An instant New York Times Bestseller! "Unreasonably entertaining . . . reveals how geometric thinking can allow for everything from fairer American elections to better pandemic planning." -The New York Times From the New York Times-bestselling author of How Not to Be Wrong-himself a world-class geometer-a far-ranging exploration of the power of geometry, which turns out to help us think better about practically everything. How should a democracy choose its representatives? How can you stop a pandemic from sweeping the world? How do computers learn to play Go, and why is learning Go so much easier for them than learning to read a sentence? Can ancient Greek proportions predict the stock market? (Sorry, no.) What should your kids learn in school if they really want to learn to think? All these are questions about geometry. For real. If you're like most people, geometry is a sterile and dimly remembered exercise you gladly left behind in the dust of ninth grade, along with your braces and active romantic interest in pop singers. If you recall any of it, it's plodding through a series of miniscule steps only to prove some fact about triangles that was obvious to you in the first place. That's not geometry. Okay, it is geometry, but only a tiny part, which has as much to do with geometry in all its flush modern richness as conjugating a verb has to do with a great novel. Shape reveals the geometry underneath some of the most important scientific, political, and philosophical problems we face. Geometry asks: Where are things? Which things are near each other? How can you get from one thing to another thing? Those are important questions. The word "geometry"comes from the Greek for "measuring the world." If anything, that's an undersell. Geometry doesn't just measure the world-it explains it. Shape shows us how.

Introduces new and advanced methods of model discovery for time-series data using artificial intelligence. Implements topological approaches to distill "machine-intuitive" models from complex dynamics data. Introduces a new paradigm for a parsimonious model of a dynamical system without resorting to differential equations. Heralds a new era in data-driven science and engineering based on the operational concept of "computational intuition".

Over the past six decades, several extremely important fields in mathematics have been developed. Among these are Ito calculus, Gaussian measures on Banach spaces, Malliavan calculus, and white noise distribution theory. These subjects have many applications, ranging from finance and economics to physics and biology. Unfortunately, the background information required to conduct research in these subjects presents a tremendous roadblock. The background material primarily stems from an abstract subject known as infinite dimensional topological vector spaces. While this information forms the backdrop for these subjects, the books and papers written about topological vector spaces were never truly written for researchers studying infinite dimensional analysis. Thus, the literature for topological vector spaces is dense and difficult to digest, much of it being written prior to the 1960s. Tools for Infinite Dimensional Analysis aims to address these problems by providing an introduction to the background material for infinite dimensional analysis that is friendly in style and accessible to graduate students and researchers studying the above-mentioned subjects. It will save current and future researchers countless hours and promote research in these areas by removing an obstacle in the path to beginning study in areas of infinite dimensional analysis. Features Focused approach to the subject matter Suitable for graduate students as well as researchers Detailed proofs of primary results

Coding, Shaping, Making combines inspiration from architecture, mathematics, biology, chemistry, physics and computation to look towards the future of architecture, design and art. It presents ongoing experiments in the search for fundamental principles of form and form-making in nature so that we can better inform our own built environment. In the coming decades, matter will become encoded with shape information so that it shapes itself, as happens in biology. Physical objects, shaped by forces as well, will begin to design themselves based on information encoded in matter they are made of. This knowledge will be scaled and trickled up to architecture. Consequently, architecture will begin to design itself and the role of the architect will need redefining. This heavily illustrated book highlights Haresh Lalvani's efforts towards this speculative future through experiments in form and form-making, including his work in developing a new approach to shape-coding, exploring higher-dimensional geometry for designing physical structures and organizing form in higher-dimensional diagrams. Taking an in-depth look at Lalvani's pioneering experiments of mass customization in industrial products in architecture, combined with his idea of a form continuum, this book argues for the need for integration of coding, shaping and making in future technologies into one seamless process. Drawing together decades of research, this book will be a thought-provoking read for architecture professionals and students, especially those interested in the future of the discipline as it relates to mathematics, science, technology and art. It will also interest those in the latter fields for its broader implications.

