This book, first published in 1988, reveals the great care Dickens took with the planning and preparation of A Tale of Two Cities and its roots. It also explores the aspects of Dickens's life, especially his interest in private theatricals, which contributed to the genesis of the novel. For the first time the historical sources for the very individual account of the French Revolution presented in A Tale of Two Cities are examined, and the book investigates the novelist's debt to French and English eye-witnesses. This Companion identifies the multitude of allusions to what Dickens often regarded as the whims of eighteenth-century justice, religion, philosophy, fashion and society. It provides the modern reader with both fundamental sources of information and a fascinating account of the creation of a complex historical novel.

Research Into Translation and Training in Arab Academic Institutions provides insights into the current issues and challenges facing in-service and trainee Arabic translators and interpreters, both professionally and academically. This book addresses translators' status, roles, and structures. It also provides Arab perspectives on translation and translation training, written by scholars representing academic institutions across the Arab world. Themes in this collection include training terminologists on managing, promoting and marketing terms; corpora and translation teaching in the Arab world; use of translation technologies; translators training and translators' methodologies and assessment of translators' competence; research on translator training; and the status quo of undergraduate translation programs in a sample of five Arab universities. A valuable resource for students, professionals and scholars of Arabic translation and interpreting.

Previously available as "Before You Write a Word", Before You Write Your Novel sets out the essential techniques and approaches that lay the perfect foundation for writing your first novel. This concise and readable guide addresses the major stumbling blocks of fiction writing: the importance of planning and structure. This book covers the essential components of novel writing including narrative, story, plot, pace, chronology, character arc and engagement techniques, as well as research, story building, plotting and editing. Using an open and honest approach, feeding from his own experience as a published novelist and creative writing teacher, James McCreet offers a guide to the structural mechanisms of the novel, helping you plan a first draft through to a finished novel.

This collection showcases the contributions of the study of endangered and understudied languages to historical linguistic analysis, and the broader relevance of diachronic approaches toward developing better informed approaches to language documentation and description. The volume brings together perspectives from both established and up-and-coming scholars and represents a globally and linguistically diverse range of languages.The collected papers demonstrate the ways in which endangered languages can challenge existing models of language change based on more commonly studied languages, and can generate innovative insights into linguistic phenomena such as pathways of grammaticalization, forms and dynamics of contact-driven change, and the diachronic relationship between lexical and grammatical categories. In so doing, the book highlights the idea that processes and outcomes of language change long held to be universally relevant may be more sensitive to cultural and typological variability than previously assumed. Taken as a whole, this collection brings together perspectives from language documentation and historical linguistics to point the way forward for richer understandings of both language change and documentary-descriptive approaches, making this key reading for scholars in these fields.

This book offers a critical examination of second language (L2) learning outside institutional contexts, with a focus on the way second language learners introduce, close, and manage conversational topics in everyday settings. Koenig adopts a Conversation Analysis for Second Language Acquisition (CA-SLA) approach in analyzing oral data from a longitudinal study of L2 learners of French, au pairs in Swiss families, over several years. With this approach the author presents insights into the ways in which L2 learners introduce and close conversational topics in ongoing conversations and how these strategies evolve over time, setting the stage for future research on this little documented process in second language acquisition. This volume contributes toward a greater understanding of L2 learning "in the wild," making this key reading for students and researchers in second language acquisition, applied linguistics, and French language learning and teaching.

