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Books > Social sciences > Sociology, social studies > Social issues > Social impact of disasters
Firefighters, emergency medical technicians (EMTs), and other
emergency responders face many dangers daily from exposure to
smoke, deadly temperatures, and stress to issues surrounding
personal protective equipment (PPE), vehicle safety, and personal
health. Although publicized firefighter fatalities are associated
more often with burns and smoke inhalation, cardiovascular events,
such as sudden cardiac death, account for the largest number of
nonincident firefighter fatalities. Both the United States Fire
Administration (USFA) and the National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA) have been tracking firefighter fatalities since 1977.
According to NFPA statistics, the number of sudden cardiac deaths
has averaged between 40 and 50 deaths per year since the early
1990s. USFA statistics show that firefighters, as a group, are more
likely than other American workers to die of a heart attack while
on duty (USFA, 2002). Additional pertinent findings in the NFPA's
2005 U.S. Firefighter Fatalities Due to Sudden Cardiac Death,
1995-2004 include: Four hundred and forty firefighters out of 1,006
(or 43.7 percent) who died on the job experienced sudden cardiac
death, typically triggered by stress or exertion; Fifty percent of
all volunteer firefighter deaths and 39-percent of career
firefighter deaths resulted from a heart attack; Ninety-seven
percent of the victims had at least a 50-percent arterial blockage;
Seventy-five percent of the firefighters who died of a heart attack
were working with known or detectable heart conditions or risk
factors, such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and
diabetes. While sudden cardiac death is the leading cause of death
among firefighters, other factors affecting firefighters' health,
wellness, and safety result in multiple deaths and injuries each
and every year. Through the collection of information on
firefighter deaths, the USFA has established goals to reduce loss
of life among firefighters (USFA, 2006). In order to achieve this
goal, emphasis must be placed on reducing the risk factors
associated with cardiovascular disease as well as on the mitigation
of other issues affecting the health and safety of the Nation's
firefighters. As part of another effort to determine the specific
issues affecting firefighter health and wellness, the National
Volunteer Fire Council (NVFC) Foundation developed a questionnaire
to determine personal health, well-being, and safety practices
among firefighters. A summary of findings from this study was
shared with the NVFC and USFA for use in this project. The
questionnaire was distributed to a study population of 364
firefighters, of which 149 were career firefighters, 165 were
volunteers, and 50 indicated they were both volunteer and career.
Results from the questionnaire revealed several trends in this
sample firefighter population; however, the study population was
not large enough to generalize these trends for all firefighters.
Results from the NVFC Foundation's questionnaire are presented
here. Based on these findings, it is clear that a structured
personal health and fitness program, as well as safe operations to,
from, and while at emergency scenes, become critical to
firefighters' safety, well-being, and survival. As a result, we
present this document on emergent health and safety issues for the
volunteer fire and emergency services.
South-west Donegal, Ireland, June 1856. From the time that the
blight first came on the potatoes in 1845, armed and masked men
dubbed Molly Maguires had been raiding the houses of people deemed
to be taking advantage of the rural poor. On some occasions, they
represented themselves as 'Molly's Sons', sent by their mother, to
carry out justice; on others, a man attired as a woman, introducing
'herself' as Molly Maguire, demanding redress for wrongs inflicted
on her children. The raiders might stipulate the maximum price at
which provisions were to be sold, warn against the eviction of
tenants, or demand that an evicted family be reinstated to their
holding. People who refused to meet their demands were often
viciously beaten and, in some instances, killed - offences that the
Constabulary classified as 'outrages'. Catholic clergymen regularly
denounced the Mollies and in 1853, the district was proclaimed
under the Crime and Outrage (Ireland) Act. Yet the 'outrages'
continued. Then, in 1856, Patrick McGlynn, a young schoolmaster,
suddenly turned informer on the Mollies, precipitating dozens of
arrests. Here, a history of McGlynn's informing, backlit by
episodes over the previous two decades, sheds light on that wave of
outrage, its origins and outcomes, the meaning and the memory of
it. More specifically, it illuminates the end of 'outrage' - the
shifting objectives of those who engaged in it, and also how, after
hunger faded and disease abated, tensions emerged in the Molly
Maguires, when one element sought to curtail such activity, while
another sought, unsuccessfully, to expand it. And in that
contention, when the opportunities of post-Famine society were
coming into view, one glimpses the end, or at least an ebbing, of
outrage - in the everyday sense of moral indignation - at the fate
of the rural poor. But, at heart, The End of Outrage is about
contention among neighbours - a family that rose from the ashes of
a mode of living, those consumed in the conflagration, and those
who lost much but not all. Ultimately, the concern is how the poor
themselves came to terms with their loss: how their own outrage at
what had been done unto them and their forbears lost malignancy,
and eventually ended. The author being a native of the small
community that is the focus of The End of Outrage makes it an
extraordinarily intimate and absorbing history.