This book investigates the geometry of the quaternion and octonion algebras. Following a comprehensive historical introduction, the special properties of 3- and 4-dimensional Euclidean spaces are illuminated using quaternions, leading to enumerations of the corresponding finite groups of symmetries. The second half of the book discusses the less familiar octonion algebra, concentrating on its remarkable "triality symmetry" after an appropriate study of Moufang loops. The arithmetics of the quaternions and octonions are also described, and the book concludes with a new theory of octonion factorization. Topics covered include: - history - the geometry of complex numbers - quaternions and 3-dimensional groups - quaternions and 4-dimensional groups - the Hurwitz integral quaternions - the composition algebras - Moufang loops - octonions and 8-dimensional geometry - integral octonions - the octonion projective plane

Over the last fifteen years, the face of knot theory has changed due to various new theories and invariants coming from physics, topology, combinatorics and alge-bra. It suffices to mention the great progress in knot homology theory (Khovanov homology and Ozsvath-Szabo Heegaard-Floer homology), the A-polynomial which give rise to strong invariants of knots and 3-manifolds, in particular, many new unknot detectors. New to this Edition is a discussion of Heegaard-Floer homology theory and A-polynomial of classical links, as well as updates throughout the text. Knot Theory, Second Edition is notable not only for its expert presentation of knot theory's state of the art but also for its accessibility. It is valuable as a profes-sional reference and will serve equally well as a text for a course on knot theory.

Focuses on the latest research in Graph Theory Provides recent research findings that are occurring in this field Discusses the advanced developments and gives insights on an international and transnational level Identifies the gaps in the results Presents forthcoming international studies and researches, long with applications in Networking, Computer Science, Chemistry, Biological Sciences, etc.

* Lavishly illustrated with hundreds of detailed diagrams and technical illustrations exploring the evolution and importance of the starcut diagram * Shows how the starcut diagram underlies the shaman's dance in China, the Vedic Fire Altar in India, Raphael frescoes, labyrinth designs, the Great Pyramid in Egypt, and the building of ancient cities * Explains how the starcut diagram was used in building and design, how it relates to Pythagoras's Tetrakys, and how it contains knowledge of the Tree of Life As Malcolm Stewart reveals in this lavishly illustrated study, the simplesquare figure of the Starcut diagram, created only with circles, has extraordinary geometric properties. It allows you to make mathematically exact measurements and build perfectly true level structures without a computer, calculator, slide rule, plumb bob, or laser level. Sharing his extensive research, along with hundreds of detailed diagrams and technical illustrations, the author shows how the Starcut diagram was the key to the building of humanity's first cities and how it underlies many significant patterns and proportions around the world. Using circles drawn from the vesica piscis, Stewart explains how to create the Starcut diagram and shows how this shape was at the foundation of ancient building and design, illustrating the numerous connections between the diagram and the creation of mandalas and yantras, stained glass windows, architectural ground plans, temples and other sacred buildings, and surveying methods. He also shows how the Starcut diagram reveals ancient geometric knowledge of pi, the Fibonacci sequence, Pythagorean shapes and seals, the golden ratio, the power of 108 and other sacred numbers, and magic squares. Exploring the Starcut diagram's cosmological and theological implications, Stewart explains how it contains knowledge of the Tree of Life and the Kabbalah. He examines how it relates to the Tetraktys, the key teaching device of Pythagoras, and other cosmograms. Demonstrating the ancient relationships existing between number, geometry, cosmology, and musical harmony, the author shows how the simple shape of the Starcut diagram unifies the many threads of sacred geometry into one beautiful mathematical tapestry.

This book provides a systematic presentation of the mathematical foundation of modern physics with applications particularly within classical mechanics and the theory of relativity. Written to be self-contained, this book provides complete and rigorous proofs of all the results presented within. Among the themes illustrated in the book are differentiable manifolds, differential forms, fiber bundles and differential geometry with non-trivial applications especially within the general theory of relativity. The emphasis is upon a systematic and logical construction of the mathematical foundations. It can be used as a textbook for a pure mathematics course in differential geometry, assuming the reader has a good understanding of basic analysis, linear algebra and point set topology. The book will also appeal to students of theoretical physics interested in the mathematical foundation of the theories.

