The players' strike and owners' lockout in 1994 and 1995 brought the game under great scrutiny, revealing a side of baseball that is not admirable, honorable or enjoyable. Nor is this darker side of ""America's Favorite Pastime"" a recent development. The majority of problems in today's major leagues are a continuation of ills that have plagued organized baseball since its inception. This book examines the business of baseball, addressing its most significant problems and proposing solutions. It covers some of major league baseball's greatest players and their effect on the business. Among the many topics analyzed are the roles of franchise owners, commissioners, and players' unions in organized baseball. The book also examines major league ballparks and baseball fans, and considers how they are relevant to baseball as a game and a business.

Global Sport Business: The Community Impact of Commercial Sport involves a range of pressing issues that come with the arrival of sport as a commodity in the world economy. It can be argued that, throughout the past two centuries, sport has always been recognized as both a frivolous pursuit of spending leisure time with friends and family, and as an activity that has substantial commercial value to be mined by entrepreneurs. However, only during the most recent wave of globalization, spurred by technological advancements that have led to achieving global reach in regard to potential customers, has sport entered a global marketplace that offers tremendous financial rewards for those who manage to control international sport organizations and events. In this book, global sport business is viewed from a number of different perspectives including a value chain approach to describing the sport industry; the ever increasing impact of the international media on sport business; how globalization influences the style of (sport) management; how social capital can be generated through sport business; and the emergence of social sport business. Overall, the different contributors to the book reflect on how sport's global (and as such commercial) attractiveness can, and often will impact locally, on communities of people and individuals. This book was published as a special issue of Sport in Society.

Sports development has become a prominent concern within both the academic study of sport and within the organisation and administration of sport. Now available in paperback, the Routledge Handbook of Sports Development is the first book to comprehensively map the wide-ranging territory of sports development as an activity and as a policy field, and to offer a definitive survey of current academic knowledge and professional practice. Spanning the whole spectrum of activity in sports development, from youth sport and mass participation to the development of elite athletes, the book identifies and defines the core functions of sports development, exploring the interface between sports development and cognate fields such as education, coaching, community welfare and policy. The book presents important new studies of sports development around the world, illustrating the breadth of practice within and between countries, and examines the most important issues facing practitioners within sports development today, from child protection to partnership working. With unparalleled depth and breadth of coverage, the Routledge Handbook of Sports Development is the definitive guide to policy, practice and research in sports development. It is essential reading for all students, researchers and professionals with an interest in this important and rapidly evolving discipline.

Performing arts centers (PACs) are an integral part of the cultural and creative industries, significantly influencing the cultural, social, and economic vitality of communities around the world. Virtually all PACs are community-based and serve the public interest, whether structured as a public, nonprofit, for-profit, or hybrid entity. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the important community role of performing arts centers, especially those that mainly host and present work produced by other arts organizations. This gap is startling, given the ubiquitous presence of PACs in urban centers, small communities, as well as colleges and universities. This co-edited reference book provides valuable information at the intersection of theory and practice in the professional field of executive leadership of performing arts centers. Drawing on the expertise of leading academics, consultants, and executives, this book focuses on institutions and practices in the United States, and is contextualized within additional fields such as cultural planning, urban revitalization, and economic development. Performing Arts Center Management aims to provide valuable theoretical, conceptual, empirical, and practice-based information to current and future leaders in creative and cultural industries management. It serves as a unique reference for researchers, university students, civic leaders, urban planners, public venue managers, and arts administrators aspiring to improve or advance their work in successfully managing performing arts centers.

This book draws on literature, specifically on the writings of selected novelists and poets to widen an existing anti-sport discourse to include hitherto excluded voices from the world of literature. The book commences with a review of exiting pro- and anti-sport discourses and then proceeds to examine, in turn, the written works of five eminent authors, excavating from their writings their anti-sports rhetorics. These writers are Lewis Carroll (Charles Dodgson), Charles Hamilton Sorley, Jerome K. Jerome, John Betjeman and Alan Sillitoe. In its conclusion, the book draws together the broad themes discussed in the preceding chapters. Innovative in its approach to sport and literature and remarkable for its not having been previously explored in any depth, this book will be of interest to readers from both social sciences and humanities backgrounds.

