The central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, has a high metabolic demand. The physiology of the brain is such that it is easily affected by alterations in other systems, which in turn can compromise cerebral blood flow and oxygenation. Together the brain and spinal cord control the automatic function of our body systems. While other systems of body controls individual functions, central nervous system at the same time does many different functions, especially, controlling the function of other systems. This interaction between the brain and other systems is important when it comes to understanding how injuries to the brain can, at times, produce complications in remote organs or systems of the body, such as the lungs. This book explains the lesser-known crosstalks between acutely or chronically affected brain and lung, describing the pathophysiology of the lung following brain injury and discussing in detail the conflicts between the brain and lungs in relation to the tidal volumes, positive end-expiratory pressures, arterial carbon dioxide and oxygen levels, recruitment maneuvers and positioning, as well as potential therapeutic targets.

The Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) has become the best evaluative measure of motor function designed for quantifying change in the gross motor abilities of children with cerebral palsy. The new version of the scoring programme has now been released, and includes two abbreviated methods of estimating GMFM-66 scores using the GMFM-66-Item sets and the GMFM-66-Basal & Ceiling. The measure is very widely used internationally, and is now the standard outcome assessment tool. This new edition builds on the wide success of the first edition and: * Is now based on an updated version of the GMFM scoring program (GMAE-2) * Includes an update on the psychometric properties of the GMFM-88 and GMFM-66 * Covers development and validation of two abbreviated methods of estimating GMFM-66 scores using the GMFM-66 Item sets (GMFM-66-IS) and the GMFM-66-B&C (Basal and Ceiling) * Includes a new longitudinal case illustration of the development, application and interpretation of the measure * Presents a forward look to an upward extension of the GMFM to assess skill development in highly functional young people with cerebral palsy * Presents a forward look to 'Quality Function Measure' to quantify changes in quality of gross motor function Readership * Physical Therapists and other health professionals working with children, youth and adults with cerebral palsy * Clinical and health services researchers as an outcome measure to assess the impact of numerous interventions that are proposed as methods of enhancing gross motor function in this population * Any clinician who is assessing and describing current gross motor function and evaluating its change over time * It serves the needs of clinical and health services researchers as an outcome measure to assess the impact of any of a host of interventions that are proposed as methods of enhancing gross motor function in this population.

This book provides a comprehensive, rigorous review of the long-term outcome literature in epilepsy surgery in both adults and children. Each chapter examines the long-term outcome literature in a separate domain; covering seizure control, social, vocational/educational and psychiatric outcomes. Behavior and cognition are also discussed. The clinical predictors of good and bad outcomes in each domain are described and the gaps in current knowledge are highlighted. Separate chapters examine the methodological challenges associated with long-term outcome studies and the special considerations associated with informed consent in this population. Long-Term Outcomes of Epilepsy Surgery in Adults and Children is essential reading for all members of multidisciplinary epilepsy surgery teams, including neurosurgeons, neurologists and neuropsychologists; it will enable these teams to counsel patients and parents who are considering epilepsy surgery as a therapeutic option.

Reflecting a vast amount of new information concerning the functional characteristics of the various 5-HT receptor subtypes and the Na+-dependent serotonin transporter (SERT), this volume provides state of the art methodologies currently applied in serotonin research from leading experts in the field. Serotonin Receptor Technologies describes approaches that vary from molecular biological and biochemical techniques (e.g., regarding receptor dimerization), fluorescence microscopy and imaging applications, flow cytometry, the use of organotypic slice and cell cultures to the generation of genetically modified animal models and the development of sophisticated behavioral tests, thus covering a wide spectrum of techniques to study serotonergic signaling in detail. Written for the popular Neuromethods series, chapters include the kind of detail and practical advice that ensures successful results in the lab. Authoritative and convenient, Serotonin Receptor Technologies serves to foster both basic and translational research aiming to further deepen our understanding of the various facets of aminergic systems, as well as to aid research on similar problems with related GPCRs and neurotransmitter transporters.

