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Books > History > Asian / Middle Eastern history > General
'Clavijo was so keen and intelligent an observer and so lively a
retailer of travel gossip that this is a very welcome addition to
the series.' New Statesman
Covering thousands of miles, Clavijo's epic journey began and ended
in Cadiz taking in Rhodes, Constantinople, the Black Sea, and
Central Asia.
Guy Le Strange's extensive introduction gives excellent historical
and political background for the account and the material is
supplemented with seven maps and plans.
'A time when Russia's movements in the East are being watched by
all with such keen interest seems a fitting one for the appearance
of a work dealing with her Central Asian possessions' (from the
original Introduction).
Originally published in 1899, The Heart of Asia is a definitive
history of Central Asia from pre-history to the contemporary
machinations of the Russian empire. The book is valuable not only
because of the quality of the historical work on the early period,
but also because of the unique picture that it gives of
contemporary views on the potential for Anglo-Russian conflict, at
a time when the Russian Empire was Britain's closest rival for
Asian hegemony.
Scholars of modern Russia and Central Asia will find much that
echoes, and indeed drives, more recent events. Includes 34
illustrations and two maps.
The "Cheitharon Kumpapa "is the Court Chronicle of the Kings of
Manipur, a small formerly independent state situated on the Indian
border with Myanmar. The "Cheitharon Kumpapa "is a court account of
the state, which claims to record events from the founding of the
ruling dynasty in 33 CE. This dynasty continued until the abolition
of the monarchy after the merger of the state with India in 1949.
The document is thus probably the oldest chronicle in the region,
written on hand made "Meetei" (Manipuri) paper made from tree bark
in locally made ink with a quill or a bamboo pen. All in all it
comprises more than 3000 leaves. This volume contains a copy of the
original text of the "Cheitharon Kumpapa," which is authorized by
the Palace and the English translation from the original composed
in archaic Manipuri script ("Meetei Mayek"). Explanatory notes and
a glossary complement this interesting source of information.
Scholars working on East and South Asia willfind this volume
enlightening and the text will be useful for those readers engaged
in social anthropology, religious history, archaeology, human
geography and linguistics.
In an age when few people ventured beyond their place of birth,
Andre Palmeiro left Portugal on a journey to the far side of the
world. Bearing the title Father Visitor, he was entrusted with the
daunting task of inspecting Jesuit missions spanning from
Mozambique to Japan. A global history in the guise of a biography,
The Visitor" tells the story of a theologian whose extraordinary
travels bore witness to the fruitful contact and violent collision
of East and West in the early modern era.
In India, Palmeiro was thrust into a controversy over the
missionary tactics of Roberto Nobili, who insisted on dressing the
part of an indigenous ascetic. Palmeiro walked across Southern
India to inspect Nobili s mission, recording fascinating
observations along the way. As the highest-ranking Jesuit in India,
he also coordinated missions to the Mughal Emperors and the
Ethiopian Christians, as well as the first European explorations of
the East African interior and the highlands of Tibet.
Orders from Rome sent Palmeiro farther afield in 1626, to
Macau, where he oversaw Jesuit affairs in East Asia. He played a
crucial role in creating missions in Vietnam and seized the
opportunity to visit the Chinese mission, trekking thousands of
miles to Beijing as one of China s first Western tourists. When the
Tokugawa Shogunate brutally cracked down on Christians in Japan
where neither he nor any Westerner had power to intervene Palmeiro
died from anxiety over the possibility that the last Jesuits still
alive would apostatize under torture."
The Banality of Denial examines the attitudes of the State of
Israel and its leading institutions toward the Armenian Genocide.
Israel's view of this issue has special significance and deserves
an attentive study, as it is a country composed of a people who
were victims of the Holocaust. The Banality of Denial seeks both to
examine the passive, indifferent Israeli attitude towards the
Armenian Genocide, and to explore active Israeli measures to
undermine attempts at safeguarding the memory of the Armenian
victims of the Turkish persecution.
Such an inquiry into attempts at denial by Israeli institutions
and leading figures of Israel's political, security, academic, and
Holocaust "memory-preservation" elite has not merely an academic
significance. It has considerable political relevance, both
symbolic and tangible.
