My lifetime encompasses the postwar subsidence in the early 1920s of the greatest influenza pandemic in history, direct encounters with FM1 virus at Fort Mon mouth in 1947, the care of influenza patients in the 1950s, the pursuit of the in fluenza virus through the modern pandemics of 1957 and 1968, and a present in which the genes of the virus have dissembled in the DNA of vaccinia virus and Escherichia coli through the wand of "high tech. " If my corpus could be fossilized for archival and archaeological purposes, it would be found to contain immune cells branded with the imprint of the "swine" influenza virus of post-1918 and brain cells no less imprinted with memories of the abortive return of its descendant during America's bicentennial. But before that unlikely event, I wanted to try to make some sense out of this baffling dis ease and its viruses-expecting no definitive revelations but hoping for a sharper definition of problems. Hence this book. It is an audacious act in these days of specialization to essay a book such as this singlehandedly, but I have done so for selfish reasons. I wanted to reexam ine old questions about the nature of influenza and its epidemics in the light of the dazzling advances in molecular biology of the past few years. No virus has been better studied, but few diseases are less well understood."

Early diagnosis of parasitic diseases, especially of the opportunistic infections, is gaining importance daily and pathologists now have the chance to make rapid diagnoses of these disorders by examining tissues and body fluids. Though parasitic infections and infestations occur mainly in subtropical and tropical areas, they are increasingly imported into other areas, where the pathologist must be able to recognize them. This new full-colour atlas, containing over 500 photographs, many diagrams and tables, with extensive references and index, concentrates on histology, differential diagnosis and on the structure of parasitic elements such as eggs, larvae and adult worms, in and outside tissues. The atlas will be invaluable as a bench manual for the practising pathologists to keep by the microscope, as well as for physicians, surgeons, dermatologists and pathologists in training, and all those who are concerned with parasitic infections.

During the last decades, research on spinal cord has attracted a great deal of attention because of problems such as sensory-motor and autonomic dysfunctions associated with traumatic and other injuries. Recording of spinal cord evoked potentials is one of the most promising approaches to understand the spinal cord function. However, the details of the evoked potentials and their significance in various pathological conditions are not yet fully characterized. This book summarizes new findings in the field of electrophysiology and relates this knowledge to pathology and regeneration research. It is the first one which deals in great detail with various ways to monitor spinal cord function in experimental and clinical situations. It provides an up-to-date knowledge regarding spinal cord bioelectrical activity and its modification with pharmacological agents and covers new aspects of regeneration studies, particularly the role of myelin associated inhibitory molecules. A section is devoted to clinical studies dealing with electrical activity, pathology, and current therapeutic measures. This volume will be useful both to basic and clinical neuroscientists engaged in the field of neurology, neurophysiology, neurochemistry, neurosurgery, neuropathology, and related disciplines in order to understand basic functions of the spinal cord and to stimulate further research in this rapidly advancing field.

Nelson Fausto The Greek myth of Prometheus with its picture of a vulture feasting on its chained victimhas traditionallyprovided a visualimageofliverregeneration. Itis apowerful and frightening representationbut ifone were to substitute the vulture by a surgeon and Prometheus by a patient laying on a properly prepared operating table, the outcomeoftheprocedurewould not differ significantlyfrom that describedbyGreek poets. Yet few of us who work in the field have stopped long enough to ask where this myth originated. Did the poet observe a case of liver regeneration in a human being? Was it brilliant intuition or perhaps, literally, just a 'gut feeling' of a poet looking for good rhymes that led to the prediction that livers grow when part of the tissueisremoved? Thisbookdoesnotattemptto solve these historical issues. Itdoes, instead, cover in detail some of the major modem themes of research on liver regen eration, injury and repair. As indicated in Dr. N. Bucher's chapter, the modem phase ofexperimental studies on liver regeneration started in 1931 with the publication by Higgins and Anderson of a method to perform a two-thirds resection of the liver of a rat. The technique described has 3 remarkable features: 1) it is highly reproducible, resulting in the removal of 68% of the liver, 2) it has minimal if any mortality, and 3) it consists only of blood vessel ligation and does not involve cutting through or wounding hepatic tissue.

Cardiac Markers is a comprehensive, up-to-date summary of clinical information on serum cardiac markers for coronary artery disease. This book reviews in detail the biochemistry, clinical significance, and analytical measurements for each marker, as well as the advantages and limitations of existing and proposed markers. Comprehensive descriptions of therapeutic approaches to manage patients are presented. Also included are up-to-date listings of primary references and commercial methodologies, the latest data on the pathophysiology of unstable angina, and a discussion of the new emergency-room chest pain centers. Anyone who needs to know how to examine, diagnose, treat, and manage patients with acute chest pain and heart attacks will find this book indispensable.