Tecnicas de escritura en espanol y generos textuales / Developing Writing Skills in Spanish es la primera publicacion concebida para desarrollar y perfeccionar la expresion escrita en espanol a partir de una metodologia basada en generos textuales. Cada capitulo se ocupa de un genero y esta disenado para guiar al escritor en la planificacion, el desarrollo y la revision de textos. Las novedades de esta segunda edicion incluyen: un cuestionario sobre la escritura, listados con objetivos y practicas escritas, nuevos materiales y actividades, repertorios de vocabulario tematico, ejercicios de correccion gramatical y estilo, ampliacion de las respuestas modelo y diferentes rutas para la escritura. Caracteristicas principales: * Tipologias variadas: textos narrativos, descriptivos, expositivos, argumentativos, periodisticos, publicitarios, juridicos y administrativos, cientificos y tecnicos; * Actividades para trabajar la precision lexica, la gramatica, el estilo y la reescritura de manera progresiva; * Vocabulario tematico, marcadores discursivos y expresiones utiles para la escritura; * Pautas detalladas, consejos practicos y estrategias discursivas en funcion del tipo de texto; * Modelos textuales de reconocidos periodistas y autores del ambito hispanico; * Recursos adicionales recogidos en un portal de escritura en linea. Disenado como libro de texto, material de autoaprendizaje u obra de referencia, Tecnicas de escritura en espanol y generos textuales / Developing Writing Skills in Spanish es una herramienta esencial para familiarizarse con las caracteristicas linguisticas y discursivas propias de la lengua y para dominar la tecnica de la escritura en diferentes generos textuales. Tecnicas de escritura en espanol y generos textuales / Developing Writing Skills in Spanish provides intermediate and advanced level students with the necessary skills to become competent and confident writers in the Spanish language. This new edition includes: new material and activities, chapter objectives, exercises on grammar and style correction, thematic vocabulary lists, and an expanded answer key with more detailed explanations. Designed for use as a classroom text, self-study material or reference work, Tecnicas de escritura en espanol y generos textuales / Developing Writing Skills in Spanish is ideal for all intermediate to advanced students of Spanish.

This book, first published in 1988, is the most comprehensive annotation of Bleak House ever undertaken. It provides authoritative background information about the topical issues of the novel that interested Dickens as a social critic and activist. It also describes the novel's literary antecedents and identifies the sources of its hundreds of literary and historical allusions. The annotation is based on a wide range of nineteenth-century sources - from newspapers, periodicals and parliamentary papers to travel guides and cookery books - and gives the modern reader unprecedented access to both Bleak House - Dickens's tract for the times - and the period when it was written.

Thoroughly revised and updated, the fourth edition of Writing for Journalists focuses on the craft of journalistic writing, offering invaluable insight on how to hook readers and keep them to the end of your article. The book offers a systematic approach to news and feature writing that starts with the basics and builds to more complex and longer pieces. The authors give the reader the tools they need to deliver engaging and authoritative writing that works across print and digital. Drawing on professional insight from writers across the industry, the book guides readers through the essential elements needed to write powerful and effective news stories, from hard news pieces to features on business, science, travel and entertainment reviews. New to this edition are hands-on writing exercises accompanying each chapter to help reinforce key points; chapters on how to build a professional profile, pitch stories and get commissioned; and a section on online writing, SEO, analytics and writing for social media. This is an essential guide for all journalism students and early-career journalists. It also has much to offer established journalists looking to develop their writing and lead editorial teams.

1. This title offers an extensive study of the conceptual metaphors in the perception domain. 2. The authors adopts contrastive perspective to reveal the similarities and differences between English and Chinese. 3. This title provides a thorough consideration of embodied motivation for various metaphorical mappings, which would benefit a variety of readership groups.

Teaching Diversity and Inclusion: Examples from a French-Speaking Classroom explores new and pioneering strategies for transforming current teaching practices into equitable, inclusive and immersive classrooms for all students. This cutting-edge volume dares to ask new questions, and shares innovative, concrete tools useful to a wide variety of classrooms and institutional contexts, far beyond any disciplinary borders. This book aims to instill classroom approaches which allow every student to feel safe to share their truth and to reflect deeply about their own identity and challenges, discussing course design, assignments, technologies, activities, and strategies that target diversity and inclusion in the French classroom. Each chapter shares why and how to design an inclusive community of learners, including opportunities to promote interdisciplinary approaches and cross-disciplinary collaborations, exploring cultures and underrepresented perspectives, and distinguishing unconscious biases. The essays also provide theoretical and practical strategies adaptable to any reflective teacher desiring to create a welcoming, inclusive classroom that draws in students they might not otherwise attract. This long overdue work will be ideal for both undergraduate and graduate students and administrators seeking fresh approaches to diversity in the classroom.

