved in each application. Taken together, the chapters provide a translational perspective on these applications, from basic transport processes to optimization, and from design to implementation using droplets or sprays as fundamental building blocks. Given its breadth of coverage, the book will be of interest to students, researchers, and industry professionals alike.

This book provides researchers and graduate students with an overview of the latest developments in and applications of adsorption processes for water treatment and purification. In particular, it covers current topics in connection with the modeling and design of adsorption processes, and the synthesis and application of cost-effective adsorbents for the removal of relevant aquatic pollutants. The book describes recent advances and alternatives to improve the performance and efficacy of this water purification technique. In addition, selected chapters are devoted to discussing the reliable modeling and analysis of adsorption data, which are relevant for real-life applications to industrial effluents and groundwater.

Tingyue Gu's second edition provides a comprehensive set of nonlinear multicomponent liquid chromatography (LC) models for various forms of LC, such as adsorption, size exclusion, ion-exchange, reversed-phase, affinity, isocratic/gradient elution and axial/radial flow LC. Much has advanced since the first edition of this book and the author's software, described here, is now used for teaching and research in 32 different countries. This book comes together with a complete software package with graphical user interface for personal computers, offered free for academic applications. Additionally, this book provides detailed methods for parameter estimation of mass transfer coefficients, bed voidage, particle porosity and isotherms. The author gives examples of how to use the software for predicitons and scale-up. In contrast to the first edition, authors do not need to deal with complicated math. Instead, they focus on how to obtain a few parameters for simulation and how to compare simulation results with experimental data. After reading the detailed descriptions in the book, a reader is able to use the simulation software to investigate chromatographic behavior without doing actual experiments. This book is aimed at readers who are interested in learning about LC behaviors and at those who want to scale up LC for preparative- and large-scale applications. Both academic personnel and industrial practitioners can benefit from the use of the book. This new edition includes: - New models and software for pellicular (cored) beads in liquid chromatography - Introduction of user-friendly software (with graphical user interface) - Detailed descriptions on how to use the software - Step-by-step instructions on parameter estimation for the models - New mass-transfer correlations for parameter estimation - Experimental methods for parameter estimation - Several actual examples using the model for product development and scale-up - Updated literature review

Fault-tolerant control aims at a gradual shutdown response in automated systems when faults occur. It satisfies the industrial demand for enhanced availability and safety, in contrast to traditional reactions to faults, which bring about sudden shutdowns and loss of availability. The book presents effective model-based analysis and design methods for fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control. Architectural and structural models are used to analyse the propagation of the fault through the process, to test the fault detectability and to find the redundancies in the process that can be used to ensure fault tolerance. It also introduces design methods suitable for diagnostic systems and fault-tolerant controllers for continuous processes that are described by analytical models of discrete-event systems represented by automata. The book is suitable for engineering students, engineers in industry and researchers who wish to get an overview of the variety of approaches to process diagnosis and fault-tolerant control. The authors have extensive teaching experience with graduate and PhD students, as well as with industrial experts. Parts of this book have been used in courses for this audience. The authors give a comprehensive introduction to the main ideas of diagnosis and fault-tolerant control and present some of their most recent research achievements obtained together with their research groups in a close cooperation with European research projects. The third edition resulted from a major re-structuring and re-writing of the former edition, which has been used for a decade by numerous research groups. New material includes distributed diagnosis of continuous and discrete-event systems, methods for reconfigurability analysis, and extensions of the structural methods towards fault-tolerant control. The bibliographical notes at the end of all chapters have been up-dated. The chapters end with exercises to be used in lectures.