Current Laboratory Methods in Neuroscience Research is a research manual for both students and seasoned researchers. It focuses on commonly-used techniques employed in neuroscience research, presented in a simple, step-by-step manner for laboratory use. The manual also offers a "blueprint" for bench-to-bedside research designed to facilitate multidisciplinary neuroscience pursuits. Sections include coverage of neurohistological techniques, in vitro preparations, leukocyte isolation and application in neuroscience, standard laboratory nucleic acid and protein detections, nanomedicine, bioimaging, neuroelectrophysiology, immunohistochemistry and autoradiography, analysis of gene expression, and animal models.

Neuro-Otology: a volume in the Handbook of Clinical Neurology series, provides a comprehensive translational reference on the disorders of the peripheral and central vestibular system. The volume is aimed at serving clinical neurologists who wish to know the most current established information related to dizziness and disequilibrium from a clinical, yet scholarly, perspective. This handbook sets the new standard for comprehensive multi-authored textbooks in the field of neuro-otology. The volume is divided into three sections, including basic aspects, diagnostic and therapeutic management, and neuro-otologic disorders. Internationally acclaimed chapter authors represent a broad spectrum of areas of expertise, chosen for their ability to write clearly and concisely with an eye toward a clinical audience. The Basic Aspects section is brief and covers the material in sufficient depth necessary for understanding later translational and clinical material. The Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management section covers all of the essential topics in the evaluation and treatment of patients with dizziness and disequilibrium. The section on Neuro-otologic Disorders is the largest portion of the volume and addresses every major diagnostic category in the field.

Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 80 years the Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued. The current list of Specialist Periodical Reports can be seen on the inside flap of this volume.

Collectively, neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by chronic and progressive loss of neurons in discrete areas of the brain, producing debilitating symptoms such as dementia, loss of memory, loss of sensory or motor capability, decreased overall quality of life eventually leading to premature death. Two types of cell death are known to occur during neurodegeneration: (a) apoptosis and (b) necrosis. The necrosis is characterized by the passive cell swelling, intense mitochondrial damage with rapid loss of ATP, alterations in neural membrane permeability, high calcium influx, and disruption of ion homeostasis. This type of cell death leads to membrane lysis and release of intracellular components that induce inflammatory reactions. Necrotic cell death normally occurs at the core of injury site. In contrast, apoptosis is an active process in which caspases (a group of endoproteases with specificity for aspartate residues in protein) are stimulated. Apoptotic cell death is accompanied by cell shrinkage, dynamic membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, DNA laddering, loss of phospholipids asymmetry, low ATP levels, and mild calcium overload. This type of cell death normally occurs in penumbral region at the ischemic injury site and in different regions in various neurodegenerative diseases.

This book explores and evaluates accounts and models of autistic reasoning and cognition from a computational standpoint. The author investigates the limitations and peculiarities of autistic reasoning and sets out a remediation strategy to be used by a wide range of psychologists and rehabilitation personnel and will also be appreciated by computer scientists who are interested in the practical implementation of reasoning. The author subjects the Theory of Mind (ToM) model to a formal analysis to investigate the limitations of autistic reasoning and proposes a formal model regarding mental attitudes and proposes a method to help those with autism navigate everyday living. Based on the concept of playing with computer based mental simulators, the NL_MAMS, is examined to see whether it is capable of modeling mental and emotional states of the real world to aid the emotional development of autistic children. Multiple autistic theories and strategies are also examined for possible computational cross-overs, providing researchers with a wide range of examples, tools and detailed case studies to work from. Computational Autism will be an essential read to behavioral specialists, researcher's, developers and designers who are interested in understanding and tackling the increasing prevalence of autism within modern society today.

