The must-have ten-volume successor to the critically acclaimed Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences series, "Nanomaterials for the Life Sciences, 10 Volume Set" provides an excellent, in-depth overview of all nanomaterial types and their uses in the life sciences. Each volume is dedicated to a specific material class and covers fundamentals, synthesis strategies, structure-property relationships, material behavior fine-tuning, biological effects, and applications in the life sciences. This landmark set provides materials scientists, chemists, biologists, molecular biologists, clinical physicists, physiological chemists, medicinal chemists, and toxicologists with essential awareness of life science applications.

Among electrode materials, inorganic materials have received vast consideration owing to their redox chemistry, chemical stability, high electrochemical performance, and high-power applications. These exceptional properties enable inorganic-based materials to find application in high-performance energy conversion and storage. The current advances in nanotechnology have uncovered novel inorganic materials by various strategies and their different morphological features may serve as a rule for future supercapacitor electrode design for efficient supercapacitor performance. Inorganic Nanomaterials for Supercapacitor Design depicts the latest advances in inorganic nanomaterials for supercapacitor energy storage devices. Key Features: ? Provides an overview on the supercapacitor application of inorganic-based materials. ? Describes the fundamental aspects, key factors, advantages, and challenges of inorganic supercapacitors. ? Presents up-to-date coverage of the large, rapidly growing, and complex literature on inorganic supercapacitors. ? Surveys current applications in supercapacitor energy storage. ? Explores the new aspects of inorganic materials and next-generation supercapacitor systems.

In this book, meshes and networks formed out of multiwalled carbon nanotubes are investigated and analyzed, including their use in niche applications such as electro-optic devices, advanced mechanical, thermal and electrical property enhancement, and gene editing. Different properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, including random network formation, ordering the meshes and networks by mechanical agitation and application of an external field, using crystallization and cross-linking induced phase separation in homopolymers-CNT composites are discussed with theoretical analysis. The book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in Electrical Engineering; Materials Science and Engineering; Chemical Engineering and Nanotechnology, Electronic circuit design, manufacturing, and characterization.

As machining processes become more advanced, so does the science behind them. This book emphasizes these scientific developments, in addition to the more widely covered technological aspects, providing a full understanding of how machining has adapted to material constraints and moved beyond conventional methods in recent years. Numerous machining processes have been developed to allow the use of increasingly tough, corrosion-resistant, and temperature-resistant materials for different applications. The advanced machining processes covered in this book range from mechanical, thermoelectric, and electrochemical, including abrasive water jet machining, electric discharge machining and micromachining, ion beam machining, and hybrid processes. It also addresses the sustainability issues raised by these processes. The underlying science of machining is centered throughout, as none of these processes can reach their full potential without both technical expertise and scientific understanding. Advanced Machining Science and its scientific approach will be of particular interest to students, researchers, and shop floor engineers.

Tribology is a multidisciplinary science that encompasses mechanical engineering, materials science, surface engineering, lubricants, and additives chemistry with tremendous applications. The development of high performance in different material pairs such as metal-metal, ceramic-ceramic, ceramic-polymer and metal-polymer composites is essential to enhancing tribology behaviour. Tribology, Lubrication, and Surface Engineering: Research and Applications, Two-Volume Set provides a systematic and comprehensive account of recent developments and applications in this area. Reviews emerging technologies, industrial tribology, and characterization of surface engineering and coatings Discusses how tribology works for machine elements and manufacturing processes Describes the mechanism that drives micro- and nanotribology Covers tribochemistry, tribocorrosion, green tribology, and biotribology Highlights applications and future perspectives Written for researchers and advanced students, this book encompasses a wide-ranging view of the latest in tribology, lubrication, and surface engineering for a variety of cross-disciplinary applications.

Nanostructured electrode materials have exhibited unrivaled electrochemical properties in creating elite supercapacitors. Morphology Design Paradigm for Supercapacitors presents the latest advances in the improvement of supercapacitors, a result of the incorporation of nanomaterials into the design - from zero-dimensional to three-dimensional, and microporous to mesoporous. The book includes a comprehensive description of capacitive practices at the levels of sub-atomic and nanoscales. These have the ability to enhance device performance for an extensive assortment of potential applications, including consumer electronics, wearable gadgets, hybrid electric vehicles, stationary and industrial frameworks. Key Features: Provides readers with a clear understanding of the implementation of these materials as electrodes in electrochemical supercapacitors. Covers recent material designs and an extensive scope of electrode materials such as 0D to 3D. Explores recent nanostructured-system material designs that have been created and tested in supercapacitor configurations. Considers microporous to mesoporous supercapacitor electrode materials. Features the impact of nanostructures on the properties of supercapacitors, including specific capacitance, cycle stability, and rate capability.

