COVID-19 is probably the most significant global crisis of any of our lifetimes. The numbers involved have been stupefying, whether they speak of infection and mortality, the scale of public health measures such as mobility restrictions, or the economic consequences for unemployment and public sector spending. A significant amount of research has already been published on COVID-19, with a focus on its medical and epidemiological dimensions but also social science country reports and monitoring projects that are essentially descriptive. The objective of this book is to identify key threads in the global comparative discussion that continue to shed light on COVID-19 and shape debates about what it means for scholarship in health and comparative politics. The editors bring together over 30 authors versed in politics and the health issues in order to understand the health policy decisions, the public health interventions, the social policy decisions, their interactions, and the reasons. The book's coverage is global, with a wide range of key and exemplary countries, and contains a mixture of comparative, thematic, and templated country studies. All go beyond reporting and monitoring to develop explanations that draw on the authors' expertise while engaging in structured conversations across the book.

Too often in English law `doctor knows best'. Reasonable Care challenges this view. It argues for patient involvement in medical decision-making. It examines critically approaches based on the assertion of patients' legal rights. It concludes that a collaborative model is best suited to enhance both therapy and autonomy.

Mit BeschluB vom 15.4.1988 hat der Vorstand der Bundesarztekammer nach Beratung in der "Standigen Konferenz Weiterbildung" (neue) "Richtlinien tiber den Inhalt der Weiterbildung in Gebieten, Teilgebieten und Bereichen" beschlossen. In diesen Richtlinien werden fUr bestimmte Untersuchungsmethoden der Inneren Medizin Mindestuntersuchungszahlen festgeschrieben. Nachfolgend wird untersucht, ob es rechtmaBig ist, wenn die Landesarztekammern die Richtlinien insoweit fUr ihren Bereich in Kraft setzen. Nach den Heilberufsgesetzen/Kammergesetzen/ Arztekammergesetzen der Lander obliegt das Weiterbildungswesen (Weiterbildung zum Gebietsarzt/ "Facharzt") den Arztekammern. Vor allem wegen des "Facharztbeschlusses" des Bundesverfassungsge- richts vom 09.5.1972 (BVerfGE 33, 125) enthalten die Heilberufsgesetze/Kammer- gesetze/ Arztekammergesetze gewisse rechtliche Vorgaben, welche von Gesetz zu Gesetz so gut wie identisch sind. NAheres zu diesen Vorgaben nachfolgend im 1. Teil der Arbeit. Zusammenstellung der einschlAgigen Landesgesetze bei Helmut Narr, Arztliches Berufsrecht, 2. AutI., Stand: Januar 1988, Rn 308. [Nachfolgend wird das Niedersachsische Kammergesetz fUr die Heilberufe (NHKG) in der Fassung vom 30.5.1980 (GVBl. S. 193) zitiert.] 1m Rahmen ihrer Vorgaben ermachtigen die Landesgesetze die Arztekammern, Weiterbildungsordnungen als Satzungen zu erlassen (43 NHKG). Satzungsgeber ist die Kammerversammlung/Vertreterversammlung, das von den kammerangehorigen Arzten gewahlte demokratische Organ der Arztekammer ( 24 I Nr. 1 NHKG). Die Arztekammern haben sich zur "Bundesarztekammer (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der westdeutschen Arztekammern)" zusammengeschlossen. Aufgabe der Bundesarzte- kammer ist u. a., "auf eine moglichst einheitliche Regelung der arztlichen Berufspflich- ten und der Grundsatze fUr die arztliche Tatigkeit auf allen Gebieten hinzuwirken". So 211 dar Satzung dar Bundes4rztekammer in der yom Deutschen Arztetag 1985 beschlossenen Fassung.

Das Buch ist die erste umfassende, systematische Darstellung der Fragen der Passivlegitimation im Arzthaftpflichtprozess. Bei Arzthaftpflichtprozessen vor Zivilgerichten steht der geschadigte Patient vor Klageerhebung regelmassig vor der Frage, gegen wen er seine Klage erheben soll. Insbesondere gilt dies bei Schadensereignissen im Krankenhaus. Hier trifft der Patient auf eine Vielzahl von AErzten, Krankenschwestern, Pflegern und sonstigem Assistenzpersonal, die ihn medizinisch und pflegerisch betreuen. Wann lasst sich im Schadensfall die Klage gegen die Krankenhausarzte, wann gegen den Krankenhaustrager und wann gegen beide sachlich begrunden? Besondere Probleme ergeben sich auch bei Schadigungen durch das klinische Assistenzpersonal und bei arztlicher Teamarbeit. Es ist fur den Arzt und den Krankenhaustrager von erheblichem Interesse zu wissen, wer von ihnen dem Patient gegenuber zum Schadensersatz verpflichtet ist. Dadurch koennen unberechtigte Anspruche sofort zuruckgewiesen und unnoetige, zeitaufwendige Prozesse vermieden werden.