• there is currently a gap in the market as people who want to know more about adults in the criminal justice system with communication needs • because this is a fairly new field for SLTs, the book is a must buy because it offers knowledge and confidence building in a situation where often the SLT is lone working with minimal supervision • this resource would be practical and offers ready-made templates to busy clinicians who might not have time to create their own • SLT placement in CJS is increasing and this would be a must have support for any student placement. • There is always a political drive to reduce reoffending and prevent offending, this book will speak to that wider political agenda and offer insight

Results-oriented textbook - created using the principles of backward design which ensures targets are set for each skill (listening, speaking, reading and writing), clear outcomes are defined and measured, and all the activities and reading selections are aligned with these goals. Communicative focus - each chapter contains projects and scenarios that enable learners to practice and demonstrate communicative competence in Russian in a realistic but simulated way. Up-to-date - reflects the latest discourses and vocabulary relevant to modern Russia

The English-Setswana/Setswana-English Bilingual Dictionary is part of the Pharos entrylevel series of bilingual dictionaries for English and the nine official African languages in South Africa. The dictionary is suitable for English or Setswana first or second-language speakers wishing to learn an additional language. It will help users build their vocabulary, improve grammar and use common phrases correctly, whether at school level, in the workplace, as a tourist, or just for anyone wishing to learn Setswana.

The Pharos series of bilingual dictionaries supports the Department of Basic Education’s Language-in-Education Policy to develop and maintain all the official languages, to promote multilingualism in South Africa, and to support the teaching and learning of all the official
languages.

Setswana is part of the Sotho-Tswana sub-family of languages with 8% (4.1m) of the population as mother-tongue speakers and 7.7m second-language users, 11.8m in total (Stats SA 2011).

The English-Sesotho/Sesotho-English Bilingual Dictionary is part of the Pharos entry-level series of bilingual dictionaries for English and the nine official African languages in South Africa. The dictionary is suitable for English or Sesotho first or second-language speakers
wishing to learn an additional language. It will help users build their vocabulary, improve grammar and use common phrases correctly, whether at school level, in the workplace, as a tourist, or just for anyone wishing to learn Sesotho.

The Pharos series of bilingual dictionaries supports the Department of Basic Education’s Language-in-Education Policy to develop and maintain all the official languages, to promote multilingualism in South Africa, and to support the teaching and learning of all the official
languages.

Sesotho is part of the SothoTswana subfamily of languages with 7.6% (3.8m) of the population as mother-tongue speakers and 7.9m second-language users, 11.8m in total (Stats SA 2011).

The EnglishXitsonga/XitsongaEnglish Bilingual Dictionary is part of the Pharos entrylevel series of bilingual dictionaries for English and the nine official African languages in South Africa. The dictionary is suitable for English or Xitsonga firstor second-language speakers
wishing to learn an additional language. It will help users build their vocabulary, improve grammar and use common phrases correctly, whether at school level, in the workplace, as a tourist, or just for anyone wishing to learn Xitsonga. The Pharos series of bilingual dictionaries supports the Department of Basic Education’s Language-in-Education Policy to develop and maintain all the official languages, to promote multilingualism in South Africa, and to support the teaching and learning of all the official languages.

Xitsonga is part of the TswaRonga subfamily of languages with 4.5% (2.3m) of the population as mothertongue speakers and 3.4m secondlanguage users, 5.7m in total (Stats SA 2011).