Reflecting the advances made in recent years, this is a comprehensive overview of calcium orthophosphates for bioceramics and biocomposites with a special focus on the detailed description of all those available, including their biological and geological occurrence, preparation, chemical composition, structure-property relationships and applications. In particular, the book discusses the suitability of these orthophosphates for biomedical applications and their use as bone grafts in surgery and medicine. The result is a useful reference for researchers with an academic, medical or commercial background.

The incorporation of nanomaterials into products can improve performance, efficiency, and durability in various fields ranging from construction, energy management, catalysis, microelectronics, plastics, coatings, and paints to consumer articles such as foods and cosmetics. But innovation never comes at zero risk. The potential hazards resulting from human exposure during production, use, or disposal has raised concerns and targeted research early on. Safety of Nanomaterials along Their Lifecycle: Release, Exposure, and Human Hazards presents the state of the art in nanosafety research from a lifecycle perspective. Although major knowledge gaps still exist, solid data are now available to identify scenarios of critical risk as well as those of safe nanomaterial use for our benefit. The book is divided into four parts: characterization, hazard, release and exposure, and real-life case studies. To improve coherence throughout the book, various chapters review the same suite of well-characterized, judiciously chosen, and identical industrial nanomaterials. The book is a helpful resource to professionals in product development, industrial design, regulatory agencies, and materials scientists and engineers involved in the safety of nanomaterials.

Nanoscale electrochemistry has revolutionized electrochemical research and technologies and has made broad impacts in other fields, including nanotechnology and nanoscience, biology, and materials chemistry. Nanoelectrochemistry examines well-established concepts and principles and provides an updated overview of the field and its applications. This book covers three integral aspects of nanoelectrochemistry. The first two chapters contain theoretical background, which is essential for everyone working in the field-specifically, theories of electron transfer, transport, and double-layer processes at nanoscale electrochemical interfaces. The next chapters are dedicated to the electrochemical studies of nanomaterials and nanosystems, as well as the development and applications of nanoelectrochemical techniques. Each chapter is self-contained and can be read independently to provide readers with a compact, up-to-date critical review of the subfield of interest. At the same time, the presented collection of chapters serves as a serious introduction to nanoelectrochemistry for graduate students or scientists who wish to enter this emerging field. The applications discussed range from studies of biological systems to nanoparticles and from electrocatalysis to molecular electronics, nanopores, and membranes. The book demonstrates how electrochemistry has contributed to the advancement of nanotechnology and nanoscience. It also explores how electrochemistry has transformed itself by leading to the discovery of new phenomena, enabling unprecedented electrochemical measurements and creating novel electrochemical systems.

Provides in-depth knowledge on lead-free piezoelectrics - for state-of-the-art, environmentally friendly electrical and electronic devices! Lead zirconate titanate ceramics have been market-dominating due to their excellent properties and flexibility in terms of compositional modifications. Driven by the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive, there is a growing concern on the toxicity of lead. Therefore, numerous research efforts were devoted to lead-free piezoelectrics from the beginning of this century. Great progress has been made in the development of high-performance lead-free piezoelectric ceramics which are already used, e.g., for power electronics applications. Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials provides an in-depth overview of principles, material systems, and applications of lead-free piezoelectric materials. It starts with the fundamentals of piezoelectricity and lead-free piezoelectrics. Then it discusses four representative lead-free piezoelectric material systems from background introduction to crystal structures and properties. Finally, it presents several applications of lead-free piezoelectrics including piezoelectric actuators, and transducers. The challenges for promoting applications will also be discussed. Highly attractive: Lead-free piezoelectrics address the growing concerns on exclusion of hazardous substances used in electrical and electronic devices in order to protect human health and the environment Thorough overview: Covers fundamentals, different classes of materials, processing and applications Unique: discusses fundamentals and recent advancements in the field of lead-free piezoelectrics Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials is of high interest for material scientists, electrical and chemical engineers, solid state chemists and physicists in academia and industry.