In The Banality of Denial--as in Auron's previous work--moral,
philosophical, and theoretical questions are of paramount
importance. Because no previous studies have dealt with these
issues or similar ones, an original methodology is employed to
analyze the subject with regard to four domains: political,
educational, media, and academic.
Roger Owen has fully revised and updated his authoritative text to
take into account the very latest developments in the Middle East.
This new edition continues to explore the emergence of individual
Middle Eastern states since the fall of the Ottoman Empire at the
end of the First World War and the key themes that have
characterized the region since then. The book continues to serve as
an excellent introduction for newcomers to the modern history and
politics of this fascinating region.
The Dhufar Revolution was fought between 1965-1976, in an attempt
to depose Oman's British-backed Sultan and advance social ideals of
egalitarianism and gender equality. Dhufar, the southernmost
governorate in today's Sultanate, captured global attention for its
revolutionaries and their liberation movement's Marxist-inspired
social change. But following counterinsurgency victory, Oman's
government expunged the revolution from sanctioned historical
narratives. Afterlives of Revolution offers a groundbreaking study
of the legacies of officially silenced revolutionaries. How do
their underlying convictions survive and inspire platforms for
progressive politics in the wake of disappointment, defeat, and
repression? Alice Wilson considers the "social afterlives" of
revolutionary values and networks. Veteran militants have used
kinship and daily socializing to reproduce networks of social
egalitarianism and commemorate the revolution in unofficial ways.
These afterlives revise conventional wartime and postwar histories.
They highlight lasting engagement with revolutionary values, the
agency of former militants in postwar modernization, and the
limitations of government patronage for eliciting conformity.
Recognizing that those typically depicted as coopted can still
reproduce counterhegemonic values, this book considers a condition
all too common across Southwest Asia and North Africa: the
experience of defeated revolutionaries living under the
authoritarian state they once contested.
Hinduism flourished in the districts around Poona in Bombay to a
far greater extent than in the rest of India, hence the problems
facing the British administrators of Maharashtra were quite
different from those confronting them in other parts of India. The
solutions they proposed and the policies which emerged determined
the social changes which took place in the Maharashtra in the
nineteenth century. This book analyses these changes by focussing
on the rise of new social groups and the dissemination of new
values and shows how these social groups and values interacted with
the traditional order in Maharashtra to create a stable regional
society. Originally published in 1968.
First published in 2004. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor &
Francis, an informa company.
Sassetti’s Indian Letters are among the most interesting penned
during these years, offering a trove of cultural speculation and
economic analysis. Sassetti was neither a principled critic of
imperialism nor a principled advocate of liberalism, but a
pragmatic theorist of free trade Sassetti was very much the
archetypal Renaissance man
Contents: List of figures Acknowledgements Glossary 1. INTRODUCTION Travelling and representation, travelling as representation Mobility and the Tôkaidô as Scholarly Subjects Structure of the Book 2. INFRASTRUCTURE AND CARTOGRAPHY OF THE TOKAIDO IN MACRO THE TOKAIDO AS A GEOPOLITICAL TERRITORY INFRASTRUCTURE UPON THE TOKAIDO ROUTE Inland Infrastructure in the Edo Period The Tôkaidô as a Highway The Introduction of the Railroad THE TOKAIDO'S CARTOGRAPHY Roadmaps in the Eido Period Popular and Official Roadmaps From Scriptual to Visual Cartography Roadmaps in the Meiji Era Railway Maps of the Maiji Era Representational Character in Meiji Era's Road-Cartography From Absolute Space to Abstract Space 3. TRAVELLING PRACTICES AND LITERARY TOKAIDO ROAD COSMOLOGY - THE ROAD AS A MICROCOSM TRAVELLING PRACTICES OF THE EDO PERIOD Reasons for Travelling Travellers-Positions Meiji Era's Travelling LITERARY TOKAIDO Travel Literature in the Edo Period Travel Literature in the Meiji Era