The detailed and wide-ranging Penn Commentary on "Piers Plowman" places the allegorical dream-vision of the poem within the literary, historical, social, and intellectual contexts of late medieval England, and within the long history of critical interpretation of the work, assessing past scholarship while offering original materials and insights throughout. The authors' line-by-line, section by section, and passus by passus commentary on all three versions of the poem and on the stages of its multiple revisions reveals new aspects of the poem's meaning while assessing and summarizing a complex and often divisive scholarly tradition. The volumes offer an up-to-date, original, and open-ended guide to a poem whose engagement with its social world is unrivaled in English literature, and whose literary, religious, and intellectual accomplishments are uniquely powerful. The Penn Commentary is designed to be equally useful to readers of the A, B, or C texts of the poem. It is geared to readers eager to have detailed experience of Piers Plowman and other medieval literature, possessing some basic knowledge of Middle English language and literature, and interested in pondering further the particularly difficult relationships to both that this poem possesses. Others, with interest in poetry of all periods, will find the extended and detailed commentary useful precisely because it does not seek to avoid the poem's challenges but seeks instead to provoke thought about its intricacy and poetic achievements. Covering passus C.15-19 and B.13-17, Volume 4 of the Penn Commentary on "Piers Plowman" creates a complete vade mecum for readers, identifying and translating all Latin quotations, uncovering allusions, providing full cross-reference to other parts of the poem, drawing in relevant scholarship, and unraveling difficult passages. Like the other commentaries in the series, this volume contains an extensive overview and analysis of each passus, and the subdivisions within, large and small, and discusses all differences between the two versions. It pays careful attention to the poem at the literal level as well as to Latin texts that are analogues or even possible sources of Langland's thought and it emphasizes the comedy of the poem, of which these passus offer a number of examples.

Inspired by the author's observations of the language curriculum as a practising teacher for the past 20 years, this book addresses how the high school Chinese language and literacy (Yuwen) curriculum in China was controlled and directed in the post-Mao era. Examining the social and political domination from 1980 to 2010, the book offers insights into how teachers and schools responded to the top-down curriculum change in their teaching practice. This book discusses some of the most important questions concerning China and its education system: What changes have occurred in the Chinese language and literacy curricula; how and why the changes have occurred; who has been in control of the process and outcome; and what impacts the curriculum changes may bring not only to China but to the international sectors that "export" education and degrees to China and Chinese students. The author provides answers to these questions crucial to both the contemporary Chinese society and the students who come out of that system. This critical inquiry of the Yuwen curriculum and its implementation provides a valuable and timely showcase for understanding the ideology of China's future generation and the social and political transformation in the past three decades. In addition to researchers, this book is expected to have impact on policymakers in China and beyond, where Chinese migrants and international students constitute a substantial learning population.

This comprehensive account of performance-based assessment of L2 lexical proficiency analyzes and compares two of the primary methods of evaluation used in the field and unpacks the ways in which they tap into different dimensions of one model of lexical competence and proficiency. This book builds on the latest research on performance-based assessment, which has most recently pointed to the application of more quantitative measures to L2 data, to systematically explore the qualitative method of using human raters in assessment exercises and the quantitative method of using automatic computation of statistical measures of lexis and phraseology. Supported by an up-to-date review of the existing literature, both approaches' unique features are highlighted but also compared to one another to provide a holistic overview of performance-based assessment as it stands today at both the theoretical and empirical level. These findings are exemplified in a concluding chapter, which summarizes results from an empirical study looking at a range of lexical and phraseological features and human raters' scores of over 150 essays written by both L2 learners of English and native speakers. Taken together, the volume challenges existing tendencies within the field which attempt to use one method to validate one another by demonstrating their capacity to indicate very different elements of lexical proficiency, thereby offering a means by which to better conceptualize performance-based assessment of L2 vocabulary in the future. This book will be of interest to students and researchers working in second language acquisition and applied linguistics research, particularly those interested in issues around assessment, vocabulary acquisition, and language proficiency.