During the 1990s the gambling industry transformed its image by referring to itself as the 'gaming industry'. While critics of the industry scoffed at this transformation as merely a meaningless name change, it has had profound effects on the business and public policies that face the newly transformed gaming industry.The book is divided into three parts. The first part focuses on the historical and cultural forces that have shaped the new gaming industry. Emphasis is placed on the two types of games (agon - games of skill, and alea - games of chance). It is shown that the types of games a society embraces have a significant impact on whether gambling is permitted to enter the mainstream of the entertainment industry. The second part of the book analyzes how each segment (pari-mutuel betting, lotteries and casinos) competes in the new industry. The political and social implications of gaming are the focus of the final part, which concludes with a series of recommendations that will enable the industry, public policy officials and anti-gambling activists to construct policies that mitigate some of the problems associated with gambling. The book will be of particular interest to students, practitioners and scholars in public policy. It will also be pertinent to readers in economics, political science and business.

The aim of politicians is to attract new investment to their city or region in order to develop infrastructure such as telecommunications, transportation, housing or even sport and entertainment facilities. Sporting events are also intended to achieve intangible ends such as a better image, more know-how, stronger networks, emotional commitment and additional cultural benefits and enhanced identity. All these so called 'event structures' can improve sites in a city/region by strengthening certain location factors. They may improve general living conditions in the longer term and also boost the income of citizens by attracting new businesses, tourists, conventions or new events. Finally they may foster economic growth at the city, regional or national level. This collection is of particular interest for anyone who intends to enter a bidding process for a major sporting event. It offers the host of an event a good introduction to the potential ways to generate economic benefits and will enhance understanding of the economics behind major sporting events. This book was previously published as a special issue of European Sport Management Quarterly

Design for Outdoor Recreation takes a detailed look at all aspects of design of facilities needed by visitors to outdoor recreation destinations. The book is a comprehensive manual for planners, designers and managers of recreation taking them through the processes of design and enabling them to find the most appropriate balance between visitor needs and the capacity of the landscape. A range of different aspects are covered including car parking, information signing, hiking, waterside activities, wildlife watching and camping.
This second edition incorporates new examples from overseas, including Australia, New Zealand, Japan and Eastern Europe as well as focusing on more current issues such as accessibility and the changing demands for recreational use.

Entertainment studies are an important emerging subject in tourism, and this introductory textbook provides a detailed overview of the entertainment industry discipline in order to prepare students for roles such as promoters, festival managers and technical support workers. Covering key aspects of entertainment by profiling individual sectors, each chapter is written by an expert working in the field and covers the history and background, products and segmentation, contemporary issues, micro and macro business, environmental influences, detailed case studies and future directions of that sector. It will be an essential text for undergraduate students in entertainment management, events management and related tourism subjects.

This book draws on literature, specifically on the writings of selected novelists and poets to widen an existing anti-sport discourse to include hitherto excluded voices from the world of literature.

The book commences with a review of exiting pro- and anti-sport discourses and then proceeds to examine, in turn, the written works of five eminent authors, excavating from their writings their anti-sports rhetorics. These writers are Lewis Carroll (Charles Dodgson), Charles Hamilton Sorley, Jerome K. Jerome, John Betjeman and Alan Sillitoe. In its conclusion, the book draws together the broad themes discussed in the preceding chapters.

Innovative in its approach to sport and literature and remarkable for its not having been previously explored in any depth, this book will be of interest to readers from both social sciences and humanities backgrounds.

