Call it the Human element in how a refining and chemical process operation is run....the other side of the machine and control system operation equation. Its value is in lives protected and money saved. This plain English guide to the principles of human factors will enable operations and control personnel-both the experienced and uninitiated- to understand how to successfully incorporate the concepts within their own plants. Through real-world examples, the author explains how human factors engineering concepts do, and must, dovetail with process plant design and operation. Offering practical insights, the book lays out the principles of human-system interactions and how they must be incorporated into any plant and control system from the get go-in order to ensure safe and efficient operations. Control engineers and operations managers will gain incomparable, inside-the-industry experience from: - Clear discussion of performance-shaping factors; - In-depth discussion of key variables in terms of workload and staffing; - A detailed analysis of the all-important human-machine interface, including content and format; - How-to planning for system demands and levels of automation; - Invaluable guidance on worker selection and training, along with sample procedures and job aids; and - Tools for investigation of incidents and near-misses from the human perspective.

PARTIAL CONTENTS - PART - I. BOILER BASICS - Chapter 1. Boiler - An Introduction - Chapter 2. Classification of Boilers - Chapter 3. Common Terms and Explanation - PART - II. BOILER WATER TROUBLES - Chapter 4. Impurities in Water and Their Effects - Chapter 5. Boiler Water Troubles - A Prelude - Chapter 6. Scale Formation - Chapter 7. Silica Carryover - Chapter 8. Scale Formation in Economizers - Chapter 9. Super Heater and Turbine Deposits - Chapter 10. Corrosion - Basic Information - Chapter 11. General Corrosion (Overall Corrosion / Acidic Corrosion) - Chapter 12. Dissolved Oxygen Corrosion (Pitting Corrosion) - Chapter 13. Carbondioxide Corrosion - Chapter 14. Corrosion caused by Unstable Salts - Chapter 15. Corrosion caused by Other Substances - Chapter 16. Corrosion caused by Chelants (Chelant Corrosion) - Chapter 17. Caustic Embrittlement and Caustic Gouging - Chapter 18. Hydrogen Embrittlement - Chapter 19. Condensate Corrosion - Chapter 20. Preboiler Corrosion - Chapter 21. Economizer Corrosion - Chapter 22. Super Heater and Turbine Corrosion - Chapter 23. Foaming, Priming & Carryover - PART - III. WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS AND TREATMENT PROGRAMS - Chapter 24. Quality Requirements for Feed Water and Boiler Water - Chapter 25. Objectives of Boiler Water Treatment - Chapter 26. External Treatment and Internal Treatment - Chapter 27. Water Treatment programs - Guidelines - PART - IV. EXTERNAL TREATMENT - Chapter 28. External Treatment - A Prelude - Chapter 29. Coagulation (Removal of Color, Turbidity and Suspended Matter) - Chapter 30. Filtration - Chapter 31. Softening by Chemical Method (Lime - Soda Softening) - Chapter 32. Ion Exchange Resins and Treatment Methods - Chapter 33. Softening by Ion-Exchange Method - Chapter 34. Dealkalization - Chapter 35. Demineralization (Deionization) - Chapter 36. Mixed Bed Deionization - Chapter 37. Reverse Osmosis - Chapter 38. Evaporation - Chapter 39. Silica Removal - Chapter 40. Oil Removal - Chapter 41. Condensate Treatment (Condensate Polishing) - Chapter 42. Deaeration (Mechanical Removal of Oxygen) - PART - V. INTERNAL TREATMENT - Chapter 43. Internal Boiler Water Treatment - A Prelude - Chapter 44. Organic Polymers and Their Role as Scale Inhibitors, Dispersants and Sludge Conditioners in Boiler Water Treatment - Chapter 45. Internal Treatment - Chemical Feeding - Chapter 46. Prevention of Scale Formation - Chapter 47. Sludge Conditioning - Chapter 48. Prevention of Corrosion - An Introduction - Chapter 49. Prevention of Corrosion Due to Low pH - Chapter 50. Prevention of Pitting Corrosion Using Oxygen Scavengers (Chemical Removal of Oxygen) - Chapter 51. Prevention of Caustic Embrittlement and Caustic Gouging - Chapter 52. Prevention of Chelant Corrosion - Chapter 53. Prevention of Condensate Corrosion - Chapter 54. Prevention of Pre-Boiler Corrosion - Chapter 55. Prevention of Economizer Corrosion - Chapter 56. Prevention of Foaming, Priming & Carryover - Chapter 57. Prevention of Silica Carryover - Chapter 58. Boiler Blow Down - PART - VI. BOILER WATER TREATMENT - IMPORTANT CALCULATIONS - Chapter 59. Basic Conversion Factors - Chapter 60. Water Softening - Calculations - Chapter 61. Cycles of Concentration, Blowdown, Feed Water and Makeup Water - Calculations - Chapter 62. Determination of Dosage of Chemicals - PART - VII. BOILER START UP, CLEANING, LAY UP AND MAINTENANCE - Chapter 63. Boiler Startup (Pre-operational Cleaning) - Chapter 64. Descaling and Boiler Cleaning - Chapter 65. Boiler LayUp - Chapter 66. Boiler Maintenance - PART - VIII. CHEMICALS HANDLING, SOLUTION PREPARATION AND FEEDERS - Chapter 67. Chemicals Handling and Storage - Chapter 68. Preparation of Solutions and Suspensions - Chapter 69. Chemical Feeders - PART - IX. ANALYSIS OF WATER AND STEAM - See Website for full TOC