Coagulation testing is the basis for the diagnosis of bleeding and thrombotic disorders, as well as the mainstay of anticoagulant monitoring and management. This handbook provides practical information and guidance on topics relevant to directing a coagulation laboratory, filling a void in the literature. Since the first edition, all chapters have been updated and an entirely new chapter is included on pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics. The book will aid pathologists, clinical laboratory scientists and other physicians serving as laboratory directors to understand and carry out their responsibilities. It will also assist residents and fellows in learning the basics of coagulation testing and serve as a useful day-to-day reference for coagulation laboratory supervisors, technologists, and technicians. Finally, clinicians may find aspects of the book helpful in understanding the role of the coagulation laboratory in patient evaluation and monitoring.

Hematopathology: Genomic Mechanisms of Neoplastic Diseases will keep physicians abreast of the rapid and complex changes in genomic medicine, as exemplified by the molecular pathology of hematologic malignancies. This timely volume will update physicians on the complexities of genomic lesions, as well as offer an integrated framework encompassing molecular diagnosis, the new WHO classification of hematologic neoplasms with focus on molecular pathology, prognostic value of molecular tests, and molecular monitoring of response to gene-targeted therapy. As such, it will be of great value to hematologists, oncologists, pathologists, internal medicine and pediatric specialists, as well as bioscientific staff and laboratorians in private hospitals and academic institutions.

Eminent clinicians and specialists thoroughly review in great detail every aspect of pituitary tumors. The topics covered include prolactinomas, somatotroph adenomas, corticotroph adenomas, thyrotroph adenomas, nonfunctioning tumors, pituitary tumors, invasive adenomas, and pituitary carcinomas, as well as lesions, exclusive of pituitary adenomas, that occur in the sellar region. Also discussed are the new methods in endocrine diagnosis, high resolution imaging, receptor-mediated pharmacotherapy, microsurgical techniques, improved methods of radiation delivery, and the development of a precise and physiologically meaningful classification of pituitary tumors. Much-needed and brilliantly multidisciplinary, Diagnosis and Management of Pituitary Tumors offers all those dealing with pituitary cancer patients today's most comprehensive guide to diagnosis and treatment, one whose coordinated treatment strategies have sharply improved long-term survival rates for many patients.

Since Harvey Cushing's extensive study on brain meningiomas no similar study has been conducted on spinal cord meningiomas. The high scientific value of this book is based on the careful elaboration of data from patients affected by spinal meningiomas who have been examined and operated on over the last 33 years (1962-1995) at the Neurosurgical School of the University of Florence, Italy. The main focus of this study was on the anatomic and clinical relationship that enabled early diagnosis of spinal meningiomas. More over this book emphasizes the interaction between neurology and neuroradiology in the form of "dynamic neurology." Myeloradiculographic findings are described together with those using more recent techniques such as CT and MRI.

In recent years, remarkable discoveries have been made concerning the underlying mechanisms of aging. In Life-Span Extension: Single-Cell Organisms to Man, the editors bring together a range of illuminating perspectives from researchers investigating the aging process in a variety of species. This novel work addresses the aging process in species ranging from yeast to man and, among other subjects, features detailed discussions of the naked mole-rat, an exceptionally long-lived rodent; the relationship between dietary factors/food restriction and aging; and an evolutionary view of the human aging process.

Single mutations that extend life span have been identified in yeast, worms, flies, and mice, whereas studies in humans have identified potentially important markers for successful aging. At the same time, it has been discovered that the genes and pathways identified in these studies involve a surprisingly small set of conserved functions, most of which have been the focus of aging research for some time. For example, the mTOR pathway, a regulator of translation and protein synthesis, has been identified as a common longevity pathway in yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans. In mammals, this pathway intersects with neuroendocrine pathways and with the insulin/insulin-like growth factor pathways, which have been identified as major modulators of life span and aging in both invertebrates and mice.

Novel, emerging technologies and the increasingly wide variety of systems that are now used to study aging and the mechanisms of aging provide enormous opportunities for the identification of common pathways that modulate longevity. It is these common pathways that are the focus of this important volume.