Im Fruhsommer 1986 trafen sich - auf Einladung der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Medizinrecht (DGMR) - in Einbeck AErzte, Juri- sten und Ethiker, um das schwierige und auch in unserer Zeit ausserst heikle Thema des Therapieabbruchs beim schwerstgescha- digten Neugeborenen gemeinsam zu bearbeiten. In einer Zeit, in der viel von, Sterbehilfe' am Ende des Lebens die Rede ist, vergisst man nur allzu leicht die schwere Aufgabe des Arz- tes,, Leidhilfe' nach der Geburt eines Kindes zu leisten, das an schwersten, nicht behebbaren koerperlichen Defekten leidet. Ziel der Tagung war es nicht nur, den Wissensstand und das gegen- seitige Verstandnis der Teilnehmer zu erweitern, sondern Empfeh- lungen zu erarbeiten, um den AErzten Entscheidungshilfen zu geben und um zu mehr Rechtssicherheit zu gelangen. Zu Beginn legten Fachreferate die medizinischen, juristischen und ethischen Fakten und Parameter fur die Diskussion und die Defi- nition der Grenzen der arztlichen Behandlungspflicht dar. Die ent- sprechenden Krankheitsbilder wurden aus perinatologischer, neo- nato logischer, padiatrischer und kinderchirurgischer Sicht darge- stellt, die Schwierigkeiten der Diagnostik und Prognose entspre- chender Leiden im Einzelfall verdeutlicht und therapeutische Moeglichkeiten aufgezeigt. Die rechtlichen und moraltheologischen Ausfuhrungen zeigten den AErzten ihren Ermessensraum bei der Entscheidung, eine Therapie zu beginnen, zu unterlassen oder eine begonnene Behandlung abzubrechen. In diesem Zusammenhang kommt auch der schwierigen juristischen Frage, ob und in wel- chem Umfang die Eltern in den Entscheidungsprozess miteinzube- ziehen sind, erhebliche Bedeutung zu. Eine ausfuhrliche interdisziplinare Diskussion der gesamten Pro- blematik unter intensiver Mitarbeit aller Beteiligten schloss sich an.

For sixty years genetic counselors have served as the messengers of important information about the risks, realities, and perceptions of genetic conditions. More than 2,500 certified genetic counselors in the United States work in clinics, community and teaching hospitals, public health departments, private biotech companies, and universities. "Telling Genes" considers the purpose of genetic counseling for twenty-first century families and society and places the field into its historical context.

Genetic counselors educate physicians, scientific researchers, and prospective parents about the role of genetics in inherited disease. They are responsible for reliably translating test results and technical data for a diverse clientele, using scientific acumen and human empathy to help people make informed decisions about genomic medicine.

Alexandra Minna Stern traces the development of genetic counseling from the eugenics movement of the early twentieth century to the current era of human genomics. Drawing from archival records, patient files, and oral histories, Stern presents the fascinating story of the growth of genetic counseling practices, principles, and professionals.

What our health data tell American capitalism about our value-and how that controls our lives. Afterlives of Data follows the curious and multiple lives that our data live once they escape our control. Mary F. E. Ebeling's ethnographic investigation shows how information about our health and the debt that we carry becomes biopolitical assets owned by healthcare providers, insurers, commercial data brokers, credit reporting companies, and platforms. By delving into the oceans of data built from everyday medical and debt traumas, Ebeling reveals how data about our lives come to affect our bodies and our life chances and to wholly define us. Investigations into secretive data collection and breaches of privacy by the likes of Cambridge Analytica have piqued concerns among many Americans about exactly what is being done with their data. From credit bureaus and consumer data brokers like Equifax and Experian to the secretive military contractor Palantir, this massive industry has little regulatory oversight for health data and works to actively obscure how it profits from our data. In this book, Ebeling traces the health data-medical information extracted from patients' bodies-that are digitized and repackaged into new data commodities that have afterlives in database lakes and oceans, algorithms, and statistical models used to score patients on their creditworthiness and riskiness. Critical and disturbing, Afterlives of Data examines how Americans' data about their health and their debt are used in the service of marketing and capitalist surveillance.