Olympic Tourism is the first text to focus on the nature of Olympic tourism and the potential for the Olympic Games to generate tourism in the run up to and long after the hosting of a Games. The awarding of the 2012 Olympics to London will see an increasing interest in the phenomena of organising, managing and analysing the issues which surround mega-event sport tourism. This text will address these issues and using detailed case analysis of previous and future games, discuss how to maximise the success of managing tourism at these events. Written from an international perspective this text provides the reader with:
* An exploration of the relationship between sport, tourism and the Olympic Games
* A guide on how to establish Olympic tourism as a phenomenon that goes far beyond the visits of spectators, athletes, officials and dignitaries during the Games themselves.
* An examination of the detail of Olympic tourism flows before, during and after the Games
* Analysis of the requisite partnerships between a range of sport, tourism, Olympic and other agencies to successfully leverage and deliver maximum tourism benefits
* The tools to draw lessons from case studies of previous and forthcoming winter and summer Olympic Games in the 21st Century
* A discussion of the potential tourism legacies of the Olympic Games
The World Tourism Organisation and International Olympic Committee hosted a major international conference on sport and tourism in Barcelona, Spain (February 2001). This conference represented a defining moment in the growing recognition of the relationship between sport and tourism, and specifically in the recognition of the role the Olympic Games can playin tourism generation. The conference represented official recognition of the tourism potential of sport and the Olympic Games by these leading international organisations. Olympic Tourism is a timely response to this international interest and will be an essential resource for all.
* Examines both the impacts of the pre- and post-games periods and the key aspects of policy, planning and strategy required to effectively maximise Olympic tourism
* Underpinned by established theoretical perspectives from tourism and sports tourism it explores the relationship between sport, tourism and the Olympic Games
* Case studies based on cutting edge research in the field, draw lessons from the most recent and forthcoming Olympics

Sport Startups: New Advances in Entrepreneurship examines the global growth of startup enterprises in the sports sector and addresses how they contribute to new developments in business innovation and entrepreneurship. Highlighting the unique challenges faced by startups in this sector, Vanessa Ratten explores approaches to business model development, branding and marketing, and the utilization of new technologies to build successful enterprises, underpinning her study with a clear theoretical framework rooted in institutional theory. Sport Startups is one of the first books to specifically focus on the role of startups in sport. Analyzing the inherent start-up aspect of the sporting sector, due to the combination of profit and non-profit ties, which means that many sport enterprises are developed as new start-up business ventures as they link in with the community. The book foregrounds how startups in sport are vital in developing a better global society that emphasizes the role of health and fitness in communities. Sport Startups will be illuminating reading for all scholars of innovation, entrepreneurship, sports management and business studies.

This Reader provides comprehensive coverage of the scholarly literature in sports tourism. Divided into four parts, each prefaced by a substantial introduction from the editor, it presents the key themes, state of the art research and new conceptual thinking in sports tourism studies. Topics covered include: understanding the sports tourist impacts of sports tourism policy and management considerations for sports tourism approaches to research in sports tourism Articles cover a broad range of the new research that has a bearing on sports tourism and include diverse areas such as the economic analysis of sports events, sub-cultures in sports tourism, adventure tourism and tourism policy.

There is no area of business that is more dramatically affected by the explosion of web-based services delivered to computers, PDAs and mobile phones than the film and television industries. The web is creating radical new ways of marketing and delivering television and film content; one that draws in not simply traditional broadcasters and producers but a whole new range of organizations such as news organizations, web companies and mobile phone service providers. This companion volume to Andrew Sparrow's Music Distribution and the Internet: A Legal Guide for the Music Business focuses on the practical application of UK and EU law as it applies to the distribution of television and film through the internet. This includes terms of contract and copyright as they affect studios, broadcasters, sales agents, distributors, internet service providers, film financiers, and online film retailers; as well as areas such as the licensing of rights. It also covers the commercial aspects of delivering film and television services to a customer base, including engaging with new content platforms, strategic agreements with content aggregators, protecting and exploiting intellectual property rights, data and consumer protection, and payment, online marketing and advertising. The opportunities for companies operating in this area are extraordinary (as are the legal implications) and Andrew Sparrow's highly practical guide provides an excellent starting point for navigating through what is a complex area of regulation, contract, copyright and consumer law.

The sociology and cultural analysis of sport is a compulsory element of all sports studies and some sports science degrees at the introductory level as well as a key component of PE. The number of students taking a sports related course at undegraduate level continues to grow every year. Library budgets are being cut and photocopying laws are being sharpened up so gaining access to key texts is becoming increasingly difficult for students.