This report contains research on behaviors and other factors
contributing to the rural fire problem; identifies mitigation
programs, technologies, and strategies to address those problems;
and proposes actions that USFA can take to better implement
programs in rural communities. In the Spring of 2004, the U S Fire
Administration (USFA) partnered with the National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA) in a cooperative agreement project entitled
Mitigating the Rural Fire Problem. The purpose of the project was
to examine what can be done to reduce the high death rate from
fires in rural U S communities. Rural communities, defined by the U
S Census Bureau as communities with less than 2,500 population,
have a fire death rate twice the national average. The objectives
of the project were to a) conduct research on behaviors and other
factors contributing to the rural fire problem, b) identify
mitigation programs, technologies, and strategies to address those
problems, and c) propose actions that USFA Public Education
Division can take to better implement programs in rural
communities. Research sources included a review of the published
literature, some original statistical analysis, and information
from national technical experts who have worked with NFPA.
In "Closing the Food Gap," food activist and journalist Mark Winne
poses questions too often overlooked in our current conversations
around food: What about those people who are not financially able
to make conscientious choices about where and how to get food? And
in a time of rising rates of both diabetes and obesity, what can we
do to make healthier foods available for everyone?
To address these questions, Winne tells the story of how America's
food gap has widened since the 1960s, when domestic poverty was
"rediscovered," and how communities have responded with a slew of
strategies and methods to narrow the gap, including community
gardens, food banks, and farmers' markets. The story, however, is
not only about hunger in the land of plenty and the organized
efforts to reduce it; it is also about doing that work against a
backdrop of ever-growing American food affluence and gastronomical
expectations. With the popularity of Whole Foods and increasingly
common community-supported agriculture (CSA), wherein subscribers
pay a farm so they can have fresh produce regularly, the demand for
fresh food is rising in one population as fast as rates of obesity
and diabetes are rising in another.
Over the last three decades, Winne has found a way to connect
impoverished communities experiencing these health problems with
the benefits of CSAs and farmers' markets; in "Closing the Food
Gap," he explains how he came to his conclusions. With tragically
comic stories from his many years running a model food
organization, the Hartford Food System in Connecticut, alongside
fascinating profiles of activists and organizations in communities
across the country, Winne addresses head-on the struggles to
improve food access for all of us, regardless of income level.
Using anecdotal evidence and a smart look at both local and
national policies, Winne offers a realistic vision for getting
locally produced, healthy food onto everyone's table.
Each year, approximately 1,100 Americans 65 and older die in home
fires and another 3,000 are injured. These statistics, combined
with the fact that adults ages 50 or more care for and will soon
enter this high-risk group, inspired USFA to develop a new public
education campaign targeting people ages 50-plus, their families
and caregivers. People between 65 and 74 are nearly twice as likely
to die in a home fire as the rest of the population. People between
75 and 84 are nearly four times as likely to die in a fire. People
ages 85 and older are more than five times as likely to die in a
fire. A Fire Safety Campaign for People 50-Plus encourages people
ages 50 and older - including the high risk 65-plus group - to
practice fire-safe behaviors to reduce fire deaths and injuries.
The strategy is to inform and motivate adults as they enter their
fifties so that stronger fire safety and prevention practices are
integrated into their lives prior to entering the higher fire-risk
decades. In addition, many Baby Boomers are currently caring for
family members ages 65-plus and can encourage fire safe habits.