Each chapter in this volume is focused on a specific set of solvent properties which determine its choice, effect on properties of solutes and solutions, properties of different groups of solvents and the summary of their applications' effect. This includes effectson health and environment (given in tabulated form), swelling of solids in solvents, solvent diffusion and drying processes, nature of interaction of solvent and solute in solutions, acid-base interactions, effect of solvents on spectral and other electronic properties of solutions, effect of solvents on rheology of solution, aggregation of solutes, permeability, molecular structure, crystallinity, configuration, and conformation of dissolved high molecular weight compounds, methods of application of solvent mixtures to enhance the range of their applicability, and effect of solvents on chemical reactions and reactivity of dissolved substances.
Provides key insight to help engineers and scientists select the best solvent for the jobPractical information and ideas to improve existing processes involving solventsBrings together the latest advances in solvent technology and applications"

This annual review of the literature presents a comprehensive and critical survey of the vast field of study involving organophosphorus compounds, from phosphines and related P-C bonded compounds to phosphorus acids, phosphine chalcogenides and nucleotides. The Editors have added to the content with a timely chapter on the recent developments in green synthetic approaches in organophosphorus chemistry to reflect current interests in the area. With an emphasis on interdisciplinary content, this book is aimed at the worldwide organic chemistry and engineering research communities.

This volume, number 23 in the "Tetrahedron Organic Chemistry" series, presents organolithium chemistry from the perspective of a synthetic organic chemist, drawing from the synthetic literature to present a unified overview of how organolithiums can be used to make molecules. The development of methods for the regioselective synthesis of organolithiums has replaced their image of indiscriminate high reactivity with one of controllable and subtle selectivity. Organolithium chemistry has a central role in the selective construction of C-C bonds in both simple and complex molecules, and for example has arguably overtaken aromatic electrophilic substitution as the most powerful method for regioselective functionalisation of aromatic rings. The twin themes of reactivity and selectivity run through the book, which reviews the ways by which organolithiums may be formed and the ways in which they react. Topics include advances in directed metallation, reductive lithiation and organolithium cyclisation reactions, along with a discussion of organolithium stereochemistry and the role played by ligands such as (-)-sparteine.

This book investigates a wide range of phase equilibrium modelling and calculation problems for compositional thermal simulation. Further, it provides an effective solution for multiphase isenthalpic flash under the classical framework, and it also presents a new flash calculation framework for multiphase systems, which can handle phase equilibrium and chemical reaction equilibrium simultaneously. The framework is particularly suitable for systems with many phases and reactions. In this book, the author shows how the new framework can be generalised for different flash specifications and different independent variables. Since the flash calculation is at the heart of various types of compositional simulation, the findings presented here will promote the combination of phase equilibrium and chemical equilibrium calculations in future simulators, aiming at improving their robustness and efficiency.

Fuelled by advances in computer technology, model-based approaches to the control of industrial processes are now widespread. While there is an enormous literature on modelling, the difficult first step of selecting an appropriate model structure has received almost no attention. This book fills the gap, providing practical insight into model selection for chemical processes and emphasizing structures suitable for control system design.

The book provides a detailed state-of-the-art overview of inorganic chemistry applied to medicinal chemistry and biology. It covers the newly emerging field of metals in medicine and the future of medicinal inorganic chemistry. Further it includes metal based medicines used in alternative systems of Ayurveda as well as Tibetan Zuotai to make it a holistic approach. It is an essential reading for every researcher and student in medicinal and bioinorganic chemistry.