As early as the 1880s, baseball owners and sportswriters were decrying the greediness of players as the leading threat to the national pastime. Nearly a century later in 1976, the Player's Association was able to finally tear down baseball's permanent reserve clause?the contract language that essentially bound a player to a single team until he was released or traded?and owners and sportswriters again insisted that the competitive balance of the game was threatened by player greed. The rhetoric from the baseball establishment did not match the on-field reality. From 1981 to 1993, the first significant era of free agency in the sport's history, all 12 of the National League's teams finished first at least once, as did 11 American League teams. From 1994 through 2001, however, there was a pronounced separation in strength between the haves and have-nots, as the local revenue streams of major markets such as New York and Boston overwhelmed the capabilities of small market franchises in such cities as Tampa, Montreal, and Milwaukee. This work examines how the sport has prospered and suffered during the free agency era, based in large part on how the game's various revenue streams are allocated. It further examines the revenue sharing plan in baseball's current collective bargaining agreement, identifying flaws that may well undermine its long-term effectiveness. It also explores how the baseball expertise of some organizations has allowed them to flourish despite the lack of revenue.

Football is arguably one of the most important sports in the world, and the marketing of football has become an increasingly important issue, as clubs and product owners need to generate more revenue from the sport. In a wider context, football marketing has also become a benchmarking standard for other sports to learn from worldwide. The practices and processes of such an established industry are important lessons for those sports which are yet to maximise on their potential earnings, and provide interesting lessons in sports marketing in general.
Marketing and Football: an international approach is the first book to provide a comprehensive and entirely global approach to this subject. Written by an international team of contributors who are keen researchers in the field, it examines in two parts: the study of football marketing in Europe and the development of a marketing dedicated to football, with the question of the European example being used worldwide. A ground breaking text, it provides the reader with:
* Contributions from the UK, Norway, France, Italy, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Finland, Scotland, Brazil, Japan, USA, Canada, Argentina, Korea and Australia
* Interviews with professional sports marketers representing some of the biggest clubs worldwide: Juventus Turin, FC Barcelona, Milan AC, Inter Milan, AS Rome, Olympique Lyonnais, Vicenza, SE Palmeiras, Atletico Mineiro, Atletico PR
Marketing and Football: an international approach is a seminal text which will pave the way for future academics and practitioners to work, it is the first book to discuss and move towards a marketing dedicated to football.
* The first and only book ever published on theMarketing of Football
* Written by a team of international and well renowned contributors
* Every chapter includes an interview with a practitioner of football marketing, for insider insight

Cricket, law and the meaning of life ...

In a readable, informed and absorbing discussion of cricketa (TM)s defining controversies a " bodyline, chucking, ball-tampering, sledging, walking and the use of technology, among many others a " David Fraser explores the ambiguities of law and social order in cricket.

Cricket and the Law charts the interrelationship between cricket and legal theory a " between the law of the game and the law of our lives a " and demonstrates how cricketa (TM)s cultural conventions can escape the confines of the game to carry far broader social meanings.

This engaging study will be enjoyed by lawyers, students of culture and cricket lovers everywhere.

Sport, and in particular the sporting environment, has undergone significant changes in recent decades. The social significance and commercialization of sport; the use of new technologies and organizational structures; and the involvement of various stakeholders matter more today than ever before. This book addresses the key influence of stakeholders in particular on the activities of sports organizations, taking into account certain territorial differences around the world, but also within Europe. The authors explain the key characteristics of the management of sports organizations as opposed to other organizations. These include the strategic management and setting of long-term goals such as sporting success, sustainable funding, youth training, and community building. The authors present a strategic model for these goals and stakeholders in the context of sport, together with research-based case studies in which the critical factors in the strategic management of successful and unsuccessful sports organizations are identified.