A Geographical Treatise: Nihon fûkeiron (Theory of the Japanese Landscape) Literary Nostalgia 4. PERFORMANCE, VISUALITY AND IMAGINATION AT THE TOKAIDO'S MICRO-SCALE TRANSPORTATION-STATIONS: SPACES OF PERFORMANCE, SPACES OF REPRESENTATION Physical and Anthropological Characteristics of Post-Stations Railway Stations as Border-sites: Between Performance and Spectacle TOKAIDO AND VISUALITY Pictorial Tôkaidô in the Edo Period The Tôkaidô in the Official Arts of the Edo Period The Tôkaidô in the Popular Arts of the Edo Period Recurring Characteristics in Edo Period's Travel Representations Pictorial Tôkaidô in the Meiji Era Recording Reality through the Lens of Ukiyo-e The Tôkaidô in Nihonga The Tôkaidô through Western Eyes The Tôkaidô Subject through a Prism of Modern Attitudes Influences and Anachronisms: From the West to Japan, From Japan to the West 5. CONCLUSIONS AND OPENINGS: THE TOKAIDO AS MEDIUM OF NATIONAL KNOWLEDGE NATIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND EPISTEMOLOGY Japan as History/Japan as Nature Technology as Expansion of Nature Geography as National Ideology Recasting History as Progress HISTORY AS NOSTALGIA, HISTORY AS PLAY Tôkaidô Renaissance BIBLIOGRAPHY NOTES
Contents: List of figures Acknowledgements Introduction: Beijing as a Critical Problem In Search of a Chinese Space Outline of the Research and the Argument A Note on Method 1. A Geo-Political Project 2. City Plan as Ideology A Classical Tradition Neo-Confucianism 3. Social Space of the City A City of Cities Space of the State Space of Society Concluding Notes 1: Architecture of the City and the Land 4. A Sea of Walls: The Purple Forbidden Palace 5. The Palace: Framing a Political Landscape The Inner Court as a Corporeal Space The Outer Court as an Institutional Space A Composition of Forces 6. The Palace: a Battlefield Flows of Reports and Directives Defence Recurring Crises 7. Constructs of Authority Legalism and The Art of War Vis-a-vis the Panopticon: Two Ages of Reason Concluding Notes 2: Architecture as a Machine of the State 8. A Religious Discourse Composing and Building the Discourse Performing an Ideology 9. Formal Compositions: Visual and Existential Beijing as a Scroll Vis-a-vis 'Cartesian Perspectivalism': Two Ways of Seeing Concluding Notes 3: Architecture of Horizon Appendix: dynasties, reigns and emperors Notes Bibliography Index
This book traces the 800-year history of Byzantium. From the early uncertain years of the Empire, to the triumphal period when its wealth attracted Viking and Asian warriors to join its armies, and finally to the death of Byzantium's last emperor in 1453, the Empire's military history is laid bare.
'Clear-eyed and illuminating.' Henry Kissinger, former Secretary of
State and National Security Advisor 'A rich, superbly researched,
balanced history of the modern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.' General
David Petraeus, former Commander U.S. Central Command and Director
of the Central Intelligence Agency 'Destined to be the best single
volume on the Kingdom.' Ambassador Chas Freeman, former U.S.
Ambassador to Saudi Arabia and Assistant Secretary of Defense
'Should be prescribed reading for a new generation of political
leaders.' Sir Richard Dearlove, former Chief of H.M. Secret
Intelligence Service (MI6) and Master of Pembroke College,
Cambridge. Something extraordinary is happening in Saudi Arabia. A
traditional, tribal society once known for its lack of tolerance is
rapidly implementing significant economic and social reforms. An
army of foreign consultants is rewriting the social contract, King
Salman has cracked down hard on corruption, and his dynamic though
inexperienced son, the Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman, is
promoting a more tolerant Islam. But is all this a new vision for
Saudi Arabia or merely a mirage likely to dissolve into
Iranian-style revolution? David Rundell - one of America's foremost
experts on Saudi Arabia - explains how the country has been stable
for so long, why it is less so today, and what is most likely to
happen in the future. The book is based on the author's close
contacts and intimate knowledge of the country where he spent 15
years living and working as a diplomat. Vision or Mirage
demystifies one of the most powerful, but least understood, states
in the Middle East and is essential reading for anyone interested
in the power dynamics and politics of the Arab World.