The United States Fire Administration (USFA) is committed to using
all means possible for reducing the incidence of injuries and
deaths to firefighters. One of these means is to partner with other
people and organizations who share this same admirable goal. One
such organization is the International Association of Fire Fighters
(IAFF). The IAFF has been deeply committed to improving the safety
of its members and all firefighters as a whole. This is why the
USFA was pleased to work with the IAFF through a cooperative
agreement to develop this revised edition of Emergency Incident
Rehabilitation.
In 2010, the Incident Emergency Medical Subcommittee (IEMS),
operating under the authority of the National Wildfire Coordinating
Group (NWCG) - Risk Management Committee, completed the document,
Interim Minimum Standards for Medical Units Managed By NWCG Member
Agencies. The document was the first of several to be developed
that will address the need for uniform standards and safe delivery
of medical care provided by Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
personnel at wildland fire. It focused on recognizing current
practices and recommending standards to medical units for;
promoting the use of licensed personnel within their scope of
practice, state EMS office notification, applicable rules and
jurisdictions, medical direction, communications, patient
transportation and medical equipment, medication and supplies used.
The IEMS also committed to developing wildland fire specific
protocols and this document, Clinical Treatment Guidelines for
Wildland Fire Medical Units, PMS 551, is the finished product. A
task group of physicians with diverse backgrounds in wildland fire
medicine, wilderness medicine and emergency/ clinical backgrounds
reviewed this document and provided valuable input. These
guidelines where developed with the expectation that the typical
appropriate Basic Life Support (BLS) or Advanced Life Support (ALS)
EMS interventions will be provided as needed so we did not include
detailed protocols for EMS medical or trauma patient care, which
already exists. Rather, we focused on guidance for the unique
differences and challenges associated with remote sites and
expanded evaluation skills needed for patient care issues such as:
1) assisting a patient with first aid and self-care health
management; 2) triaging conditions for recognition of appropriate
self-care assistance vs. need for transport to clinical medical
care; and 3) initiating urgent/EMS care using appropriate and
predetermined transport modes.
The Agency Administrator's Guide to Critical Incident Management is
designed to assist Agency Administrators in dealing with critical
incidents. A critical incident may be defined as a fatality or
other event that can have serious long-term adverse effects on the
agency, its employees and their families or the community. Although
fire incidents inspired this document, it also has application to
other types of incidents. The Agency Administrator is the
highest-ranking agency line officer with direct responsibility for
the personnel involved in the incident (for example, BLM District
Manager, Park Superintendent, Forest Supervisor, Refuge Manager,
BIA Agency Superintendent or State land manager). Through
effective, efficient, and timely leadership, Agency Administrators
are responsible for the overall management of critical incidents
within their jurisdiction. This document includes a series of
checklists to guide an Agency Administrator through those difficult
and chaotic days that follow a death, serious injury, or other
critical or highly visible event. The time to use it is now This
document needs to be reviewed and updated at least annually. The
availability of Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) teams
and related resources varies constantly - it is imperative that
local units pre-identify in this plan the CISM resources that can
support local unit needs. This guide was designed as a working tool
to assist Agency Administrators with the chronological steps in
managing the incident. It also provides a detailed overview of
Agency Administrators' responsibilities before a critical incident
occurs, during the actual management of the incident, and after the
incident activity has taken place. It is not intended to take the
place of local emergency plans or other detailed guidance. It
should be used in conjunction with other references as well as the
attached appendixes. This guide can also be used as a worksheet
(both in preparation for and in management of a critical incident)
by Agency Administrators and others with oversight responsibilities
during a critical incident.
In the summer of 2004, the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) launched
its most comprehensive and intensive public fire education campaign
for elderly Americans. A FIRE SAFETY CAMPAIGN FOR PEOPLE 50 PLUS
provides detailed fire prevention information to assist fire
departments and other USFA partners in mitigating the risk of fire
fatalities and injuries among the 50 and over population. This
report, Fire and the Older Adult, analyzes the fire risk to persons
aged 65 and older as a complement to that campaign. The report
provides an extensive review of the fire situation for older adults
in the United States and evaluates fire risk factors and risks of
fire injury and fatality among that population group. On average,
more than 1,000 Americans aged 65 years and older die each year in
home fires and more than 2,000 are injured. In 2001 alone, 1,250
older adults died as the result of fire incidents. Moreover, the
elderly are 2.5 times more likely to die in a residential fire than
the rest of the population. With the U.S. Census Bureau predicting
that increases in the senior population will continue to outpace
increases in the overall population, the elderly fire problem will
undoubtedly grow in importance. After offering an overview of the
U.S. demographics of the 65 and older population, this report
discusses how physical, emotional, social, economic, and
residential factors have unique impacts on seniors.