Supplementary cementing materials and other mineral admixtures are being used in increasing amounts in both cement and concrete. Their main technical benefits are that they enhance the workability of fresh concrete and the durability of hardened concrete. Indeed, they affect almost every property of the concrete. Their economic and ecological benefits may be just as significant, and their use can be expected to increase as concrete remains the most common construction material. Cement and Concrete Mineral Admixtures concentrates mostly on natural pozzolans, fly ashes, ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume and limestone powder, namely the most commonly used mineral admixtures. Others such as metakaolin, rice husk ash, expanded clays and shales are also discussed. Their chemical, mineralogical, and physical properties are outlined. The influence of mineral admixtures on the hydration of cementitious systems, and the properties of fresh and hardened concrete in which they are used are emphasized. International standards are reviewed. The basics of concrete mix proportioning with mineral admixtures are outlined. The possibilities of using mineral admixtures as constituents of special concretes such as self-compacting, reactive powder, roller-compacted concretes and special non-portland, low-cost, low-energy and/or low-CO2 cements such as alinite, calcium sulfoaluminate, and belitic cements and alkali-activated binders are also covered.The book is a comprehensive reference for senior undergraduate and graduate students and researchers in the fields of cement and concrete, and for cement and concrete practitioners.

The Carbon Nanomaterials Sourcebook contains extensive, interdisciplinary coverage of carbon nanomaterials, encompassing the full scope of the field-from physics, chemistry, and materials science to molecular biology, engineering, and medicine-in two comprehensive volumes. Written in a tutorial style, this first volume of the sourcebook: Focuses on graphene, fullerenes, nanotubes, and nanodiamonds Describes the fundamental properties, growth mechanisms, and processing of each nanomaterial discussed Explores functionalization for electronic, energy, biomedical, and environmental applications Showcases materials with exceptional properties, synthesis methods, large-scale production techniques, and application prospects Provides the tools necessary for understanding current and future technology developments, including important equations, tables, and graphs Each chapter is dedicated to a different type of carbon nanomaterial and addresses three main areas: formation, properties, and applications. This setup allows for quick and easy search, making the Carbon Nanomaterials Sourcebook: Graphene, Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Nanodiamonds, Volume I a must-have reference for scientists and engineers.

Tribology is an unfamiliar term for many, but is experienced by all. It is the science of friction, wear and lubrication of contacting surfaces in relative motion. The aim of this book is to introduce the fundamentals of tribology as well as its challenges in extreme operating conditions. The book comprises a historical background and an introduction to familiarize both undergraduate and postgraduate readers with such an important topic. It addresses a comprehensive coverage of classical tribology of solid contacts, friction mechanics, wear mechanisms and lubrication technologies. The tribology of polymer composites, MEMS and NEMS are explored. In addition, tribology of automotive components is presented, as are tribological applications in many practical situations.Various test methods used in evaluating wear are reviewed. Diverse techniques applied in predicting wear behavior by mathematical models, FE modeling and ANN approach are discussed. The book reviews key features of extraordinary conditions associated with, but not limited to, harsh environments, severe sliding and poor lubrication challenges. A basic understanding of failure modes in tribological systems is covered. The state-of-the-art research on tribology under these extreme conditions is extensively discussed, which will be of interest to researchers. The book highlights solutions for extreme tribology problems and provides an overview of various factors affecting tribosystems in harsh conditions.

Comprehensive presentation of six synthesis processes of mullite precursors, such as gelation, coprecipitation, diphasic gelation, codecomposition, and microcomposite processes, are shown. Comparison of phase evolution processes of spray pyrolysis, monophasic, polymeric, coprecipitated, diphasic precursors and composite mullite powders is established. Critical analysis of the results of DTA, XRD, IR, and MAS NMR of earlier researchers, as shown in Review part of the book, is included. Chemistry behind the hydrolysis reaction of different components in six synthesis processes of mullite precursors in achieving homogeneity is shown. Elaborate discussion of the characterization of Al-Si spinel and t-mullite based on studies of alkali leaching, TEM/EDS, QXRD, and lattice constant measurements is done. Remarkable of diagrams/graphics are included in each chapter.

Heterostructured (HS) materials represent an emerging class of materials that are expected to become a major research field for the communities of materials, mechanics, and physics in the next couple of decades. One of the biggest advantages of HS materials is that they can be produced by large-scale industrial facilities and technologies and therefore can be commercialized without the scaling up and high-cost barriers that are often encountered by other advanced materials. This book collects recent papers on the progress in the field of HS materials, especially their fundamental physics. The papers are arranged in a sequence of chapters that will help new researchers entering the field to have a quick and comprehensive understanding of HS materials, including the fundamentals and recent progress in their processing, characterization, and properties.