Volume of geometric objects plays an important role in applied and theoretical mathematics. This is particularly true in the relatively new branch of discrete geometry, where volume is often used to find new topics for research. Volumetric Discrete Geometry demonstrates the recent aspects of volume, introduces problems related to it, and presents methods to apply it to other geometric problems. Part I of the text consists of survey chapters of selected topics on volume and is suitable for advanced undergraduate students. Part II has chapters of selected proofs of theorems stated in Part I and is oriented for graduate level students wishing to learn about the latest research on the topic. Chapters can be studied independently from each other. Provides a list of 30 open problems to promote research Features more than 60 research exercises Ideally suited for researchers and students of combinatorics, geometry and discrete mathematics

Introduction to Recognition and Deciphering of Patterns is meant to acquaint STEM and non-STEM students with different patterns, as well as to where and when specific patterns arise. In addition, the book teaches students how to recognize patterns and distinguish the similarities and differences between them. Patterns, such as weather patterns, traffic patterns, behavioral patterns, geometric patterns, linguistic patterns, structural patterns, digital patterns, and the like, emerge on an everyday basis, . Recognizing patterns and studying their unique traits are essential for the development and enhancement of our intuitive skills and for strengthening our analytical skills. Mathematicians often apply patterns to get acquainted with new concepts--a technique that can be applied across many disciplines. Throughout this book we explore assorted patterns that emerge from various geometrical configurations of squares, circles, right triangles, and equilateral triangles that either repeat at the same scale or at different scales. The book also analytically examines linear patterns, geometric patterns, alternating patterns, piecewise patterns, summation-type patterns and factorial-type patterns. Deciphering the details of these distinct patterns leads to the proof by induction method, and the book will also render properties of Pascal's triangle and provide supplemental practice in deciphering specific patterns and verifying them. This book concludes with first-order recursive relations: describing sequences as recursive relations, obtaining the general solution by solving an initial value problem, and determining the periodic traits. Features * Readily accessible to a broad audience, including those with limited mathematical background * Especially useful for students in non-STEM disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, economics and business, as well as for liberal arts disciplines and art students.

Introduction to Recognition and Deciphering of Patterns is meant to acquaint STEM and non-STEM students with different patterns, as well as to where and when specific patterns arise. In addition, the book teaches students how to recognize patterns and distinguish the similarities and differences between them. Patterns, such as weather patterns, traffic patterns, behavioral patterns, geometric patterns, linguistic patterns, structural patterns, digital patterns, and the like, emerge on an everyday basis, . Recognizing patterns and studying their unique traits are essential for the development and enhancement of our intuitive skills and for strengthening our analytical skills. Mathematicians often apply patterns to get acquainted with new concepts--a technique that can be applied across many disciplines. Throughout this book we explore assorted patterns that emerge from various geometrical configurations of squares, circles, right triangles, and equilateral triangles that either repeat at the same scale or at different scales. The book also analytically examines linear patterns, geometric patterns, alternating patterns, piecewise patterns, summation-type patterns and factorial-type patterns. Deciphering the details of these distinct patterns leads to the proof by induction method, and the book will also render properties of Pascal's triangle and provide supplemental practice in deciphering specific patterns and verifying them. This book concludes with first-order recursive relations: describing sequences as recursive relations, obtaining the general solution by solving an initial value problem, and determining the periodic traits. Features * Readily accessible to a broad audience, including those with limited mathematical background * Especially useful for students in non-STEM disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, economics and business, as well as for liberal arts disciplines and art students.

Architecture of Mathematics describes the logical structure of Mathematics from its foundations to its real-world applications. It describes the many interweaving relationships between different areas of mathematics and its practical applications, and as such provides unique reading for professional mathematicians and nonmathematicians alike. This book can be a very important resource both for the teaching of mathematics and as a means to outline the research links between different subjects within and beyond the subject. Features All notions and properties are introduced logically and sequentially, to help the reader gradually build understanding. Focusses on illustrative examples that explain the meaning of mathematical objects and their properties. Suitable as a supplementary resource for teaching undergraduate mathematics, and as an aid to interdisciplinary research. Forming the reader's understanding of Mathematics as a unified science, the book helps to increase his general mathematical culture.