This collection begins with the cultural renaissance of the early
20th century, the rebellion against Western and Japanese
imperialism after 1919, the rise of the Nationalist and Communist
movements and their conflict in mainland China until the Communist
victory of 1949. After that, the focus is on the revolutionary
changes under Mao Zedong's regime, and the ideological struggles
after his death. Under Deng Ziaoping economic reform prompted rapid
growth but also led to calls for greater political freedom,
culminating in the Tiananmen protests of 1989. The final chapters
illustrate the problems the regime faces today, including the
ambitions of the Tibetan minority, and social issues such as
unemployment and corruption. Next to domestic issues, China's role
in the Korean War and changing relations with the USA and Soviet
Union are also covered.
The collection includes classic documents as well as less
accessible extracts, including a number available in English for
the first time. Anyone interested in the modern history of China
will find "China Since 1919 "an invaluable source of information.
East Asia from 1400 to 1850 was a vibrant web of connections, and the southern coast of the Korean peninsula participated in a maritime world that stretched to Southeast Asia and beyond. Within this world were Japanese pirates, traders, and fishermen. They brought things to the Korean peninsula and they took things away. The economic and demographic structures of Kyongsang Province had deep and wide connections with these Japanese traders. Social and political clashes revolving around the Japan House in Pusan reveal Korean mentalities towards the Japanese connection. This study seeks to define 'Korea' by examining its frontier with Japan. The guiding problems are the relations between structures and agents and the self-definitions reached by pre-modern Koreans in their interaction with the Japanese. Case studies range from demography to taxation to trade to politics to prostitution. The study draws on a wide base of primary sources for Korea and Japan and introduces the problems that animate modern scholarship in both countries. It offers a model approach for Korea's northern frontier with China and shows that the peninsula was and is a complex brocade of differing regions. The book will be of interest to anyone concerned with pre-1900 East Asia, Korea in particular, and especially Korea's relations with the outside world. Anyone interested in early-modern Japan and its external relations will also find it essential reading.
Contents: Volume 1 1. The Earl of Mornington to General Craig, 16 September 1798. A request for advice on how best to counter a possible invasion from Zaman Shah of Afghanistan. 2. General Craig to the Earl of Mornington, 6 October 1798. An adumbration of a 'forward policy' in dealing with a threat from the Northwest. 3. Henry Dundas to Lord Grenville, 13 June 1798. An assessment of the French threat to India. 4. John Malcolm to Lord Elgin, 22 March 1801. An assessment of the possibility of a Russian invasion of India. 5. Count F. V. Rastopchin, Note concerning the political relations of Russia during the last months of the reign of Paul I, St Petersburg, 1800. A view of the political relations of Russia during the reign of Tsar Paul I. 6. Tsar Paul I, Personal Supreme Rescripts by his Imperial Majesty Paul I, to the Ataman of the Don Cossack Troops Cavalry General Vasilii Petrovich Orlov, Relating to the Expedition to India, St Petersburg, 1801. Orders for an invasion of India. 7. Mr. Harford Jones to Sir Hugh Inglis, 29 November 1802. The British Minister in Baghdad warns of the possibility of a joint Franco-Russian invasion of India. 8. Napoleon, Instructions for General Gardane, 10 May 1807. Orders to the Head of a French Mission to Persia. 9. The Secret Committee of the Court of Directors, East India Company, to Lord Minto, 27 September 1807. An assessment of the combined Franco-Russian threat to India following the Treaty of Tilsit. 10. William Moorcroft. Excerpts from Diaries. Reports of Russian agents in Ladakh, Kashgar and Bokhara, 1812-1824. 11. G. S. Vinskii, Project concerning the consolidation of Russian trade with Upper Asia through Khiva and Bokhara, 1818. A review of Russian Policy towards Central Asia. 12. Lord Ellenborough, Despatch to Lord Minto, 12 January 1830. The Board of Control of the East India Company expresses concern to the Governor General about Russian designs in Central Asia. 13. Lord Heytesbury, Despatch to Lord Aberdeen, 18 January 1830. H. M. Ambassador at St. Petersburg advises that he sees no prospect of Russia being able to march an army to India. 