Solid Liquid Separation includes important industrial processes used for recovery and processing of solids or purification of liquids. Most of the process industries in which particulate slurries are handled use some form of solid-liquid separation and yet the subject is not adequately covered in most higher education courses.
This book is designed to bring the readers up-to-date on the principles and industrial practices of solid-liquid separation and washing technology. Particular attention is given to hardware and to its evaluation, application and selection. Whilst not exclusively concerned with filtration and sedimentation, these operations will be dealt with in depth.
Important variations in the available equipment will be discussed throughout the book with emphasis on basic engineering concepts, equipment selection and evaluation, solids washing, methods of pre-treatment, filter aids and other practical aspects of mechanical separation.
This book is intended for engineers and scientists of graduate status who are engaged in design, production for research and development.

This book is designed to bring the readers up-to-date on the principles and industrial practices of solid-liquid separation and washing technology. Particular attention is given to hardware and to its evaluation, application and selection. Whilst not exclusively concerned with filtration and sedimentation, these operations are dealt with in depth.
Important variations in the available equipment are discussed throughout the book with emphasis on basic engineering concepts, equipment selection and evaluation, solids washing, methods of pre-treatment, filter aids and other practical aspects of mechanical separation.
This book is intended for engineers and scientists of graduate status who are engaged in design, production for research and development.

Author is the top of his field, and knows well all the latest advances in his subject area.
Fourth edition of a title which is respected and admired in the world of Chemical Engineering.
Updated and revised to match the developments in the industry.

Traditionally, fluid mixing and the related multiphase contacting processes have always been regarded as an empirical technology. Many aspects of mixing, dispersing and contacting were related to power draw, but understanding of the phenomena was limited or qualitative at the most.
In particular during the last decade, however, plant operation targets have tightened and product specifications have become stricter. The public awareness as to safety and environmental hygiene has increased. The drive towards larger degrees of sustainability in the process industries has urged for lower amounts of solvents and for higher yields and higher selectivities in chemical reactors. All this has resulted in a "market pull" the need for more detailed insights in flow phenomena and processes and for better verifiable design and operation methods.
Developments in miniaturisation of sensors and circuits as well as in computer technology have rendered leaps possible in computer simulation and animation and in measuring and monitoring techniques.
This volume encourages a leap forward in the field of mixing by the current, overwhelming wealth of sophisticated measuring and computational techniques. This leap may be made possible by modern instrumentation, signal and data analysis, field reconstruction algorithms, computational modelling techniques and numerical recipes.

This book provides a comprehensive, step-by-step approach to organic process research and development in the pharmaceutical, fine
chemical, and agricultural chemical industries. Process R&D describes the steps taken, following synthesis and evaluation, to bring key
compounds to market in a cost-effective manner. More people are being hired for work in this area as increasing numbers of drug candidates are
identified through combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening. The book is directed to industrial (primarily organic) chemists, and
academicians (particularly those involved in a growing number of start-up companies) and students who need insight into industrial process R&D. Current books do not describe hands-on, step-by-step, approaches to solving process development problems, including route, reagent,
and solvent selection; optimising catalytic reactions; chiral syntheses; and "green chemistry." "Practical Process Research and Development" will be a valuable resource for researchers, managers, and graduate students.
* Provides insights into generating rugged, practical, cost-effective processes for the chemical preparation of "small molecules"
* Breaks down process optimization into route, reagent and solvent selection, development of reaction conditions, workup, crystallizations and more
* Includes over 100 tips for rapid process development
* Presents guidelines for implementing and troubleshooting processes

This book defines environmental reaction engineering principles, including reactor design, for the development of processes that provide an environmental benefit. With regard to pollution prevention, the focus is primarily on new reaction and reactor technologies that minimize the production of undesirable side-products (pollutants), but the use of reaction engineering as a means of treating wastes that are produced through other means is also considered.
First is a section on environmentally benign combustion. The three papers discuss methods of reducing the formation of PAHs and NOx, as well as other environmentally sensitive combustion products. The next section contains a collection of contributions that involve the use of a catalyst to support the reaction. Following this is a section on the use of supercritical fluid solvents as environmentally friendly media for chemical reactions. Finally, a series of papers is presented in which novel reactor designs are utilized to obtain product yields not possible in conventional reactor systems. These include the use of reactor-absorber systems, reactive distillation, and reactive membranes.
The book concludes with a chapter contributed by the editors which discusses the educational aspects of pollution prevention. It is necessary for future generations of engineers to be trained to design processes that are inherently environmentally benign. This chapter assembles resource materials for educators which will spark the creative instincts of the researchers using the materials contained within this book to develop new resources for pollution prevention education.
The broad spectrum of topics included in this book indicates the diversity of this area, and the vibrant nature of the ongoing research. The possibilities of producing desirable products without the formation of waste byproducts are bounded only by the creativity of the reaction engineer.