Philosophical debates over the fundamental principles that should guide life-and-death medical decisions usually occur at a considerable remove from the tough, real-world choices made in hospital rooms, courthouses, and legislatures. David Orentlicher seeks to change that, drawing on his extensive experience in both medicine and law to address the translation of moral principle into practice--a move that itself generates important moral concerns.

Orentlicher uses controversial life-and-death issues as case studies for evaluating three models for translating principle into practice. Physician-assisted suicide illustrates the application of ''generally valid rules, '' a model that provides predictability and simplicity and, more importantly, avoids the personal biases that influence case-by-case judgments. The author then takes up the debate over forcing pregnant women to accept treatments to save their fetuses. He uses this issue to weigh the ''avoidance of perverse incentives, '' an approach to translation that follows principles hesitantly for fear of generating unintended results. And third, Orentlicher considers the denial of life-sustaining treatment on grounds of medical futility in his evaluation of the ''tragic choices'' model, which hides difficult life-and-death choices in order to prevent paralyzing social conflict.

"Matters of Life and Death" is a rich and stimulating contribution to bioethics and law. It is the first book to examine closely the broad problems of translating principle into practice. And by analyzing specific controversies along the way, it develops original insights likely to provoke both moral philosophers and those working on thorny issues of life and death.

The European Energy Law Reports are an initiative taken by the organisers of the European Energy Law Seminar which has been organised on an annual basis since 1989 at Noordwijk aan Zee in the Netherlands. The aim of this seminar is to present an overview of the most important legal developments in the field of International, EU and national energy and climate law. Whereas the first seminars concentrated on the developments at EC level, which were the results of the establishment of an Internal Energy Market, the focus has now gradually switched to the developments at the national level following the implementation of the EU Directives with regard to the internal electricity and gas markets. This approach can also be found in these reports.This volume includes chapters on ''Newcomers in the Electricity Market: Aggregators and Storage'', ''Hydropower Concessions in the EU: A Need for Liberalisation or Privatisation?'', ''Investments and des-Investments in the Energy Sector'', ''Offshore Decommissioning in the North Sea'', ''CCS as a Climate Tool: North Sea Practice'' and ''From EU Climate Goals to National Climate Laws''

Health Rights is a multidisciplinary collection of seminal papers examining ethical, legal, and empirical questions regarding the human right to health or health care. The volume discusses what obligations health rights entail for governments and other actors, how they relate to and potentially conflict with other rights and values, and how cultural diversity bears on the formulation and implementation of health rights. The paramount importance of such questions is illustrated, among other things, by the catastrophic health situation in developing countries and current debates about the TRIPS Agreement and health care reform in the United States. The volume is divided into five main parts which focus on philosophical questions about the bases for the right to health or health care; links between health and human rights; global bioethics and public health ethics; intellectual property rights in pharmaceuticals; and finally health rights issues arising in specific contexts such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and gender.

"Injury" offers the first sustained anthropological analysis and critique of American injury law. The book approaches injury law as a symptom of a larger American injury culture, rather than as a tool of social justice or as a form of regulation. In doing so, it offers a new understanding of the problematic role that law plays in constructing Americans' relations with the objects they consume.

Through lively historical analyses of consumer products and workplace objects ranging from cigarettes to cheeseburgers and computer keyboards to airbags, Jain lucidly illustrates the real limits of the product safety laws that seek to redress consumer and worker injury. The book draws from a wide range of materials to demonstrate that American law sets out injury as an exceptional state, one that can be redressed through imperfect systems of monetary compensation. "Injury" demonstrates how laws are unable to accommodate the ways in which physical differences among citizens are imposed by the physical objects of culture that distribute risk differently among populations. The book moves between detailed accounts of individual legal cases; historical analyses of advertising, product design, regulation, and legal history; and a wide reading of cultural theory.

Drawing on an extensive knowledge of law and social theory, this innovative book will be essential reading for anyone with an interest in design, consumption, and the politics of injury.

Veterinary Law and Practice in Ireland examines current legislation and case law and how it reflects on veterinary practice and its operation. Legal issues such as employment law, contract law, professional negligence and duty of care are examined. Animal health, welfare practice, ethical considerations, adherence to good governance and mental health and well-being issues are all given consideration.

This is a guide for students, legal practitioners and health professionals, providing up-to-date, concise and comprehensive coverage of medical law in Scotland. An ideal text for students new to the subject or preparing for exams, it is also a useful resource for doctors, nurses and other health care providers who need to refresh or update their knowledge.