Because of the topographic and pathophysiologic information obtained with contemporary neuroimaging techniques, CT and MR scanning now constitute the most important investigation in clinical neurology. In many instances of mass lesions, the images provide a reliable or near-definitive diagnosis, and make possible the accurate and even selective acquisition of biopsy samples. For pathologists and neuropathologists rendering a brain biopsy service, a basic knowledge of CT and MR scanning is now mandatory, and the objective of this atlas is to present the principles of neuroimaging through clinicopathological correlation. It contains a wide range of clinical material, with over 600 CT and MR images correlated with over 400 full-colour pathomorphological micrographs. A full discussion of differential diagnosis is complemented by extensive references. Although aimed mainly at pathologists in neurosurgical practice, the atlas will also benefit neurosurgeons and radiologists, especially those in training.

At the 8th European Congress of Neurosurgery, which took place in Barcelona, September 6-11, 1987, a great number of papers from all fields of neurosurgery were presented, reflecting the major advances that have been achieved in recent years. The Programme Committee of the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies has selected the highlights of the congress for publication. These contributions were carefully edited and compiled in two supplement volumes of Acta Neurochirurgica.

Violence is a steadily increasing feature of modern When a doctor is called to a scene of death wounds society caused by devices such as motor vehicles, indus may readily be visible on the corpse. His careful exam trial equipment and aircraft, which are fabricated by ination and interpretation of the injuries can provide man, or caused by man himself. There are few practi valuable assistance to the police in the early stages of tioners of medicine who will not encounter wounding any investigation that may follow. He may be able to in some form in the course of a lifetime of practice. say that the wound was self-inflicted, or he may think Most wounds will require his skills in treatment; others that the wound had been inflicted homicidally. The demand interpretation because the appearance of the events that follow such interpretations are clearly very wound itself and the pattern in which wounds may be different so far as the police are concerned. For this, arranged can provide much information about the ways and other reasons, a detailed knowledge of wounds and in which they have been caused. For example, the wounding is an essential part of medical training. grouping and position of wounds can suggest whether Scientific investigation of the whole subject of trauma the injuries were inflicted accidentally, suicidally or in has been advancing very slowly over the years."

The discovery of C-reactive protein in the laboratory of O. T. Avery at Rockefeller University in 1929-30 was the first specific obser- vation of the acute phase plasma protein response (Tillett and Francis 1930). This was one of three contributions of fundamental importance which emerged from that laboratory, the other two being the recognition that polysaccharides could act as antigens and that DNA transmits genetic information. In the course of charac- terization of pneumococcal carbohydrate antigens, a somatic poly- saccharide common to all Rand S forms of pneumococci was identified and designated Fraction "C" (Tillet et al. 1930). Testing of sera from patients with pneumococcal infection revealed the presence of material which precipitated with the C-polysaccharide but which differed from antibody in that calcium was required for the reaction. Furthermore, the amount of reactive material was greatest when patients were acutely ill and decreased in the convalescent phase, the precise opposite of specific anti-pneumo- coccal antibodies. Subsequently, the C-reactive material was shown to be a protein and to be present in the sera of individuals who were acutely ill with other, non-pneumococcal infections and tissue damaging conditions, hence Avery coined the term "acute phase" and called the protein "acute phase protein" (Abernethy and Avery 1941; MacLeod and Avery 1941). At that time methods were too insensitive to detect C-reative protein (CRP) in sera of healthy subjects and it was considered to be a pathological product.

Cytopreparation: Principles & Practice by Gary W. Gill fills a long-standing need for an easy-to-use and authoritative manual on the fundamentals of cytopreparation up-to-and- including microscopy, screening, and data analysis. The text describes in phenomenological terms the most common materials and methods of specimen collection through mounting for gyn, non-gyn, and FNA specimens, as well as the underlying mechanistic bases. The author provides his expertise and information that will empower and enable readers to review and improve their laboratories' cytopreparatory techniques as they apply to the vast majority of specimens. This unique volume provides facts that are not readily available anywhere. Cytopreparation: Principles & Practice is intended for everyone associated with, and involved in, making cytologic preparations that are useful for their intended purpose. It will serve as a valuable reference tool for educators in cytology and histology, cytotechnology and histotechnology students, cytotechnologists, cytopreparatory technicians, cytopathologists, anatomical/clinical pathologists, pathology residents and cytopathology fellows.