Find out how the ways we live and work are changing the ways in which we play! As populations grow and urbanization increases, social class, income, and ethnicity are influencing where and when people travel. The Tourism and Leisure Industry: Shaping the Future gives you the knowledge and skills you need to keep your business on top of this competitive field. An essential read for all leisure and tourism experts, this book analyzes and explains demographics, global supply and demand, globalization, intercultural behavior, and mobility to help you forecast future consumer needs. This insightful book also predicts new markets and products to help you tailor your business to the tourism and leisure trends of the next generation. The Tourism and Leisure Industry: Shaping the Future evaluates traditional leisure time activities, such as theme parks and sporting events as well as the fastest growing activities, such as leisure-based wellness resorts. Find out what the populations of different countries are expecting from their free time in terms of temporal aspects, benefits, and location. Get up-to-date advice on information technology and see how it will be changing the way you do business. The Tourism and Leisure Industry: Shaping the Future focuses on a variety of factors impacting tourism today, including: changes in social values intercultural technology races changed economic market conditions changing lifestyle trends population growth networked economies the growing market for senior travelers The Tourism and Leisure Industry: Shaping the Future is your contemporary guide to the next steps in the evolution of tourism and leisure. Filled with tables and figures to help you organize and understand the information it presents, this book is easy to read yet suitable for any expert in the leisure field. With case studies, research reports, and extensive bibliographies, it is a vital resource for destination managers, consultants, and teachers alike.

Sports marketing is one of the fastest growing areas of marketing communication. This book advances understanding in this emerging area. It presents sports marketing in a scholarly and comprehensive way, covering major topics of discussion in sports marketing and the psychology of communication. Several new, innovative topics are introduced, such as SportNEST and consumption communities, and many classic topics are brought up to date, including sponsorship, ambush marketing, identification, endorsements, basking in reflected glory, and licensing. Many of the topics that seem to center around sports show up as well, such as sneakers, ethics, risky behavior, and even investments. Utilizing a psychological approach to understanding sports marketing, first-rate authors discuss the most important topics. The book covers all major topics of sports marketing, including: sponsorship from several different perspectives--the major force in sports marketing; ambush marketing--how non-sponsors seek to reap the benefits without paying the price; and licensing--using the sale of items, such as T-shirts to increase profit and marketing.

Contents:
Aborigines; back-country; back-packing; barriers; camping; Canada Land Inventory (CLI); capability; dance; day trip; decentralization; decision making; Declaration on Leisure and Globalization; degradation; deindustrialization; delphi method; demand; demarketing; democracy; demography; density; deregulation; desert; ecological determinism; ecological economics; ecologically sustainable development; ecology; ecomuseum; economic development; economic impacts ; economic rationalism see neo-liberal economics; economics; economies of scale; ecoresort; ecosystem; fads; gambling; game theory; gardening; gay; gaze; gender; gentrification; geographic information systems (GIS); geography; ghetto; global warming; globalization; goals; goals achievement matrices; government; Grand Tour; gravity model; green movement; greenhouse effect; greenspace; grid approach; handicapped; hazards; health; health resort; hegemony; heliocentrism; heritage; heterosexual; identity; ideology; image; immigrants; impacts, economic; impacts, physical; impacts, social; imperialism; inclusion; indicators; indigenous people; individualism; induced demand; journals (in leisure and outdoor recreation); labour (see work), labour force (see work force); land tenure; landholders; landscape; landscape assessment; landscape quality; latent demand; marina; marine recreation; market; market analysis; market failure; market segmentation; market system/mechanism; marketing; Marx/Marxist; masculinity; mass communication; mass recreation; materialism; matrix approach; narcissism; nation state; national parks; National Parks Service, United States; National Recreation and Parks Association (NRPA); nationalism; nature; nature conservation; nature-based recreation; nature-based tourism; need; neighbourhood parks; neo-liberal economics (economic rationalism); nominal group technique; non-government organizations (NGOs); non-profit organizations; nudism; objectives, recreational; off-road vehicles; Olympic Games (and Olympism); open space; opportunity ; package holiday; Paralympics; parks; participation; partnerships; pay TV; perception; performance indicators; personality; pets; phenomenology; philosophy; pilgrimage; place; place identity; planning; qualitative research methods; quality management; quality of life; quantitative research method; queer; questionnaire; racism; rationality; recreation; recreation management; Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS); recreation property; recreation resources; recreation space; Recreational Business District (RBD); regulation; religion; reprography; resilience; resistance; resort; resort morphology; resource assessment; resource base; resource capability; safety; satisfaction; scenic quality; scheduling; seasonality ; second homes; segregation; self-actualization; self-esteem; self-regulation; sense of place; serious leisure; service; sex; tastes; technology; television; theatre; theme parks; therapeutic recreation; Third World; Ultimate Environmental Threshold (UET); unemployment; UNESCO; United States Forest Service; urban parks; urban recreation; user-orientated resources; vacation; valuation; values; vandalism; wants; xenophobia; youth; youth at risk; zoning; zoo