This book brings out the innovations in textile wet or chemical processing to alleviate the environmental impacts arising from this sector. The major challenge in the textiles and fashion sector is that it requires a massive sustainable innovation to mitigate the huge environmental impacts arising from chemical or wet processing. This book also discusses innovations in eco-friendly methods for textile wet processes and applications of enzymes in textiles.

This book is a compilation of the engineering data on mixing, which have appeared in the major technical journals of chemical engineering and bioengineering since 1975. That year marked the beginning of a period of rapid advancement in the science and technology of mixing, with rather reliable results for both theoretical and experimental studies. In addition, some important earlier articles which have been, and still are being referred to, are included.
Designs of both agitators and tanks still depend primarily on art and experience. In light of this it was felt that the data on mixing should be compiled and presented in a systematic manner to assist in design and analysis of agitated tanks, and to provide easier access to mixing data for various engineering activities. Although computer-aided searches of pertinent data bases can be of assistance to chemical engineers and bioengineers in their studies, they are sometimes time-consuming and often costly. Furthermore inadequate selection of key words can jeopardize the searches. This book offers an alternative method of surveying mixing data which interests readers.
The first chapter presents a variety of results for the experimental measurements of flow patterns in stirred tanks. Most of the measurements were made by using modern Laser-Doppler techniques. This chapter is useful for the prediction of flow patterns in tanks with many different geometries, various types of agitators, and fluids of diverse physical and rheological properties, plus valuable data for the validation of results obtained by CFD simulations. Chapters 2 through 5 deal with data for traditional chemical engineering subjects and Chapter 6 summarizes a number of scale-up relations developed over the years for various systems. These include liquid, solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, gas-liquid, and solid-liquid-gas systems. Chapter 7 provides data related to multiphase processes, and most importantly, drop size and drop-size distributions and bubble-size distributions. These two subjects have not been treated systematically either in text books or in handbooks on stirred-tank mixing, although the results of both experimental and theoretical investigations have been reported on many occasions. Finally gas-inducing mechanically agitated systems are dealt with. The applications of this type of agitation system will become increasingly attractive from the standpoint of rationalization of stirred-tank operations as well as environmental protection.

This volume provides extensive health (toxicological) and safety handling information and data on over 1,000 chemicals of commercial and industrial importance.
This volume will provide extensive health (toxicological) and safe-handling information and data on more than 1000 chemicals of commercial and industrial importance. It provides chemical specific information pertinent to safe handling and transportation of chemicals, worker protection, emergency response information to address spills, explosions on fire situations, and chemical stability/reactivity data. It is designed as a standard reference handbook for chemical engineers, safety engineers, toxicologists, fire safety specialists, chemists, laboratory and plant technicians.
Provides extensive health and safe-handling information on more than 1,000
Standard reference work for those involved in chemical engineering and related fields

This book presents the applications of ion-exchange materials in the biomedical industries. It includes topics related to the application of ion exchange chromatography in determination, extraction and separation of various compounds such as amino acids, morphine, antibiotics, nucleotides, penicillin and many more. This title is a highly valuable source of knowledge on ion-exchange materials and their applications suitable for postgraduate students and researchers but also to industrial R&D specialists in chemistry, chemical, and biochemical technology. Additionally, this book will provide an in-depth knowledge of ion-exchange column and operations suitable for engineers and industrialists.

Volume I contains a brief review of adsorption history and its development for practical purposes up until now. It also presents some important information on adsorbents and catalysts as well as on the methods of their characterization. The part of this volume dealing with practical industrial applications includes chapters presenting advanced technical tools for high capacity adsorption separation of liquid and gas mixtures, development of new adsorbents for removal of hazardous contaminants from combustion flue gases and wastewaters, degasification of coal seams and fabrication of inorganic membranes and their applications. A comprehensive review is also included on contemporary utility of self-assembled monolayers, adsorption proteins and their role in modern industry, adsorption methods in technology of optical fibre glasses, sol-gel technology, solid desiccant dehumidification systems, etc. The articles give both the scientific backgrounds of the phenomena discussed and emphasize their practical aspects.

The chapters give not only brief current knowledge about the studied problems, but are also a source of topical literature on the subject. A comprehensive bibliography on adsorption principles, design data and adsorbent materials for industrial applications for the period 1967-1997 concludes the book.