Microscale and Nanoscale Heat Transfer: Analysis, Design, and Applications features contributions from prominent researchers in the field of micro- and nanoscale heat transfer and associated technologies and offers a complete understanding of thermal transport in nano-materials and devices. Nanofluids can be used as working fluids in thermal systems; the thermal conductivity of heat transfer fluids can be increased by adding nanoparticles in fluids. This book provides details of experimental and theoretical investigations made on nanofluids for use in the biomechanical and aerospace industries. It examines the use of nanofluids in improving heat transfer rates, covers the numerical approaches for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of nanofluids, and reviews the experimental results of commonly used nanofluids dispersed in both spherical and nonspherical nanoparticles. It also focuses on current and developing applications of microscale and nanoscale convective heat transfer. In addition, the book covers a wide range of analysis that includes: Solid-liquid interface phonon transfer at the molecular level The validity of the continuum hypothesis and Fourier law in nanochannels Conventional methods of using molecular dynamics (MD) for heat transport problems The molecular dynamics approach to calculate interfacial thermal resistance (ITR) A review of experimental results in the field of heat pipes and two-phase flows in thermosyphons Microscale convective heat transfer with gaseous flow in ducts The application of the lattice Boltzmann method for thermal microflows A numerical method for resolving the problem of subcooled convective boiling flows in microchannel heat sinks Two-phase boiling flow and condensation heat transfer in mini/micro channels, and more Microscale and Nanoscale Heat Transfer: Analysis, Design, and Applications addresses the need for thermal packaging and management for use in cooling electronics and serves as a resource for researchers, academicians, engineers, and other professionals working in the area of heat transfer, microscale and nanoscale science and engineering, and related industries.

- Serves a variety of users, such as students/engineers who want to learn more about corrosion; academics who want to teach and research in this area and importantly, practitioners who need to assess corrosion damages to metal structures to ensure their safety and serviceability. - The knowledge and techniques presented in the book can be easily applied by users, such as materials and structural engineers who are responsible for safe and serviceable operation of infrastructure, asset managers and owners who need to make decisions regarding the maintenance and even demolition of corroded infrastructure. - This book can be the first of its kind that discusses corrosion and its effect on degradation of various mechanical properties, such as strength fatigue, fracture toughness, of various ferrous metals, such as steel, cost iron and ductile iron. The knowledge of mechanical strength degradation is essential to accurate prediction of infrastructure failures. - The book is written in plain English as much as practicable. Technical terminology is explained in as much detail as possible with necessary figures and tables for easy understanding.

The theory and practice of the non-linear optics of silicon are inextricably linked with a variety of areas of solid state physics, particularly semiconductor physics. However, the current literature linking these fields is scattered across various sources and is lacking in depth. Second Order Non-linear Optics of Silicon and Silicon Nanostructures describes the physical properties of silicon as they apply to non-linear optics while also covering details of the physics of semiconductors. The book contains six chapters that focus on: The physical properties and linear optics of silicon Basic theoretical concepts of reflected second harmonics (RSH) The authors' theory of the generation of RSH at the non-linear medium-linear medium interface An analytical review of work on the non-linear optics of silicon The results of non-linear optical studies of silicon nanostructures A theory of photoinduced electronic processes in semiconductors and their influence on RSH generation The book also includes methodological problems and a significant amount of reference data. It not only reflects the current state of research but also provides a single, thorough source of introductory information for those who are becoming familiar with non-linear optics. Second Order Non-linear Optics of Silicon and Silicon Nanostructures is a valuable contribution to the fields of non-linear optics, semiconductor physics, and microelectronics, as well as a useful resource for a wide range of readers, from undergraduates to researchers.

The use of conducting polymers for the anticorrosion protection of metals has attracted great interest during the last 30 years. The design and development of conducting polymers-based coating systems with commercial viability is expected to be advanced by applying nanotechnology and has received substantial attention recently. This book begins with corrosion fundamentals and ends with an emphasis on developments made in conducting polymer science and technology using nanotechnology. Additionally, it gives a detailed account of experimental methods of corrosion testing.

Provides a stimulating introduction to the structures and functions of ion channels of membranes of biological cells and discusses the biophysics of ion channels in condensed matter state and physiological condition Addresses natural processes and nanotechnology opportunities for their purposeful manipulation Lays the groundwork for vitally important medical advances