The last 20 years have brought remarkable growth and change to the sporting goods industry. The term ""sporting goods"" once comprised only equipment like golf clubs, basketballs and tennis rackets. With the recent explosion in apparel and footwear sales, though, the industry has moved far beyond equipment manufacture. Skyrocketing marketing budgets have resulted in top-name athletic endorsements and relentless branding, and athletic companies' logos are now easily among the most recognizable corporate trademarks in world. This work, both a valuable text for students and an indispensable handbook for professionals, offers insight into every major function of the sporting goods industry. Chapters cover the development of the industry; the industry's structure and size; manufacturers' products and market shares; channels of distribution; sports medicine and product liability; sports marketing, including licensing, endorsement and sponsorship; the use of traditional media and market research; sales trends and profitability; and e-commerce. Each chapter includes discussion questions and exercises. Appendices provide directories of sporting goods vendors, retailers, and multi-sport media and trade associations.

The global health and fitness industry is worth an estimated $4 trillion. We spend $90 billion each year on health club memberships and $100 billion each year on dietary supplements. In such an industrial climate, lax regulations on the products we are sold (supplements, fad-diets, training programs, gadgets, and garments) result in marketing campaigns underpinned by strong claims and weak evidence. Moreover, our critical faculties are ill-suited to a culture characterized by fake news, social media, misinformation, and bad science. We have become walking, talking prey to 21st-Century Snake Oil salesmen. In The Skeptic's Guide to Sports Science, Nicholas B. Tiller confronts the claims behind the products and the evidence behind the claims. The author discusses what might be wrong with the sales pitch, the glossy magazine advert, and the celebrity endorsements that our heuristically-wired brains find so innately attractive. Tiller also explores the appeal of the one quick fix, the fallacious arguments that are a mainstay of product advertising, and the critical steps we must take in retraining our minds to navigate the pitfalls of the modern consumerist culture. This informative and accessible volume pulls no punches in scrutinizing the plausibility of, and evidence for, the most popular sports products and practices on the market. Readers are encouraged to confront their conceptualizations of the industry and, by the book's end, they will have acquired the skills necessary to independently judge the effectiveness of sports-related products. This treatise on the commercialization of science in sport and exercise is a must-read for exercisers, athletes, students, and practitioners who hope to retain their intellectual integrity in a lucrative health and fitness industry that is spiraling out-of-control.

Countryside recreation has become an increasingly popular leisure activity, with rural recreation offering an escape from the stresses of life in the modern city. Consequently, the pressures on managers of countryside recreation sites are greater than ever before. This important new vocational text offers comprehensive guidance on the management of countryside sites of all types, from national parks and heritage coasts to cycle paths and tourism enterprises.
The book takes a innovative marketing-driven approach to the subject, focusing on the development of each site as a 'product' to meet the needs of the leisure 'consumer'. It offers step-by-step guidance to every management issue, from developing infrastructure to on-site health and safety, and is richly supported with diagrams, photographs, case studies and web-links. Countryside Recreation Site Management is an essential resource for ND, HND and degree students studying courses in Countryside Management, Countryside Recreation and Leisure and Tourism and useful for professionals with responsibility for the management of countryside recreation sites.