When an essay is due and dreaded exams loom, here's the lit-crit help students need to succeed! SparkNotes Literature Guides make studying smarter, better, and faster. They provide chapter-by-chapter analysis, explanations of key themes, motifs and symbols, a review quiz, and essay topics. Lively and accessible, SparkNotes is perfect for late-night studying and paper writing.

While the concept of the fictional character has been widely discussed at interdisciplinary level, a foundational theory of character creation is yet to follow. As a result, creative writing students and beginner writers refer to post-construction analysis, as well as the step-by-step advice often suggested by popular writing manuals. Aiming to fill this gap and at the same time reconcile approaches in writing and criticism, this book proposes a theory of character creation based on the in-depth analysis of the concept, as well its place within the narrative. The approach suggested herein consists of two interrelated stages: conceptualisation and exposition. Conceptualisation entails the in-depth understanding of what constitutes the fictional character, as well as the dynamics of its correlation with the reader, the author and its real counterpart, the human person; Exposition refers to the conveyance of such understanding on paper. Viewing creative writing as an art and craft, the author builds her theory on the notion that comprehension of the world and the concept of character itself is an essential prerequisite in order to construct consistent and believable fictional persons. Varotsi also introduces her four stages of creation: Observation, Perception, Empathy and Imagination to inspire a method of work according to which personal craftsmanship and artistry can be successfully combined with pedagogic technique.

This pioneering work equips you with the skills needed to create and design powerful stories and concepts for interactive, digital, multi-platform storytelling and experience design that will take audience engagement to the next level. Klaus Sommer Paulsen presents a bold new vision of what storytelling can become if it is reinvented as an audience-centric design method. His practices unlock new ways of combining story with experience for a variety of existing, new and upcoming platforms. Merging theory and practice, storytelling and design principles, this innovative toolkit instructs the next generation of creators on how to successfully balance narratives, design and digital innovation to develop strategies and concepts that both apply and transcend current technology. Packed with theory and exercises intended to unlock new narrative dimensions, Integrated Storytelling by Design is a must-read for creative professionals looking to shape the future of themed, branded and immersive experiences.

When an essay is due and dreaded exams loom, here's the lit-crit help students need to succeed! SparkNotes Literature Guides make studying smarter, better, and faster. They provide chapter-by-chapter analysis, explanations of key themes, motifs and symbols, a review quiz, and essay topics. Lively and accessible, SparkNotes is perfect for late-night studying and paper writing.

Showcasing established and new patterns of research, The Routledge Research Companion to Travel Writing takes an interdisciplinary approach to scholarship and to travel texts themselves. The volume adopts a thematic approach, with each contributor considering a specific aspect of travel writing - a recurrent motif, an organising principle or a literary form. All of the essays include a discussion of representative travel texts, to ensure that the volume as a whole represents a broad historical and geographical range of travel writing. Together, the 25 essays and the editors' introduction offer a comprehensive and authoritative reflection of the state of travel writing criticism and lay the ground for future developments.

Learn to speak, read, and write Korean with this complete language guide for beginners! Learning Korean teaches you the basics of the Korean language, including practical daily conversations and vocabulary, and enables you to begin communicating effectively right away. All Korean words and sentences are given in Korean Hangeul script and romanized form for easy pronunciation, with English translations. Key features include: 11 lessons designed for beginning adult learners Basic sentence patterns and vocabulary used in daily conversations Suitable for self-study learners as well as beginning level classes Hangeul and Romanized versions of all Korean texts with English translations Cultural notes for understanding Korean customs and norms A dictionary of commonly-used words and phrases Accompanying native speaker audio recordings Downloadable flashcards The book also includes useful notes and explanations on pronunciation, the Korean Hangeul script, greetings and requests, basic sentence structure and vocabulary, verb conjugations, honorific forms, idiomatic expressions, and etiquette dos and don'ts. Free native-speaker MP3 audio recordings of the dialogues and vocabulary are available online and enable language learners to improve their pronunciation, while printable flashcards help with vocabulary memorization.