Though the game-theoretic approach has been vastly studied and utilized in relation to economics of industrial organizations, it has hardly been used to tackle safety management in multi-plant chemical industrial settings. Using Game Theory for Improving Safety within Chemical Industrial Parks presents an in-depth discussion of game-theoretic modeling which may be applied to improve cross-company prevention and -safety management in a chemical industrial park. By systematically analyzing game-theoretic models and approaches in relation to managing safety in chemical industrial parks, Using Game Theory for Improving Safety within Chemical Industrial Parks explores the ways game theory can predict the outcome of complex strategic investment decision making processes involving several adjacent chemical plants. A number of game-theoretic decision models are discussed to provide strategic tools for decision-making situations. Offering clear and straightforward explanations of methodologies, Using Game Theory for Improving Safety within Chemical Industrial Parks provides managers and management teams with approaches to asses situations and to improve strategic safety- and prevention arrangements.

An authoritative and comprehensive volume of knowledge and green technologies wholly focused on the future of the bioeconomy. The authors present data, show opportunities, discuss R&D findings, analyze strategies, assess the wider economic impact, showcase achievements, criticize policies and propose solutions for the green revolution in biofuels, biochemicals and biomaterials' production and power generation. A fascinating range of case studies from the US, China and many European countries are used to inform readers about the impact of this field on society and how various technologies are currently being implemented. Additionally, the role of industry on this green industrial revolution is outlined with contributions from several major companies such as DuPont (US), UPM-Kymmene Oy (Finland), Anhui BBCA Biochemical Co (China).

With the recent advent of nanotechnology, research and development in the area of nanostructured catalysts has gained unprecedented prominence. Novel materials with potentially exciting new applications in catalysis are being discovered at a much higher rate than ever before. Innovative tools to fabricate, manipulate, characterize, and evaluate such materials are being developed and expanded. To keep pace with this extremely rapid growth, it is necessary to take a breath from time to time, to critically assess the current knowledge and provide thoughts for future developments. This book represents one of these moments, as a number of prominent scientists in nanostructured catalysts join forces to provide insightful reviews of their areas of expertise; thus, offering an overall picture of the state-of-the art of the field.

Nanostructured materials designate an increasing number of materials with designed shapes, surfaces, structures, pore systems, etc. In general, nanostructured catalysts have modified surfaces, including materials whose surfaces have been altered via such techniques as grafting and tethering of organic or organometallic species, or through various deposition procedures including electro, electroless, and vapor deposition, or simple adsorption. Materials with designed regular pore systems, such as zeolites, metallophosphates, periodic mesoporous materials, nanoporous organic, and organometallic materials are also members of the large family of nanostructured materials. These materials are of paramount importance, particularly in catalysis.

One of the most distinctive characteristics of this book is the fact that it is all-inclusive, since most of the materialslisted above have been dealt with in a concise and informative manner. With fourteen up-to-date reports on the design, synthesis, and catalytic properties of nanostructured materials, this book sets the stage for things to come in this area. The development of novel catalysts, taking advantage of the many interesting attributes of periodic nanoporous materials, and the discovery of innovative materials, such as polymer- silica nanocomposites and confined nanoparticles, are some of the leading ideas for future work in the increasingly important field of nanostructured catalysts.

This book includes details on the environmental implications of recycling, modeling of recycling, processing of recycled materials, recycling potential of materials, characterisation of recycled materials, reverse logistics, case studies of recycling various materials etc.

New process technology strategies are required to cope with the future. Fossil feedstocks are losing ground in favour of renewable feedstocks and secondary resources. Conventional processing routes using thermal "sledgehammer" techniques are replaced by highly selective (bio)catalytic conversions. The future process engineer is neither allowed to think in terms of unit operations, nor to take for granted the conventional practice of continuous steady state processing. Hybrid systems and transient operations are more and more frequently encountered. The continuing impressive progress being made in process modelling and control will revolutionize the process industries. In the new generation of chemical production processes the keyword is precision. Precision, in terms of selectivity and of efficiency, is required to maximize the utilisation of materials and energy. Moreover, enhanced precision is needed to exploit the quality of materials and energy to the full extent. Only by reducing the squandering of materials, energy and quality will a harmonious relationship be established between the process industries, the economy, and the environment. Process integration, as well as an integrated effort by the disciplines involved in process technology, will be of crucial importance in attaining the goals of precision process technology. These emerging strategies involve an active exchange of tools and ideas between a variety of disciplines, not only in plant design and operation, but even more in the early stages of process development and design. By looking from various angles at what the future has in store for the process industries, this volume systematically lifts the corners of the veil and may help to establish a new tradition of precision in process technology.

Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition, Fourth Edition, a Four Volume Set, provides updated information on the foundations of nutrition science, along with the biology and functions of vitamins and other essential nutrients present in the human diet. The book's content offers a modern understanding of the links between diet and health effects, including diseases of recognized nutritional etiology. This overview of the genetic and molecular aspects of nutrient-health interrelationships includes important content on topics like nutrigenomics, metabolomics and the microbiome. In addition, the book provides global context, particularly on the issue of food production, sustainability and climate change. The new edition carries on the legacy of a reference work that comprehensively offers a one-source, integrated bank of information on all three areas - food, nutrition science and clinical nutrition.

"Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants" describes the chemistry and technology of base oils, additives and applications of liquid lubricants. This Third Edition reflects how the chemistry and technology of lubricants has developed since the First Edition was published in 1992.

The acceleration of performance development in the past 35 years has been as significant as in the previous century: Refinery processes have become more precise in defining the physical and chemical properties of higher quality mineral base oils. New and existing additives have improved performance through enhanced understanding of their action. Specification and testing of lubricants has become more focused and rigorous.

"Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants" is directed principally at those working in the lubricants industry as well as individuals working within academia seeking a chemist's viewpoint of lubrication. It is also of value to engineers and technologists requiring a more fundamental understanding of the subject.

F. T. Wallenberger This book serves as an introduction to advanced inorganic fibers and aims to support fundamental research, assist applied scientists and designers in industry, and facilitate materials science instruction in universities and colleges. Its three main sections deal with fibers which are derived from the vapor phase such as single crystal silicon whiskers or carbon nanotubes, from the liquid phase such as advanced glass and single crystal oxide fibers, and from solid precursor fibers such as carbon and ceramic fibers. Contents FIBERS FROM THE VAPOR, LIQUID AND SOLID PHASE 1.1 The most important phase isthe liquid phase 1.2 Afiber by any name isstill afiber 1.3 Biographic sketches ofthe authors 1.4 Acknowledgments CHAPTER 1 FIBERS FROM THE VAPOR, LIQUID AND SOLID PHASE F. T. Wallenberger The book describes advanced inorganic fibers, focuses on principles and concepts, analyzes experimental and commercial processes, and relates process variables to structures, structures tofiber properties and fiber properties to end-use performance. In principle, there are discontinuous or inherently short, and continuous or potentially endless, fibers. Short fibers range from asbestos fibers, which were described as early as 300 BC to carbon nanotubes which were discovered in 1991 [1] and have been fully described in 1999 [2].

This book is designed to bridge the gap between handbooks and technical literature and is intended to serve the research needs of both academic and industrial scientists and graduate students. It begins with a discussion on reactive extraction systems and provides a state-of-the-art description of phase equilibria in reacting liquid-liquid systems. The following chapter discusses reactive mass transfer with a focus on transfer regimes, surfactant layers, zeta potential and experimental techniques. A brief summary on current developments and not common extraction techniques is also offered.A program for column design (http://www.uni-kl.de/LS-Bart/dae99.html) which is available from the author's homepage (http://www.uni-kl.de/LS-Bart/) is described in Appendix X, and references to other license free codes in the web are also given.