Wildfires, floods, hazardous material spills, hurricanes,
earthquakes, and tornadoes- emergencies can strike anytime,
anywhere. In fact, the number of annual federal disaster
declarations has more than doubled over the past few decades. All
juvenile justice residential facilities need plans to prepare for,
respond to, and recover from these emergencies so that the
essential services they provide can become operational again as
soon as possible after an emergency strikes. Emergency planning for
these facilities takes on even greater significance because
children are often the most vulnerable population in disasters, and
protecting them from physical harm and trauma is essential.
Emergency Planning for Juvenile Justice Residential Facilities
provides information about how facilities can ensure that youth
receive the supports and services they require as they experience
the disruptions that emergencies inevitably cause. This document
emphasizes the importance of ongoing communication and
collaboration with community partners in the emergency planning
process. In addition, facilities are encouraged to prepare for all
emergencies that may affect their geographical area-for everything
from a fire in a building to a major flood, earthquake, or
hurricane that impacts the surrounding region. The emergency
management cycle encompasses four interdependent phases:
prevention/mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.
Prevention/mitigation measures create a safer environment and
facilitate recovery from later emergencies by reducing the risk of
serious damage. Preparedness in the form of drills and exercises
helps ensure an effective and efficient emergency response. During
the recovery phase, careful assessments of what worked and what did
not contribute to improved preparedness for subsequent emergencies.
All phases are vital elements in the emergency management cycle.
This publication provides key principles and recommendations, but
it is not overly prescriptive. Emergency planners inevitably will
need to adapt these guidelines to the particular requirements of
their facilities. This document is targeted to state, county, and
local juvenile justice authorities charged with the custodial care
and supervision of youth in the juvenile justice system, with
particular focus on those authorities who oversee residential
treatment and correctional and detention facilities that house
juveniles via court-ordered placements. The principles outlined in
this document may also apply to emergency planning for youth in
out-of-home placement. Through its step-by-step guidance in the
planning process, Emergency Planning for Juvenile Justice
Residential Facilities will help ensure the efficient continuation
of operations during an emergency, the reduction of risk to the
physical plant, and, most importantly, the safety and well-being of
youth and staff in our nation's juvenile justice residential
facilities.
Earthquakes are potentially the most destructive of all natural
disasters in both loss of life and property damage. Casualties and
structural damage result from intense ground shaking and such
secondary effects as fires, landslides, ground subsidence, and
flooding from dam collapse or tsunamis. While earthquakes in the
United States are commonly associated with the West Coast,
particularly California, 39 states altogether face some degree of
seismic risk. Seventy million people and at least nine metropolitan
areas are susceptible to severe earthquakes. Nevertheless,
California has been the focal point of most earthquake studies due
to its high frequency of events (two thirds of all earthquakes have
occurred in California), large population and extensive property
development. But the high frequency of earthquakes alone does not
warrant the amount of official and scientific attention these
events have received. It is the rare and devastating earthquake
such as the 1906 San Francisco quake and the 1964 Alaska event,
both of which measured more than 8 on the Richter Scale.
Earthquakes of this magnitude could be expected in the United
States, and most likely in California, every 60 to 100 years and
less severe but major earthquakes every 15 to 20 years (Anderson,
et al., 1981). The area currently believed to be at greatest risk
of a massive earthquake is the Los Angeles-San Bernardino region.
An event which could exceed 8 on the Richter Scale has an estimated
annual probability of occurrence of 2 to 5 percent and its
likelihood of occurrence in the next 20 to 30 years is regarded as
-high." This earthquake could kill and injure between 15,000 and
69,000 persons (depending upon time of occurrence) and cause up to
$17 billion in property damage (NSC/FEMA, 1980). Some studies have
placed the property damage estimates as high as $50 billion (U.S.