This book offers an empowering approach to working with people with an acquired brain injury (ABI) based upon the views and perspectives of people with ABI themselves. Drawing upon Christine Durham's own ABI experience and Paul Ramcharan's engagement in disability research over a quarter of a century, this volume gives voice to 36 participants with ABI, as well as carers and other professionals from both urban and rural areas. This unique perspective provides a long-needed, empathic alternative to the deficit-based model of ABI that dominates medical literature and existing rehabilitation models. In Insight into Acquired Brain Injury, the authors use educational and learning principles together with Durham's extensive archive of experiential data to offer a reframing of the nature and experience of ABI and relevant a set of practical, real-world tools for practitioners. These ready-to-adopt-and-adapt scripts, guided interviews, research checklists, thinking tools and other innovative techniques are designed to engage with people and colleagues about brain injury as a means of supporting them to feel and fare better. With compassion and first-hand awareness, Insight into Acquired Brain Injury provides a much-needed perspective that deepens current understanding and translates the complicated life-worlds of people living with ABI in order to motivate, empower and increase their participation.

Changes in the focus of neurological practice worldwide have led to the need for new standard texts that reflect the current state of this expanding area of clinical expertise. The second edition of the Handbook of Neurological Rehabilitation is a major reference source that fulfils this need, providing an invaluable resource for all professions that work with patients suffering from neurological disorders. It brings restorative neurology to the bedside and shows how a reiterative, goal-oriented, problem-solving training programme can benefit patients, sometimes on a scale not achieved by pharmacological or surgical interventions. The book is divided into three sections all of which have been updated. Section One explores the clinical and biological principles underpinning rehabilitation practice in the context of neurological disablement. Section Two describes the assessment, treatment, and management of the major physical, cognitive and behavioural impairments, and the resulting functional deficits that may follow or accompany neurological disease. The final section explores in more detail these problems and their management in relation to the more common specific disorders of the nervous system. The text emphasises the fact that rehabilitation is an ongoing process involving multidisciplinary problem-solving, goal-setting and education; in which organised care is more effective than unorganised care; and the breakdown of professional barriers within rehabilitation, to facilitate the use of combined treatment techniques, improves outcome. It describes the contribution made by neural reorganisation and compensatory mechanisms to recovery of function, focuses on the avoidance of secondary deficit, and explores the physical, cognitive, affective and behavioural problems that may occur after neurological damage. At a time when new medical technologies threaten to fragment the integrity of medical care at individual and societal levels, it is crucial that all those involved in the management of chronic neurological disease have a working knowledge of the contents of this book. Their perspective on clinical practice will then be truly integrated and holistic and their patients will benefit accordingly.

This is the first book to assemble the leading researchers in the field of LRRK2 biology and neurology and provide a snapshot of the current state of knowledge, encompassing all major aspects of its function and dysfunction. The contributors are experts in cell biology and physiology, neurobiology, and medicinal chemistry, bringing a multidisciplinary perspective on the gene and its role in disease. The book covers the identification of LRRK2 as a major contributor to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. It also discusses the current state of the field after a decade of research, putative normal physiological roles of LRRK2, and the various pathways that have been identified in the search for the mechanism(s) of its induction of neurodegeneration.

If you or someone you love has had a stroke, you understand that after a stroke, a person has many questions: "What is a stroke, and why did I have one?" "How can I best recover from my stroke?" "How can I make sure this never happens to me again?" Every 45 seconds someone in this country has a stroke; this means that about five million stroke survivors in the United States are facing these questions and a host of emotional and physical and practical challenges. As medical specialists treating and caring for stroke survivors, Drs. Stein, Silver, and Frates understand these challenges; they wrote this book to help people recover as fully as possible after having a stroke and to explain all of the different things a person can do to prevent a stroke or a recurrent stroke. They explain what a stroke is, how it occurs, and what kinds of injuries it can cause--and they explain all about stroke recovery. They carefully focus on how stroke survivors can work with their doctor to lower their risk of a future stroke, including taking medications and altering their lifestyle. They look at stroke research that will provide better treatment options in the future, and they offer a relatively simple plan for taking control in preventing stroke or recurrent stroke. This book, then, is for anyone whose genetics, physiology, or lifestyle make them susceptible to stroke--in other words, every one of us. It will be especially helpful to people who have already had a stroke and who understand the importance of taking steps to avoid another one. From the Foreword, by Robert J. Wityk MD, Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital: "This book may help you navigate the sometimes confusing corridors of medicine to empower you to take control of your health or that of your loved one. Read it and learn, and then discuss it with your physician. Between your involved interest, what you discover here and your doctor's expertise, your or your loved one's recovery lies in very good hands, indeed."