14. C. E. Trevelyan and Arthur Conolly, Despatch to Lord Bentinck, 15 March 1831. Advice on the likelihood of a Russian invasion of India. 15. Secret Committee, Despatch to Lord Auckland, 25 June 1836. The Secret Committee of the East India Company's Board of Control prompts and authorizes the Governor-General to initiate the First Anglo-Afghan War. 16. Lord Auckland, Minute, 12 May 1838. The Governor-General gives his reasons for the invasion of Afghanistan. 17. Richmond Shakespear, A personal narrative of a journey from Heraut to Ourenbourg on the Caspian, 1840. An account of Shakespear's mission to Khiva. 18. Charles Metcalfe, Extracts from papers, 1830-33. An argument against the 'forward policy' and observation of the vulnerability of the British position in India. Volume 2. Henry Pottinger, Travels in Beloochistan and Sinde. Volume 3. 1. J. Macdonald Kinneir, A Geographical Memoir of the Persian Empire. 2. J. Macdonald Kinneir, A Dissertation on the Invasion of India. Volume 4. Robert Wilson, A Sketch of the Military and Political Power of Russia in the year 1817. Volume 5. 1. Nikolai N. Muraviev, Journey to Khiva through the Turkoman Country, 1819-20. 2. Baron von Meyendorf, A Journey from Orenburg to Bokhara in the Year 1820. Volume 6. George de Lacy Evans, On the Practicability of an Invasion of British India. Volume 7. John MacNeill, The Progress and Present Position of Russia in the East. Volume 8. General Perovski, A Narrative of the Russian Military Expedition to Khiva in 1839.
Contents: Part One: Road to Military Revolution 1. Park: A Colonized Soldier 2. The Eve of the Military Coup: Intellectual Debate on National Reconstruction Part Two: Military Rule and Nation Building 3. The Military Junta: A Quest for Legitimacy and Control 4. The Leap Forward: Alliance with the US 5. Global Change: The Nation in Transition, 1968-1972 Part Three: From Top-Down Rural Development to Yusin Reform 6. Saemaul Movement: From Top-Down Rural Development to Yusin Reform 7. The Yusin State 8. Presidential Guidance and Heavy and Chemical Industrialization 9. The Military Modernization, 1974-1979 Conclusion: The Legacy of the Park Era 355
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Nehru
(Hardcover)
Benjamin Zachariah
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R3,171
Discovery Miles 31 710
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Ships in 12 - 17 working days
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This engaging new biography dispels many myths surrounding Nehru,
and distinguishes between the icon he has become and the politician
he actually was. Benjamin Zachariah places Nehru in the context of
the issues of his time, including the central theme of nationalism,
the impact of Cold War pressures on India and the transition from
colonial control to a precarious independence. How did Jawaharlal
Nehru come to lead the Indian nationalist movement, and how did he
sustain his leadership as the first Prime Minister of independent
India? Nehru's vision of India, its roots in Indian politics and
society, as well as its viability have been central to historical
and present-day views of India. Connecting the domestic and
international aspects of his political life and ideology, this
study provides a fascinating insight into Nehru, his times and his
legacy.
Alexander the Great was one of the most brilliant generals the world has ever known. His campaigns included the conquest of the ancient Persian Empire, which lifted his Macedonian kingdom from the level of city-state and onto the world stage. This book provides a fascinating insight into his military achievements.
This is a facsimile of a classic history first published by Macmillan in 1915 and issued in two further editions by Routledge and Kegan Paul. Sir Percy Sykes was an explorer, consul, soldier and a spy who lived and travelled in Persia over a period of twenty-five years. This two-volume collection provides a comprehensive history of Persia from Alexander the Great, through British, French and Russian colonialism, to the early twentieth century oil industry. With a new introduction by Sykes' biographer, Antony Wynn, this comprehensive history provides essential background reading to students and academics of Persia.
