The two kidneys of mammalian organisms receive around 25 % of the cardiac output at rest, of which only 7 % is distributed to the renal medulla. Despite the low blood flow to the renal medulla, small changes in perfusion to the region can have profound effects on urine-concentrating ability and the excretion of sodium, which in turn affects the chronic regulation of body fluid volumes and arterial blood pressure. Importantly, we know that if blood flow to the renal medulla is not tightly regulated, sodium and water homeostasis is impaired and medullary hypoxia develops. The resultant injury inevitably reduces urine concentrating ability and leads to hypertension. This book will discuss the variety of mechanisms that mammalian organisms have developed to ensure that renal medullary blood flow and oxygen levels are precisely regulated. This book will focus on the unique anatomical arrangement of the medullary circulation, the functional roles of medullary blood flow, as well as the experimental techniques used to assess medullary blood flow and the insight that these studies have provided. The hormonal and non-hormonal control of medullary blood flow will be considered and finally the impact of reduced medullary blood flow on blood pressure is discussed.

This book is written for the primary care clinician to help update knowledge of pediatric nephrology. The current and future shortage of pediatric nephrologists necessitates steady, rejuvenated information on the Aristolean kidney for primary care clinicians, as they care for the child and adolescent with renal and genitourinary dilemmas and disorders. In view of this shortage and the rapidly increasing knowledge in pediatric nephrology, as well as understanding indications for referral to pediatric nephrologists in the t twenty-first century, au courant assiduous information aimed at primary care clinicians in these areas becomes increasingly important. Chapters in this book cover nephrological problems in different pediatric ages, including newborns. As noted by some of the ancient scholars, the kidney does not exist in isolation, but is involved in other aspects of the body. Thus, we include chapters on the kidney in metabolic and rheumatoid disorders. Behavioral aspects of chronic disease, including renal disorders, are also considered because of the importance that renal (and chronic) disease has on the child and adolescent.

Critical References Nephrology (Edition 1) contains the essential references for each of 62 topics in adult clinical nephrology. With each reference, the authors have explained how that research study contributed to the clinical topic of interest, providing immediate context. Critical References Nephrology (Edition 1) is an invaluable reference, serving as an easy guide for exam preparation, daily clinical practice and preparation of both research articles and teaching sessions. By summarizing the major findings of the most important research studies, Critical References Nephrology quickly provides the most evidence based information of all major nephrology topics.

This multi-author book is an important contribution to the fields of nephrology and nephropathology, which is primarily focused on the discussion of the pathogenesis and pathology of nephrotic syndrome. A few primers are available on this subject, but those can be considered as reference works and not suitable for daily or bedside use. The present book has been written with a view to fill this void, at least partially. It is written by many practicing nephrologists and nephropathologists from different parts of the world, in particular, from developing countries. The book not only discusses the etiology and pathology of the disorder but also addresses the new developments and updates on the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome, which is the most common clinical manifestation of medical renal disorders in nephrological practice throughout the world. The book is handy and can be used in the office, classroom and by the patient bedside. It will prove very useful for the beginners in the field of nephrology and nephropathology. The book has been written in easy English, and is very well illustrated to enable easy comprehension and assimilation of the knowledge and information contained in it.

This book provides healthcare professionals in Critical Care setting an easy consultation guide to fight against COVID-19. The book is divided into sections: Fundamentals of COVID-19, Pneumological critical care, Neurological manifestations, Cardiovascular manifestations, Renal manifestations, Haemostasis and coagulation, Other multi-organs involvement, Principles of therapy. Each section includes: * brief pathophysiology of COVID-19 (ventilation, neurological, cardiovascular, etc.); * principles of management (enriched with flowcharts and figures); * principles of therapy; * tips and key messages. Readers can find the most updated advices on how to face the ongoing pandemic: from principles of conventional oxygen therapy, assisted and invasive mechanical ventilation in critically ill COVID-19 patients to the complications sometimes underestimated. Tables and flowcharts provided are based on current knowledge in COVID-19 to help the clinician managing COVID-19 patients by a multiple-organs prospective. Written by international key opinion leaders of each field, the book represents a point of reference for all professionals involved in the management of COVID-19 pandemic.

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is defined as the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the upper urinary tract. It is a common urological entity among children and it is usually diagnosed in the prenatal period or after episodes of febrile urinary tract infection. Reflux can also be found in post-pubertal patients, but it is less common in this population. Pyelonephritis is an upper urinary tract infection involving the kidneys with an incidence in the USA as high as 250.000 cases per year. Most episodes of pyelonephritis are generally considered to be uncomplicated in healthy non pregnant adults. Different risk factors have been identified, such as diabetes, urinary tract obstruction, presence of an indwelling urethral catheter, stent or nephrostomy, functional or anatomic abnormalities of the urinary tract, renal transplantation, immunosuppressive therapy and pregnancy. This book discusses the causes, prevalence and treatment approaches of both VUR and pylonephritis.

Urolithiasis is one of the oldest documented medical ailments with archeological evidence showing that humans have suffered from kidney and bladder stones for centuries. Urolithiasis is a common multifactorial problem with multi-effect on the patients' quality of life and an economic burden on the individual and the health system of the country. Various intrinsic and extrinsic factors are associated with the risk for stone formation. Among intrinsic factors are race, sex, and genetics. Finding the cause of urolithiasis or establishing it early in life will reduce the consequence and complications of kidney stone disease and hence reduction of the cost in the treatment by establishing preventative measures in addition to patient education. Genetic factors play an important role in the etiology of urolithiasis as a polygenic (common) or monogenic (rare) forms, however its knowledge and early diagnosis is important for achieving the goals of reducing patient suffering as well as economic burdens that inevitably follow a diagnosis. This book discusses the symptoms, management and prevention strategies of urolithiasis.