th The 8 European Congress of Neurosurgery which took place in Barcelona from September 6 to 11, 1987, was an unforgettable experience. Many factors contributed to its success: the splendid ambience of Barcelona, the generous hospitality and warm friendship of the hosts, and the marvellous organization and high scientific standard of papers, workshops and discussions. For financial reasons it would not have been possible to publish all the papers presented during the congress. In order to preserve as much as possible of the scientific results, the Programme Committee of the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies had already selected before the congress a certain number of abstracts to be published as full papers. These are compiled in two supplement volumes of Acta Neurochirurgica and deal with the following main topics: Volume 1: 1. Intraoperative and posttraumatic monitoring and brain protection 2. Cerebro-vascular lesions 3. Intracranial tumours 4. Benign intracranial cystic lesions, hydrocephalus, CSF-volumes 5. Central pain syndromes Volume 2: 6. Spinal cord and spine pathologies 7. Basic research in neurosurgery. The Editors F. Isamat, A. Jefferson, F. Loew, L. Symon Contents Listed in Current Contents VI. Spinal Cord and Spine Pathologies Fornari, M., Pluchino, F., Solero, C. L., Giombini, S., Luccarelli, G., Oliveri, G., Lasio, G.: Microsurgical Treatment of Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumours ...3 Yasui, T., Hakuba, A., Katsuyama, 1., Nishimura, S.: Microsurgical Removal of Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumours: Report of 22 Cases ...9 . .

In the literature, there is no comprehensive survey and assessment of the histology of natural and unnatural injuries to humans that has been scien- tifically researched and practically examined from the point of view offo- rensic medicine. Even today, an analysis of the international literature shows that the significance of histology in medicolegal examinations has not hitherto been systematically presented in the English language. Above all, there is a lack of a critical appraisal of the evidence value of histology and its significance within the scope of concrete forensic determinations. In the present volume, I have attempted to rectify this situation and thus bridge the prevailing gap in the literature. It is not, however, intended that a new area of histology be established as an independent discipline within forensic medicine. Rather, those facilities of histology will be emphasized that should be considered by scientists in forensic practice. There are of course older and more recent studies on branches of the subject (Kasianow 1954; Gerin 1965; Raekallio 1965,1970; Pioch 1966; Berg 1972; Benecke 1972; Perper and Wecht 1980). Otherwise, isolated histological examination findings on organ and tissue damage have been dealt with in old and new standard works on forensic medicine (Hofmann and Haberda, von Neureiter, Walcher, Pons old, Mueller, Popielski and Kobiela, Prokop, Poulsen, Tedeschi et aI. , Uotila, Gresham).

Examination of the bone marrow has always been, and to-date techniques whose application will undoubtedly to a large extent still is, within the domain of the haema increase in the future. tologist. This is because smears of bone marrow aspirates After lengthy discussions and enquiries, the conclusion together with peripheral blood films and results of other was reached that the magnifications of most of the tests and investigations provided the information on which illustrations could be omitted without detracting from the usefulness of the Atlas. The magnifications used are the clinical diagnosis was based. Recently, the widespread availability of both improved indicated in Fig. 1.25. In addition, not every detail specif biopsy needles and techniques for processing has greatly ically indicated in a figure or its legend is necessarily increased the number of routinely taken bone biopsies mentioned in the text; and often a range of observations and placed the examination of bone marrow biopsy is illustrated and in these cases the legends are self sectiors also in the field of histopathology - so that explanatory. this Atlas is one of the Current Histopathology series. This Atlas is directed to haematologists and to histo Therefore, the haematologist and the histopathologist pathologists and to anyone interested in the investigation now complement each other in the interpretation of bone and understanding of the human bone marrow. marrow smears, imprints and sections, thus utilizing all available information and expertise to arrive at a diagnosis.

Dermatopathology is both exciting and exasperating. tum corneum cells. This occurs in disorders of keratiniza Skin has an elegant simplicity in its functions yet a tion because the process of desquamation is disturbed (Figure 1. 1). ferocious complexity in its structure. This is one of the paradoxes that underly the pathology of skin disease Parakeratosis. The presence of nucleated horn cells in and may go some way in explaining the multitudinous the stratum corneum. Normally the horn cells (corneocy disorders to which the skin is subject. The ready visibility tes) are thin lamellae of less than 1 f. lm thickness. They of the skin may also help explain why straightforward contain no detectable cytoplasmic contents as these are histological examination cannot always provide an lost in the granular cell layer. Parakeratosis occurs when answer to a clinicians's question. Quite dramatic appear the process of keratinization is disturbed such as when ances may be due to alterations of the relative rates of the rate of epidermal cell production is increased (as in blood flow, with or without oedema, in the different psoriasis) so that nuclei are not broken down before the vascular plexuses or around different structures in the stratum corneum is reached and when damage occurs horizontal dimension, neither of which may result in to the upper epidermis (Figure 1. 2). 'much to see' histologically. The inherent sampling error Porokeratosis.