"Knot theory is a fascinating mathematical subject, with multiple links to theoretical physics. This enyclopedia is filled with valuable information on a rich and fascinating subject." - Ed Witten, Recipient of the Fields Medal "I spent a pleasant afternoon perusing the Encyclopedia of Knot Theory. It's a comprehensive compilation of clear introductions to both classical and very modern developments in the field. It will be a terrific resource for the accomplished researcher, and will also be an excellent way to lure students, both graduate and undergraduate, into the field." - Abigail Thompson, Distinguished Professor of Mathematics at University of California, Davis Knot theory has proven to be a fascinating area of mathematical research, dating back about 150 years. Encyclopedia of Knot Theory provides short, interconnected articles on a variety of active areas in knot theory, and includes beautiful pictures, deep mathematical connections, and critical applications. Many of the articles in this book are accessible to undergraduates who are working on research or taking an advanced undergraduate course in knot theory. More advanced articles will be useful to graduate students working on a related thesis topic, to researchers in another area of topology who are interested in current results in knot theory, and to scientists who study the topology and geometry of biopolymers. Features Provides material that is useful and accessible to undergraduates, postgraduates, and full-time researchers Topics discussed provide an excellent catalyst for students to explore meaningful research and gain confidence and commitment to pursuing advanced degrees Edited and contributed by top researchers in the field of knot theory

Solid geometry is defined as the study of the geometry of three-dimensional solid figures in Euclidean space. There are numerous techniques in solid geometry, mainly analytic geometry and methods using vectors, since they use linear equations and matrix algebra. Solid geometry is quite useful in everyday life, for example, to design different signs and symbols such as octagon shape stop signs, to indicate traffic rules, to design different 3D objects like cubicles in gaming zones, innovative lifts, creative 3D interiors, and to design 3D computer graphics. Studying solid geometry helps students to improve visualization and increase logical thinking and creativity since it is applicable everywhere in day-to-day life. It builds up a foundation for advanced levels of mathematical studies. Numerous competitive exams include solid geometry since its foundation is required to study other branches like civil engineering, mechanical engineering, computer science engineering, architecture, etc. This book is designed especially for students of all levels, and can serve as a fundamental resource for advanced level studies not only in mathematics but also in various fields like engineering, interior design, architecture, etc. It includes theoretical aspects as well as numerous solved examples. The book includes numerical problems and problems of construction as well as practical problems as an application of the respective topic. A special feature of this book is that it includes solved examples using the mathematical tool MATLAB.

This text offers a selection of papers on singularity theory presented at the Sixth Workshop on Real and Complex Singularities held at ICMC-USP, Brazil. It should help students and specialists to understand results that illustrate the connections between singularity theory and related fields. The authors discuss irreducible plane curve singularities, openness and multitransversality, the distribution Afs and the real asymptotic spectrum, deformations of boundary singularities and non-crystallographic coxeter groups, transversal Whitney topology and singularities of Haefliger foliations, the topology of hypersurface singularities, polar multiplicities and equisingularity of map germs from C3 to C4, and topological invariants of stable maps from a surface to the plane from a global viewpoint.