This book focuses on the emerging additive manufacturing technology and its applications beyond state-of-the-art, fibre-reinforced thermoplastics. It also discusses the development of a hybrid, integrated process that combines additive and subtractive operations in a single-step platform, allowing CAD-to-Part production with freeform shapes using long or continuous fibre-reinforced thermoplastics. The book covers the entire value chain of this next-generation technology, from part design and materials composition to transformation stages, product evaluation, and end-of-life studies. Moreover, it addresses the following engineering issues: * Design rules for hybrid additive manufacturing; * Thermoplastic compounds for high-temperature and -strength applications; * Advanced extrusion heads and process concepts; * Hybridisation strategies; * Software ecosystems for hAM design, pre-processing, process planning, emulating and multi-axis processing; * 3D path generators for hAM based on a multi-objective optimisation algorithm that matches the recent curved adaptive slicing method with a new transversal scheme; * hAM parameters, real-time monitoring and closed-loop control; * Multiparametric nondestructive testing (NDT) tools customised for FRTP AM parts; * Sustainable manufacturing processes validated by advanced LCA/LCC models.

The environmental impact of industrial waste is one of the most serious challenges facing the chemical process industries. From a focus on end-of-pipe treatment in the 1970s, chemical manufacturers have increasinglyimplemented pollution prevention policies in which pollutants are mitigated at the source or separated and recovered and then reused or sold.
This book is the first to present systematic techniques for cost-effective pollution prevention, altering what has been an art that depends on experience and subjective opinion into a science rooted in fundamental engineering principles and process integration. Step-by-step procedures are presented that are widely applicable to the chemical, petrochemical, petroleum, pharmaceutical, food, and metals industries.
Various levels of sophistication ranging from graphical methods to algebraic procedures and mathematical optimization, numerous applications and case studies, and integrated software for optimizing waste recovery systems make Pollution Prevention through Process Integration: Systematic Design Tools a must read for a wide spectrum of practicing engineers, environmental scientists, plant managers, advanced undergraduate and graduate students, and researchers in the areas of pollution prevention andprocess integration.
1Allows the reader to establish pollution-prevention targets for a process and then develop implementable, cost-effective solutions
1Contains step-by-step procedures that can be applied to environmental problems in a wide variety of process industries
1Integrates pollution prevention with other process objectives
1Author is internationally recognized for pioneering work in developing massintegration science and technology
1CD-ROM contains software for design of waste recovery networks (MEN) and optimization (LINGO()

Catalysis, which until recently had largely been limited to the production of large volume chemical, is now being increasingly used in the production of medium and small volume chemicals. Simultaneously, the role of process intensification in enhancing overall productivity is being increasingly recognised. This usually takes the form of reaction rate enhancement by extending known or emerging laboratory techniques to industrial scale production. Organic Synthesis Engineering describes the application of catalysis in its various forms in organic synthesis, and addresses both the chemical and engineering aspects of catalysts (particularly solid catalysts). It also outlines different techniques of reaction rate and/or selectivity enhancement - a feature not found in any existing books on reaction engineering.

This book highlights the latest research on waste processing technologies, particularly for domestic, agricultural, and petroleum based pollutants, intended to achieve waste valorisation. In addition, it discusses the important role of plastic recycling, as well as advanced waste processing techniques.

It is a great pleasure for me to introduce this book which has the main ambition to make thermodynamics more directly accessible to engineers and physicists by stressing the analogies with the other physical domains; this science has discouraged more than a few students. The book comes from the meeting of two persons: 1. Jean Thoma, inventor of hydrostatic machines and transmissions, pro fessor at the University of Waterloo (Canada), expert in simulation and pilgrim for the promotion of bond graphs around the world. 2. Belkacem Ould Bouamama, associated professor at the University of Science and Technology in Lille, France, specialist in industrial control and seduced by the richness and structure of the bond graph method. Thermodynamics is a difficult subject; its concepts like entropy, enthalpy, etc. are not intuitive and often very abstract. For this reason, it is current practice to neglect the thermal aspects, although they are necessarily there in all physical phenomena, and to use isothermal models. This is equivalent to think that the system is immersed in an infinite temperature reservoir and maintains its temperature constant even if it receives or dissipates electric and other type of energy. For heat transfer and variable temperature, if it should be included, the classical approach is to study the changes between equilibrium states, and not the process itself, which is more a thermostatic than a thermodynamic approach. This is justified when only the constraints of equilibrium state must be satisfied."