Applying any material to an existing concrete surface intrinsically entails the development of a bond. Considering the ever increasing importance of concrete repair and protection, which imply the creation of an interface between two materials, an improved knowledge of concrete surface characteristics is paramount. Surface engineering, which has evolved from the world of metallurgy, addresses all surface-related considerations, notably adhesion. It provides a fundamental understanding of what will make the contact between two materials effective or not, allowing for interactions of variable intensity. It also comes with a variety of scientific tools for characterizing the quality of the substrate, the properties of the new material layer and their interface. In the case of concrete surface treatment, this is especially important for achieving lasting results. This book addresses the essentials of concrete surface engineering in view of a wide variety of concrete surface treatments, from protective coatings to repairs. It provides a leading-edge source of information for practicing engineers, architects, repair specialists, and researchers on the following topics: Surface engineering principles applied to concrete Methods and techniques for assessing concrete surface characteristics Fundamentals of adhesion between concrete and surface repairs/treatments Compatibility requirements for concrete surface repairs/treatments Review of surface preparation techniques available for concrete Achievement and appraisal of bond between existing concrete and surface repairs/treatments Benoit Bissonnette is professor of civil engineering at Laval University in Quebec City, Canada. Luc Courard is professor of building materials at the University of Liege in Belgium. Andrzej Garbacz is professor of building materials engineering in the Department of Building Materials Engineering at the Warsaw University of Technology in Poland.

Focusing on the physical properties of diamond and sapphire, this monograph provides readers with essential details on crystal structure and growth, mechanical properties, thermal properties, optical properties, light scattering of diamond and sapphire crystals, and sapphire lasers. Various physical properties are comprehensively discussed: Mechanical properties include hardness, tensile strength, compressive strength, and Young's modulus. Thermal properties include thermal expansion, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. Optical properties of diamond and sapphire include transmission, refractive index, and absorption. Light scattering includes Raman scattering and Brillouin scattering. Sapphire lasers include chromium-doped and titanium-doped lasers. Aimed at researchers and industry professionals working in materials science, physics, electrical engineering, and related fields, this monograph is the first to concentrate solely on physical properties of these increasingly important materials.

An Introduction to High-Pressure Science and Technology provides you with an understanding of the connections between the different areas involved in the multidisciplinary science of high pressure. The book reflects the deep interdisciplinary nature of the field and its close relationship with industrial applications. Thirty-nine specialists in high-pressure research guide you through the process of learning why pressure is considered a powerful scientific and technological tool, how pressure can be introduced into the laboratory, and which problems can be solved using this thermodynamic variable. The book presents basic thermodynamic equations and state-of-the-art computational tools. It shows how many experimental techniques, when combined with pressure, are powerful sources of information for understanding natural phenomena and reveal clear paths for the design of novel materials. The book also addresses the responses of microorganisms, Earth constituents, and icy planets to pressure.

Revised Bestseller Offers Broad-Based Knowledge to a Wide Range of Technical Professionals The definitive guide to sealing operations in construction, this latest edition of Sealants in Construction focuses on the most current technology, methods, applications, and standards relevant to sealant performance. Providing guided direction on how to choose and apply sealants, determine the properties of those sealants, and test and establish the cause of sealant failures, it addresses the design and engineering of structurally glazed systems and the chemistry and properties of various generic types including silicones, hybrids, and urethanes. Divided into two parts, the book first covers basic topics relevant to the practical side of construction sealants, and is geared toward those interested in choosing the proper sealant. The second half introduces advanced topics that are more technical, includes historical context along with practical examples, and is directed toward anyone requiring more depth in these areas. An indispensable resource essential to your collection, this book: Explains the proper way to test sealants Evaluates standard test methods that are used with construction sealants Provides examples of emerging test methods appropriate for use with construction and highway sealants Outlines methods for calculating the required joint sizes in conventional sealing, glazing, and structural glazing Details the composition of the most popular types of sealants and hybrids Sealants in Construction covers the use of sealants in the construction industry and aims for the increased use of nondestructive test methods for all sealant applications and a more integrated quality management approach to sealing operations. This book is of interest to architects, contractors, engineers, sealant manufacturers, and students, and is relevant to a variety of technical disciplines.

An overview of the optical effects in solids, addressing the physics of various materials and their response to electromagnetic radiation. The discussion includes metals, semiconductors, superconductors, and insulators. The book begins by introducing the dielectric function into Maxwell's macroscopic equations and finding their plane-wave solution. The physics governing the dielectric function of various materials is then covered, both classically and using basic quantum mechanics. Advanced topics covered include interacting electrons, the anomalous skin effect, anisotropy, magneto-optics, and inhomogeneous materials. Each subject begins with a connection to the basic physics of the particular solid, after which the measurable optical quantities are derived. It allows the reader to connect measurements (reflectance, optical conductivity and dielectric function) with the underlying physics of solids. Methods of analysing experimental data are addressed, making this an ideal resource for students and researchers interested in solid state physics, optics, and materials science.