This book serves as a textbook for an introductory course in metric spaces for undergraduate or graduate students. The goal is to present the basics of metric spaces in a natural and intuitive way and encourage students to think geometrically while actively participating in the learning of this subject. In this book, the authors illustrated the strategy of the proofs of various theorems that motivate readers to complete them on their own. Bits of pertinent history are infused in the text, including brief biographies of some of the central players in the development of metric spaces. The textbook is divided into seven chapters that contain the main materials on metric spaces; namely, introductory concepts, completeness, compactness, connectedness, continuous functions and metric fixed point theorems with applications. Some of the noteworthy features of this book include * Diagrammatic illustrations that encourage readers to think geometrically * Focus on systematic strategy to generate ideas for the proofs of theorems * A wealth of remarks, observations along with a variety of exercises * Historical notes and brief biographies appearing throughout the text

Linear Groups: The Accent on Infinite Dimensionality explores some of the main results and ideas in the study of infinite-dimensional linear groups. The theory of finite dimensional linear groups is one of the best developed algebraic theories. The array of articles devoted to this topic is enormous, and there are many monographs concerned with matrix groups, ranging from old, classical texts to ones published more recently. However, in the case when the dimension is infinite (and such cases arise quite often), the reality is quite different. The situation with the study of infinite dimensional linear groups is like the situation that has developed in the theory of groups, in the transition from the study of finite groups to the study of infinite groups which appeared about one hundred years ago. It is well known that this transition was extremely efficient and led to the development of a rich and central branch of algebra: Infinite group theory. The hope is that this book can be part of a similar transition in the field of linear groups. Features This is the first book dedicated to infinite-dimensional linear groups This is written for experts and graduate students specializing in algebra and parallel disciplines This book discusses a very new theory and accumulates many important and useful results

This book is written as a textbook and includes examples and exercises. This is a companion volume to the author's other books published here on Multiplicative Geometry. There are no similar books on this topic.

Appliies variational methods and critical point theory on infinite dimenstional manifolds to some problems in Lorentzian geometry which have a variational nature, such as existence and multiplicity results on geodesics and relations between such geodesics and the topology of the manifold.

This book is a comprehensive tool both for self-study and for use as a text in classical geometry. It explains the concepts that form the basis for computer-aided geometric design.

This research monograph in the field of algebraic topology contains many thought-provoking discussions of open problems and promising research directions.

Investigations by Baire, Lebesgue, Hausdorff, Marczewski, and othes have culminated invarious schemes for classifying point sets. This important reference/text bringstogether in a single theoretical framework the properties common to these classifications.Providing a clear, thorough overview and analysis of the field, Point Set Theoryutilizes the axiomatically determined notion of a category base for extending generaltopological theorems to a higher level of abstraction ... axiomatically unifies analogiesbetween Baire category and Lebesgue measure . .. enhances understanding of thematerial with numerous examples and discussions of abstract concepts ... and more.Imparting a solid foundation for the modem theory of real functions and associated areas,this authoritative resource is a vital reference for set theorists, logicians, analysts, andresearch mathematicians involved in topology, measure theory, or real analysis. It is anideal text for graduate mathematics students in the above disciplines who havecompleted undergraduate courses in set theory and real analysis.

This book proposes a new approach which is designed to serve as an introductory course in differential geometry for advanced undergraduate students. It is based on lectures given by the author at several universities, and discusses calculus, topology, and linear algebra.

Prevalent in animation movies and interactive games, subdivision methods allow users to design and implement simple but efficient schemes for rendering curves and surfaces. Adding to the current subdivision toolbox, Wavelet Subdivision Methods: GEMS for Rendering Curves and Surfaces introduces geometry editing and manipulation schemes (GEMS) and covers both subdivision and wavelet analysis for generating and editing parametric curves and surfaces of desirable geometric shapes. The authors develop a complete constructive theory and effective algorithms to derive synthesis wavelets with minimum support and any desirable order of vanishing moments, along with decomposition filters. Through numerous examples, the book shows how to represent curves and construct convergent subdivision schemes. It comprehensively details subdivision schemes for parametric curve rendering, offering complete algorithms for implementation and theoretical development as well as detailed examples of the most commonly used schemes for rendering both open and closed curves. It also develops an existence and regularity theory for the interpolatory scaling function and extends cardinal B-splines to box splines for surface subdivision. Keeping mathematical derivations at an elementary level without sacrificing mathematical rigor, this book shows how to apply bottom-up wavelet algorithms to curve and surface editing. It offers an accessible approach to subdivision methods that integrates the techniques and algorithms of bottom-up wavelets.