Department of Commerce, 1969). This report grew out of the City of
Los Angeles Planning Partnership for which the Southern California
Earthquake Preparedness Project (SCEPP) was asked to research and
report on several issues pertaining to earthquake insurance. In the
course of this research, it became obvious to both SCEPP and
SCEPP's Policy Advisory Board that earthquake insurance and its
role in the recovery process was a major policy issue. Thus, the
research effort was expanded to incorporate broader issues and
circulation of the report beyond the Los Angeles Planning
Partnership. The report has five goals which correspond to its
organization: (1) to outline the provisions (coverages, rates,
deductibles, etc.) of earthquake insurance policies currently
available to the major classes of insurance consumers-homeowners,
businesses, local governments and special districts; (2) to
determine the extent to which earthquake insurance is purchased by
these parties and explore the circumstances surrounding purchase or
non-purchase; (3) to review the salient issues in earthquake
insurance from the standpoints of purchasers and providers; (4) to
explore potential Federal roles in resolving these issues and in
providing or promoting earthquake insurance; and finally, (5) to
make reasonable policy recommendations involving both the Federal
Government and other stakeholders in earthquake insurance toward a
more adequate system of coverage.
Prepping A to Z The Series of Prepping Books About How to Be More
Prepared and Live A More Self-Reliant Lifestyle
The first book on the Bhopal disaster, written on site a few weeks
after the accident. "The people knew right away the source of the
poisonous air, although it was incredible and shocking. Thousands
had fled their homes a few months before upon the occasion of a
small discharge of gas and an associated rumor of disaster. Now
they choked and screamed at one another to rise and flee, aiding
each other when they could, the choking and gagging leading the
fully blinded. Some stepped out of their huts at the first whiffs,
strangling, and were too blinded to turn back in, were swept in the
gathering human torrent and often never saw their families,
neighbors and friends again..." "A moving account of a shattering
experience." - Arun Gandhi "Rightly, Al de Grazia highlights the
important role of a Free Press. The Press has had to battle secrecy
and suppression to expose the full extent of the Bhopal tragedy.
Conitnuing now to assail the shocking failures of managers and
officials in India and the USA, we must demand the reform of the
irresponsible liaison between governments and multinational
corporations." - S. B. Kolpe
The original Earthquakes -A Teacher's Package for K-6 (FEMA 159)
was developed as a joint effort of the Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) and the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA)
under contract with FEMA. NSTA's project team produced an excellent
product. Since its publication in 1988, over 50,000 teachers have
requested copies. This revised version brought members of the
original project team together with a group of teachers who had
used the materials extensively in their classroom and served as
teacher-educators at FEMA's Tremor Troop workshops. About 75% of
the original material remains unchanged: a few activities were
removed and a few added. A major change was the addition of
assessments throughout the units. The examples we provide relate to
life outside the classroom and/or activities similar to those of
scientists. We also added matrices linking activities to the
National Science Education Standards. The Teacher's Package has
five units. Each of the first four units is divided into three
levels: Level 1, for grades K-2; Level 2, for grades 3-4; and Level
3, for grades 5-6. Since classes and individuals vary widely you
may often find the procedures in the other levels helpful for your
students. The last unit has four parts with activities for students
in all grades, K-6. Unit L, Defining an Earthquake, builds on what
students already know about earthquakes to establish a working
definition of the phenomenon. Legends from near and far encourage
children to create their own fanciful explanations, paving the way
for the scientific explanations they will begin to learn in this
unit. Unit I, Why and Where Earthquakes Occur, presents the modern
scientific understanding of the Earth's structure and composition,
and relates this to the cause of earthquakes. Unit II, Physical
Results of Earthquakes, provides greater understanding of the
processes that shape our active Earth. Earthquakes are put in the
context of the large- and small-scale changes that are constantly
at work on the continents as well as the ocean floor. Unit IV,
Measuring Earthquakes, explains earthquakes in terms of wave
movement and introduces students to the far-ranging effects of
earthquakes. Unit V, Earthquake Safety and Survival, focuses on
what to expect during an earthquake; how to cope safely; how to
identify earthquake hazards; and how to reduce, eliminate, or avoid
them.