Materials and Water Chemistry for Supercritical Water-cooled Reactors is unique in that it brings together materials and water chemistry, their interrelationship, the historical perspective and their application to SCWR conceptual design. Written by world's leading experts, all active in the area of materials and chemistry R&D in support of GEN IV SCWR, this book presents for the first time a comprehensive reference on these topics, and in particular, how these data relate to the SCWR design itself. This book is an essential text for researchers in the areas of supercritical water-cooled reactor materials and chemistry, working in industry or academia. It will also give newcomers to the field a survey of all of the available literature and a clear understanding of how these studies relate to the design of the SCWR concept. The material presented is at a specialist's level in materials or corrosion science, or in water chemistry of power plants.

Scattering Methods and their Application in Colloid and Interface Science offers an overview of small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering techniques (SAXS & SANS), as well as static and dynamic light scattering (SLS & DLS). These scattering techniques are central to the study of soft matter, such as colloidal dispersions and surfactant self-assembly. The theoretical concepts are followed by an overview of instrumentation and a detailed description of the evaluation techniques in the first part of the book. In the second part, several typical application examples are used to show the strength and limitations of these techniques.

The proceedings of the VIIth International Symposium on the "Scientific Bases for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts," are in line with the general scope of this series of events. Emphasis in all Symposia has been on the scientific aspects of the preparation of new and industrial catalysts, or on new methods of preparation, rather than on the catalytic reactions in which such solids are ultimately used. In the present context, the catalytic event itself has only been considered as another, though often decisive, method of catalyst characterization.

This book is intended as a text for upper undergraduate and graduate courses on kinetics of metallurgical processes for students of materials science, metallurgical engineering, and chemical engineering. Focusing on basic and essential topics, selected from the authors' teaching and research, it serves as a comprehensive guide to metallurgical kinetics. Chapters 1-10 discuss the "logic" of various kinetics processes, while Chapter 11 explores the systematic analysis of raw rate data generated from controlled experiments. The final chapters illustrate how the fundamental concept of thermal activation is used to describe the kinetics of rate-dependent plastic deformation and creep fracture. With numerous examples, illustrations, and step-by-step tutorials, it is ideally suited for both self-study and classroom use. The examples were selected from research papers to highlight how the topics discussed can be, and are, used to solve real-world technological problems. Providing a comprehensive list of resources for further study, and end-of-chapter review questions to help students test their knowledge, it can be used for university coursework or as a text for professional development courses.

The shape of drops and bubbles is the centre of interest for many interfacial scientists. This book describes the most recent accomplishments to make use of drops and bubbles in fundamental research and application.

After a general introduction into the mechanics of liquid menisci, chapters are dedicated to methods based on drops or bubbles. The chapters about the three main drop experiments provide the theoretical basis, a description of experimental set-ups, specific advantages and disadvantages, correction and calibration problems, experimental examples and their interpretation: pendent and sessile drop, drop volume, and spinning drop technique.
The chapter about capillary pressure methods summarises different techniques and gives examples of applications, for instance measurements under microgravity.

The maximum bubble pressure technique as a particular capillary pressure method is described, with emphasis on the most recent developments which made this technique applicable to extremely short adsorption times, down to the range of milliseconds and less. Problems connected with aerodynamics and hydrodynamics are discussed and used to show the limits of this widely used standard method.

The oscillating bubble technique provides information not available by other techniques, for example about the dilational rheology of adsorption layers and relaxation processes at the interface.

The description of rising bubbles in surfactant solutions will contain the hydrodynamic basis as well as the theoretical description of the effect of interfacial layers on the movement of bubbles. Besides the theoretical basis experimental data, such as water purification, flotation processes etc. and the relevance for practical applications will be presented.
The chapter about lung alveols demonstrates how important bubbles built by biological membranes are in everyday life. The relevance for medicine and biology as well as model studies is discussed.

An important example for the application of drops is metallurgy, where the surface tension of metals and alloys is an important parameter for many applications. The chapters on drop shape analysis by using fibre technique and on force measurements between emulsion droplets are of much practical relevance.

Lists of references and symbols are given separately at the end of each chapter while a common subject index is given at the end of the book.

Spatially Resolved Operando Measurements in Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactors, Volume 50, presents the latest on these essential components in the continuing search for better utilization of raw materials and energy that reduces impact on the environment. This latest release includes valuable chapters that present tactics on Understanding the performance of automotive catalysts via spatial resolution of reactions inside honeycomb monoliths, Operando spectroscopy in catalytic reactors, Spatio-temporal phenomena in monolithic reactors measured by combined spatially-resolved mass spectrometry and optical frequency domain reflectrometry, and In-situ spatially resolved techniques for the investigation of packed bed catalytic reactors: Current status and future outlook. This series presents the latest reviews of the state-of-the-art of in heterogeneous catalytic reactors and processes.