One of the most crucial issues to affect national policy in the
state of Israel is that of relations between its Jewish and Arab
citizens. The confrontation of October 2000 demonstrated the
explosive potential of the unresolved dilemmas posed by these
relations.
This edited collection offers the academic community and the
general public a comprehensive analysis of the most significant
factors to have contributed to current conditions. The writers are
all leading experts in their respective fields, covering history,
sociology and politics and offering a variety of viewpoints and
methodologies. This should prove useful reading for all concerned
with Israeli-Arab relations in the Jewish state for years to come.
Contents: Volume One 1. Helmut Hoffman 'Early and Medieval Tibet' D Sinor (ed.), The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990 2. Charles Ramble 'Se: Preliminary Notes on the Distribution of an Ethnonym in Tibet and Nepal' Karmay, S., & Sagant, P. (eds), Les Habitants du Toit Du Monde: Études Recueillies en Hommage à Alexander W. Macdonald, Nanterre (Société d'ethnologie), pp. 485-513, 1997 3. Alexander W Macdonald 'A Note on Tibetan Megoliths' Essays on the Ethnology of Nepal and South Asia , Kathmandhu (Ratna Pustak Bhandar), pp.15-24, 1975 4. John Bellezza 'A Preliminary Archaeological Survey of gNam mtsho and Dang ra g.yu mtsho' The Tibet Journal , XXI.I, pp.58-83, 1996 5. G Uray 'The Old Tibetan Sources of the History of Central Asia up to 751 AD: A Survey' in Harmatta, J., (ed.), Prolegomena to the Sources on the History of Pre-Islamic Central Asia, Budapest (Akadémiai Kiadó), pp.275-304, 1979 6. Erik Haarh 'The Yar Lung Dynasty' in The Yar Lun Dynasty: A study with particular regard to the contribution by myths and legends to the history of Ancient Tibet and the origin and nature of its kings, Copenhagen, (G.E.C. Gad), 1969: translated from the Danish by Anne Burchardi for this volume. 7. Hugh Richardson 'The Origin of the Tibetan Kingdom' Bulletin of Tibetology new series 3., (Gangtok) pp.5-19, 1989 8. Nathan Cutler 'The Early Rulers of Tibet: Their Lineage and Burial Rites' The Tibet Journal , 16.3, pp.28-51, 1991 9. J Russell Kirkland 'The Spirit of the Mountain: Myth and State in Pre-Buddhist Tibet' History of Religions, (Uni. Of Chicago), 21.3, pp. 257-71, 1982 10. Samten Karmay 'The Origin Myths of the First King of Tibet as Revealed in the Can-Lnga' in Kvaerne, P. (ed.), Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the 6th International Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Fagernes 1992, Oslo (The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture), vol.1, pp.408-29, 1994 11. G Tucci 'The Sacral Character of the Kings of Ancient Tibet' East and West, 4, pp.197-205, 1955 12. Christopher Beckwith 'The Tibetans in the Ordos and North China: Considerations on the Role of the Tibetan Empire in World History' Silver on Lapis: Tibetan Literary Culture and History , Bloomington, pp. 3-11, 1987 13. G Uray 'Notes on a Chronological Problem in the Old Tibetan Chronicle' Acta Orientalia Hungarica , 21.3, pp.289-99, 1968 14. G Uray 'Queen Sad-Mar-Kar's Songs in the Old Tibetan Chronicle' Acta Orientalia Hung . 25.3, pp. 5-38, 1972 15. Christopher Beckwith 'The Revolt of 755 in Tibet' in Steinkellner, E. & Tauscher, H., (eds.), Contributions on Tibetan Language, History and Culture; proceedings of the Csoma de Körös Symposium held at Velm-Vienna, Austria, 13-19 September 1981 , Vol.1, pp. 1-16, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1983 16. Luciano Petech 'The Disintegration of the Tibetan Kingdom' in Kværne, P. (ed.), Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the 6th International Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Fagernes 1992 , Vol.2, pp. 649-659, Oslo (The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture), 1994 17. Hugh Richardson 'Political Aspects of the Snga-dar, the First Diffusion of Buddhism in