This FEMA 154 Report, Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings for
Potential Seismic Hazards: A Handbook, is the first of a two-volume
publication on a recommended methodology for rapid visual screening
of buildings for potential seismic hazards. The technical basis for
the methodology, including the scoring system and its development,
are contained in the companion FEMA 155 report, Rapid Visual
Screening of Buildings for Potential Seismic Hazards: Supporting
Documentation. The rapid visual screening procedure (RVS) has been
developed for a broad audience, including building officials and
inspectors, and government agency and private-sector building
owners, to identify, inventory, and rank buildings that are
potentially seismically hazardous. Although RVS is applicable to
all buildings, its principal purpose is to identify (1) older
buildings designed and constructed before the adoption of adequate
seismic design and detailing requirements, (2) buildings on soft or
poor soils, or (3) buildings having performance characteristics
that negatively influence their seismic response. Once identified
as potentially hazardous, such buildings should be further
evaluated by a design professional experienced in seismic design to
determine if, in fact, they are seismically hazardous. The RVS uses
a methodology based on a "sidewalk survey" of a building and a Data
Collection Form, which the person conducting the survey (hereafter
referred to as the screener) completes, based on visual observation
of the building from the exterior, and if possible, the interior.
The Data Collection Form includes space for documenting building
identification information, including its use and size, a
photograph of the building, sketches, and documentation of
pertinent data related to seismic performance, including the
development of a numeric seismic hazard score. Once the decision to
conduct rapid visual screening for a community or group of
buildings has been made by the RVS authority, the screening effort
can be expedited by pre-planning, including the training of
screeners, and careful overall management of the process.
Completion of the Data Collection Form in the field begins with
identifying the primary structural lateral-load-resisting system
and structural materials of the building. Basic Structural Hazard
Scores for various building types are provided on the form, and the
screener circles the appropriate one. For many buildings, viewed
only from the exterior, this important decision requires the
screener to be trained and experienced in building construction.
The procedure presented in this Handbook is meant to be the
preliminary screening phase of a multi-phase procedure for
identifying potentially hazardous buildings. Buildings identified
by this procedure must be analyzed in more detail by an experienced
seismic design professional. Because rapid visual screening is
designed to be performed from the street, with interior inspection
not always possible, hazardous details will not always be visible,
and seismically hazardous buildings may not be identified as such.
Conversely, buildings initially identified as potentially hazardous
by RVS may prove to be adequate.
Recent earthquakes around the world show a pattern of steadily
increasing damages and losses that are due primarily to two
factors: (1) significant growth in earthquake-prone urban areas and
(2) vulnerability of the older building stock, including buildings
constructed within the past 20 years. In the United States,
earthquake risk has grown substantially with development while the
earthquake hazard has remained relatively constant. Understanding
the hazard requires studying earthquake characteristics and locales
in which they occur while understanding the risk requires an
assessment of the potential damage to the built environment and to
the welfare of people - especially in high risk areas. Estimating
the varying degree of earthquake risk throughout the United States
is useful for informed decision-making on mitigation policies,
priorities, strategies, and funding levels in the public and
private sectors. For example, potential losses to new buildings may
be reduced by applying seismic design codes and using specialized
construction techniques. However, decisions to spend money on
either of those solutions require evidence of risk. In the absence
of a nationally accepted criterion and methodology for comparing
seismic risk across regions, a consensus on optimal mitigation
approaches has been difficult to reach. While there is a good
understanding of high risk areas such as Los Angeles, there is also
growing recognition that other regions such as New York City and
Boston have a low earthquake hazard but are still at high risk of
significant damage and loss. This high risk level reflects the
dense concentrations of buildings and infrastructure in these areas
constructed without the benefit of modern seismic design
provisions. In addition, mitigation policies and practices may not
have been adopted because the earthquake risk was not clearly
demonstrated and the value of using mitigation measures in reducing
that risk may not have been understood. This study highlights the
impacts of both high risk and high exposure on losses caused by
earthquakes. It is based on loss estimates generated by
HAZUS(r)-MH, a geographic information system (GIS)-based earthquake
loss estimation tool developed by the Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) in cooperation with the National Institute of
Building Sciences (NIBS). The HAZUS tool provides a method for
quantifying future earthquake losses. It is national in scope,
uniform in application, and comprehensive in its coverage of the
built environmen
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