This fundamental book on interfacial phenomena forms the basis of application of interface and colloid science to various disperse systems. These include suspensions, emulsions, nano-dispersions, wetting, spreading, deposition and adhesion of particles to surfaces. These systems occur in most industrial applications, such as personal care and cosmetic formulations, pharmaceutical systems particularly for controlled and targeted delivery of drugs, agrochemical formulations and enhancement of their biological performance, paints and coatings as well as most food formulations. These applications are described in volume 2. The text is very valuable for formulation chemists, chemical engineers and technologies who are involved in such applications. In addition this fundamental text is also valuable for research scientists and Ph.D. students investigating various aspects of interface and colloid science.

In Process Control, a wide range of identification and control methods applicable to processes are accompanied by typical comparable examples, encouraging you to make comparisons.

The initial classical approach to continuous control by transfer functions will be of enormous benefit, whether you are a student beginning in control or an engineer in industry who, up until now, has only had a superficial or empirical contact with control. The more advanced material on discrete control and state-space control, as well as nonlinear control and observers, requires minimal previous knowledge, allowing you to make better use of techniques with proven performance.

a [ Introduces concepts of progressively increasing difficulty, smoothing the path to learning the more advanced theories and control methods.

a [ For each topic, the theories, techniques and algorithms are presented in detail, with numberous references.

a [ The comparative consideration of different approaches to similar problems deepens your understanding.

a [ Examples that you can reproduce to master the different techniques.

Broad coverage creates an important synthesis of the spectrum of control theory and its process-industry-related applications. Different levels of reading are possible, opening this powerful source of information to engineers, academics, researchers and students alike.

Combustion systems are confined fields of compressible fluids where exothermic processes of combustion take place, subject to boundary conditions imposed at its borders. The subject of Dynamics of Combustion Systems is presented in three parts:

Part 1. Exothermicity considering the thermodynamic effects due to evolution of exothermic energy in a combustion system

Chapter 1. Thermodynamic Aspects
Chapter 2. Evolutionary Aspects
Chapter 3. Heat Transfer Aspects
Chapter 4. Chemical Kinetic Aspects

Part 2. Field exposing the dynamic properties of flow fields where the exothermic energy is deposited

Chapter 5. Aerodynamic Aspects
Chapter 6. Random Vortex Method
Chapter 7. Gasdynamic Aspects
Chapter 8. Gasdynamic Fronts

Part 3. Explosions revealing the dynamic features of fields and fronts due to rapid deposition of exothermic energy

Chapter 9. Blast Wave Theory
Chapter 10. Self-Similar Solution
Chapter 11. Phase Space Method
Chapter 12. Detonation

The editors wish to thank the European Science Foundation for its support of the programme on the Evolution of Chemistry in Europe, 1789-1939, as well as for sponsoring the publication of this volume. Through the subdivision of this initiative that deals specifically with chemical industry it has been possible for historians of science, technology, business and economics to share often widely differing viewpoints and develop consensus across disciplinary and cultural boundaries. The contents of this volume are based on the third of three workshops that have considered the emergence of the modern European chemical industry prior to 1939, the first held in Liege (1994), the second in Maastricht (1995), and the third in Strasbourg (1996). All contributors and participants are thanked for their participation in often lively and informative debates. The generous hospitality of the European Science Foundation and its staff in Strasbourg is gratefully acknowledged. Introduction Emerging chemical knowledge and the development of chemical industry, and particularly the interaction between them, offer rich fields of study for the historian. This is reflected in the contents of the three workshops dealing with the emergence of chemical industry held under the aegis of the European Science Foundation's Evolution of Chemistry in Europe, 1789-1939, programme. The first workshop focused mainly on science for industry, 1789- 1850, and the second on the two-way traffic between science and industry, 1850-1914. The third workshop, dealing with the period 1900-1939, covers similar issues, but within different, and wider, contexts.