Tibet' in Aris, M., (ed) High Peaks, Pure Earth. Collected Writings on Tibetan History and Culture (by Hugh Richardson), pp. 196-202, (Serindia Publications) London, 1998 18. Hugh Richardson 'Political Rivalry and the Great Debate at Bsam-yas' in Aris, M., (ed.), High Peaks, Pure Earth. Collected Writings on Tibetan History and Culture, pp. 203-6, (Serindia Publications) London, 1998 19. Janet Gyatso 'Down with the Demoness: Reflections on a Feminine Ground in Tibet' The Tibet Journal , 12.4. pp. 38-53, 1989 20. Ana Marko 'Civilising Woman the Demon: A Tibetan Myth of State' Social Analysis, 29, pp. 6-18, Adelaide (Aust.) 1990 21. Robert J Miller 'The Supine Demoness (Srin Mo) and the Consolidation of Empire' The Tibet Journal, 23.3 pp. 3-22, 1998 22. Alexander W Macdonald 'Religion in Tibet at the Time of Srong-btsan sgam-po: Myth as History' in Ligeti, L. (ed.), Tibetan and Buddhist Studies Commemorating the 200th Anniversary of the Birth of Alexander Csoma de Koros, Vol.2, pp. 129-41, Budapest (Akadémiai Kiadó), 1984 23. Eva Dargay 'Srong-Btsan Sgam-Po of Tibet: Bodhisattva and King' in Granoff, P. & Shinohara, K. (eds.), Monks and Magicians: Religious Biographies in Asia , pp. 99-114 Mosaic Press, Oakville (Canada) 1998: reprinted Delhi (Motilal Banarsidass) 1994 24. Amy Heller 'Ninth Century Buddhist Images Carved at IDan-Ma-Brag to Commemorate the Tibeto-Chinese Negotiations' in Kvaerne, P. (ed.), Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the 6th International Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Fagernes 1992 , Oslo (The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture), Vol.1, pp.335-49 & Appendix to Volume 1, pp.12-19, 1994 25. Matthew Kapstein 'Plague, Power and Reason: The Royal Conversion to Buddhism Reconsidered' The Tibetan Assimilation of Buddhism: conversion, contestation, and memory , pp.51-65, 226-33, Oxford (Oxford University Press) 2000 26. Eva Dargay 'Sangha and State in Imperial Tibet' in Steinkellner, E. (ed.), Tibetan History and Language; Studies dedicated to Uray Géza on his Seventieth Birthday , pp. 111-127, Vienna (ATBSC), 1991 27. David Snellgrove 'The Cultural Effects of Territorial Expansion' in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors , pp.386-93, 398-406. Serindia Publications, London, 1987, 28. B I Kuznetsov 'Who was the Founder of the 'Bon' Religion?' The Tibet Journal\i0 , 1.1., pp. 113-14, 1975 [Translated from the Russian by Stanley Frye] 29. Geoffrey Samuel 'Shamanism, Bon and the Tibetan Religion' in Ramble, C., and Brauen, M., (eds.) Anthropology of Tibet and the Himalaya, Zürich: Ethnological Museum of the University of Zürich (Ethnologische Schriften Zürich, ESZ 12), pp.318-330. 30. Per Kværne 'The Study of Bon in the West: Past, Present and Future' in Karmay, S.G., & Nagano, Y., (eds.), New Horizons in Bon Studies (Bon Studies 2), Senri ethnographical Reports 15, pp. 7-20, National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka, 2000 31. Per Kværne 'The Bon Religion of Tibet' in The Bon Religion of Tibet: The Iconography of a Living Tradition, pp. 9-23, (Serindia Publications), London, 1988 32. Samten Karmey 'A General Introduction to the History of Bon' from 'A General Introduction to the History and Doctrines of Bon', first published in Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko, 33. pp. 171-218, Tokyo, 1975 33. Namgyal Nyima Dagkar 'The Early Spread of Bon' The Tibet Journal 23.4, pp.4-27, 1998 34. R A Stein 'On the Word gcug-lag and the Indigenous Religion' in Bulletin de l'Ecole Francaise d'Extreme Orient, LXX1V, pp. 83-133, 1985 35. R A Stein 'The Indigenous Religion and the Bon-Po in the Dunhuang Manuscripts' in Bulletin de l'Ecole Francaise d'Extreme Orient, LXXV11, pp. 27-56, 1988^ Volume Two 36. Luciano Petech 'Ya-Ts'e, Gu-Ge, Pu-Ran: A New Study' in The Central Asiatic Journal , 24.1-2, pp. 85-111, 1980 37. Roberto Vitali 'A Chronology (bstan rtsis) of Events in the History