The development of treatment strategies that can help patients with spinal cord injury to regain lost functions and an improved quality of life is a major medical challenge, and experimental spinal cord research has to meet these challenges by resolving fundamental problems, establishing a basis for possible novel treatment strategies of spinal cord injury, and motivating their clinical translation. In "Animal Models of Spinal Cord Repair," expert researchers examine a broad range of experimental models for research on spinal cord injury, how they have contributed to our current state of knowledge, and what their advantages are in the further advancement of spinal cord repair. With models from simple lamprey to non-human primates, the information presented is intended to guide the implementation of animal models for spinal cord repair as well as to raise the awareness of the relevance of experimental models which may not be in the current mainstream of this research. As a part of the "Neuromethods" series, this work contains the kind of detailed description and implementation advice to guarantee successful results in the laboratory.

Comprehensive and cutting-edge, "Animal Models of Spinal Cord Repair" presents the background information and hands-on methods descriptions, as well as the basic and clinical issues, needed to stimulate and guide researchers with different backgrounds towards the development of improved strategies for functionally relevant repair of the injured human spinal cord."

A comprehensive collection of the most recent knowledge on the biological bases of various kinds of epilepsies and modern clinical approaches to their treatment. Epilepsy affects about 0.5-1% of the world's population (about 50,000,000 individuals) and the main goal of its treatment is to eliminate seizures without creating side effects. Despite numerous advances in the treatment of epilepsy and the approval of several new antiepileptic drugs, about 30% of patients continue to experience recurrent seizures which are medically, physically, and/or socially disabling. The editor of this volume hopes that by bridging the gap between the fundamental biology of epilepsy and its clinical implications he might spur further research and treatment options.

This manual is the companion guide to Uniquely Normal: Tapping the Reservoir of Normalcy to Treat Autism. It is a guide you in using the Bernstein Cognitive Method for Autism (BCMA, or Bernstein Method for short). Rob teaches us the commonsense approach and uses everyday situations to help children with autism progress with language, socialization, and organization. You don't need a graduate school education to use this method; you have all the knowledge and skills you need. You already know how to do everything necessary to make a difference for your child.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis presents the most comprehensive, clinically-focused information on ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease) in print. The three authors, widely known for their work in this area, provide cohesive and balanced coverage of this syndrome, including the history, clinical features, pathology and pathogenesis, treatment and management of ALS. To facilitate understanding, each chapter is enhanced by comprehensive tables and figures, as well as detailed chapter summaries.

Borderline personality disorder is a diagnosis often given to those who have serious problems with self-image and mood, as well as with interpersonal relations. This text presents a journal of a 15-month course of therapy with a classic splitting borderline patient, followed by an in-depth analysis of the case from three very different, but ultimately converging, perspectives. While there is a large and growing literature on borderline personality disorder, Anatomy of a Splitting Borderline is the first book-length study of a borderline patient, expressly revealing facets of this mental illness and its therapeutic challenge that could only be summarized in previous, briefer case histories. Psychiatrists, psychoanalysts, psychologists, social workers, and those in training in these professions are the audience for this ground-breaking book.

Impeccably researched and written by a nationally known team of specialists from neurodevelopmental pediatrics, psychology, epidemiology, education, occupational therapy, and speech therapy backgrounds, Autistic Spectrum Disorders in Children presents a multidisciplinary profile of autism and pervasive developmental disorders in children. Tracing the history of autism and tracking the latest research on its causation and neurological basis, this volume offers both traditional medical and complementary and alternative medicine approaches-as well as reliable methods for assessing treatment efficacy.