of of mNga' ris skor gsum (10th-15th Centuries). Previously unpublished 38. Roberto Vitali 'Nomads of Byang and mNga' -ris-smad: A Historical Overview of their Interaction in Gro-shod, 'Brong-pa, Glo-bo and Gung-thang from the 11th to the 15th Century' in Steinkellner, E., (General editor.), Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the 7th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Graz 1995 Wien (Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften), Vol.2, pp.1023-1036, 1997 39. Iwasaki Tsutomu 'The Tibetan Tribes of Ho-hsi and Buddhism during the Northern Sung Period' Acta Asiatica , 64, pp. 17-37 (Tokyo), 1993 40. D Seyfort Ruegg 'Problems in the Transmission of Vajrayana Buddhism in the Western Himalaya about the year 1000' Acta Indologica (Naritasan Shinshoji), VI, pp. 369-81, 1984 41. Samten Karmay 'The Ordinance of 'Ha Bla-ma Ye-Shes-'od' in Aris, M., & Aung San Suu Kyi, (eds.), Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson, pp. 150-62, Warminster (Aris & Philips) 42. David Snellgrove 'The Conversion of Tibet: Rin-chen bzang-po and Atiśa Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. Indian Buddhists and their Tibetan Successors , pp. 477-84 (Serindia), London, 1987 43. Turrell V Wylie 'Mar-pa's Tower: Notes on Local Hegemons in Tibet' History of Religions, 3.2, pp. 278-91, 1964 44. Hugh Richardson 'The Political Role of the Four Sects in Tibetan History' Tibetan Review, 11.9, pp. 18-23, 1976 45. Lobsang Shastri 'The Fire-Dragon Chos 'Khor (1076 AD)' in Steinkellner, E., et al.(eds.), Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the 7th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Vol.1, Graz 1995, Wien (Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften), pp.873-882, 1997 46. 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Ancient Alexandria was built by the Greek Macedonians. Ptolemy
started the dynasty and in thirty years completed the first
lighthouse, and the grand library and museum, which functioned as a
university with an emphasis on science, known as "The Alexandrian
School". Scholars attended as "the birthplace of science" from all
over the ancient world. Two of the most eminent were Euclid, the
father of geometry, and Claudios Ptolemy, writer of The Almagest, a
book on astronomy. These are the oldest surviving science
textbooks. Herein there are stories about scientists, poets and
religious philosophers, responsible for influencing the western
mind with their writings.Modern Alexandria was rebuilt in 1805 by
multi-ethnic communities who created a successful commercial city
and port with an enviable life-style for its inhabitants for 150
years. In 1952 the Free Officers of the Egyptian Army masterminded
a coup to free the country from the monarchy and British
domination. In 1956 the socialist regime under Colonel Gamal Abdel
Nasser closed the Suez Canal, resulting in the Anglo-French-Israeli
invasion. This outburst of Egyptian nationalism and military
revolution by this understandably anti-Western regime included the
confiscation of property belonging to foreigners and the subsequent
mass exodus of business and artisan classes that hitherto had made
the city so successful. The author was an eye-witness to these
events and he sets out the political errors and failures of both
Egyptian and Western leaders. The legacy of the resulting political
and social confusions is deeply apparent in the continuing unrest
in the Middle East, and in particular in Egypt.
Disilliusioned by the Guomindang's corruption and ineptitude, China Weekly Review editor John William Powell and his staff continued publishing in Shanghai after the Chinese Communist takeover, urging better relations and understanding between America and China until his journal's involvement with bacteriological warfare charges against the US during the Korean War and his trial for sedition after returning home.
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