Exploring Nanosyntax provides the first in-depth introduction to the framework of nanosyntax, which originated in the early 2000s as a formal theory of language within Principles and Parameters framework. Deploying a radical implementation of the cartographic "one feature - one head" maxim, the framework provides a fine-grained decomposition of morphosyntactic structure, laying bare the building blocks of the universal functional sequence. This volume makes three contributions: First, it presents the framework's constitutive tools and principles, and explains how nanosyntax relates to cartography and to Distributed Morphology. Second, it illustrates how nanosyntactic tools and principles can be applied to a range of empirical domains of natural language. In doing so, the volume provides a range of detailed crosslinguistic investigations which uncover novel empirical data and which contribute to a better understanding of the functional sequence. Third, specific problems are raised and discussed and new theoretical strands internal to the nanosyntactic framework are explored. Bringing together original contributions by senior and junior researchers in the field, Exploring Nanosyntax offers the first all-encompassing view of this promising framework, making its methodology and exciting results accessible to a wide audience.

Stan Malles and Jeff McQuain have written this brief, yet very important glossary in the spirit of E.D. Hirsch's bestselling Cultural Literacy. Here is a dictionary of basic terms for literature, composition, and grammar that every American, no matter their age, needs to know. Perfect for home and classroom use, The Elements of English is simple to use, unintimidating to read and easy to understand. Each area of language arts is divided into its own section, and a comprehensive index is also included. Each entry is concise, yet explained very clearly. Examples are listed to illustrate meanings, as are reminders, hints, and tips that further define and elucidate the terms. The Elements of English has been used very successfully in classrooms across the country. This revised and expanded edition includes new entries plus three additional appendices. This is a little book that fills a big need, and it deserves a wide distribution and readership.

The home of trusted French dictionaries for everyday language learning. An up-to-date easy-reference French to English and English to French Collins dictionary and a user-friendly grammar guide in one handy volume. A clear layout, cultural notes and an easy-to-use, revised grammar section make this the ideal French reference for intermediate learners. Designed for all intermediate learners of French, whether at school, at home, or for business. 96,000 references and 120,000 translations will help those learning French take their language skills to the next level. This edition has been revised and updated to offer extensive and relevant coverage of today's English and French, with thousands of phrases and examples guiding the user to the most appropriate translation. A comprehensive grammar guide presents detailed examples and translations to help users to understand French grammar - the perfect complement to the dictionary. The clear Collins typography gives the text a contemporary feel, and along with the new alphabet tabs, ensures that users find the information they need quickly and easily.

Writing in plain language is not something they teach in you school. But it is an art and a science, and you can learn how to do it and apply it-how to write for results. This book provides a step-by-step, example-filled guide to the critical aspects of writing in plain English-plain language-the type of writing people understand and to which they respond favorably. Not many people refuse to read a newspaper because it is "too easy," but lots of people avoid technical publications and barbecue grill instructions because they are "too hard" or unintelligible. Good writers are made, not born. The examples and information in this book will guide you along the process of becoming one of those "good" writers...and you may even find yourself looking forward to your next writing project.

Writing in plain language is not something they teach in you school. But it is an art and a science, and you can learn how to do it and apply it-how to write for results. This book provides a step-by-step, example-filled guide to the critical aspects of writing in plain English-plain language-the type of writing people understand and to which they respond favorably. Not many people refuse to read a newspaper because it is "too easy," but lots of people avoid technical publications and barbecue grill instructions because they are "too hard" or unintelligible. Good writers are made, not born. The examples and information in this book will guide you along the process of becoming one of those "good" writers...and you may even find yourself looking forward to your next writing project.

The main purpose of the book is to demonstrate that as early as the first phase of his activity (386-393 AD), Augustine did make use of some Origenian works, and that basic elements of his early theology were derived from the Alexandrian master.

This innovative volume offers a comprehensive account of the study of language change in verb meaning in the history of the English language. Integrating both the author's previous body of work and new research, the book explores the complex dynamic between linguistic structures, morphosyntactic and semantics, and the conceptual domain of meaning, employing a consistent theoretical treatment for analyzing different classes of predicates. Building on this analysis, each chapter connects the implications of these findings from diachronic change with data from language acquisition, offering a unique perspective on the faculty of language and the cognitive system. In bringing together a unique combination of theoretical approaches to provide an in-depth analysis of the history of diachronic change in verb meaning, this book is a key resource to researchers in historical linguistics, theoretical linguistics, psycholinguistics, language acquisition, and the history of English.

Enhance your vocabulary in just 15 minutes a day with 1100 Words You Need to Know. Relied on by students for 50 years! Over the years, thousands of students preparing for the SAT, ACT, GRE, and other standardized tests have relied on 1100 Words You Need to Know as an ideal way to strengthen their word power. With this brand-new edition, test prep expert Richard Carriero provides a fully updated and invaluable resource for students-or for anyone who wants to boost their vocabulary. 1100 Words You Need to Know features a weekly program with six words to learn each day and one day for review. With just 15 minutes a day, you'll learn everything you need to improve your reading, writing, and speaking skills. This fully revised edition includes: Word lists with definitions in all new thematic grouping Helpful tips on word roots Updated words in context exercises, activities, and quizzes throughout An updated pronunciation guide Online Practice Continue your practice with 3 online quizzes plus scoring to test your progress

Published in 1969 and in print ever since, this was the first specialist collection of tongue twisters and is still a great tool for warming up and improving general articulation.

Punctuation Revisited is an advanced, comprehensive guide to the importance of punctuation in conveying meaning and augmenting the power of a message. Richard Kallan provides guidance on how to structure sentences accurately and in a manner that enhances their readability and rhetorical appeal. This book discusses in fine detail not just when and how to employ specific punctuation marks, but the rationale behind them. It also notes when the major academic style manuals differ in their punctuation advice. These unique features are designed to benefit beginning, intermediate, and advanced students of standard punctuation practice. Punctuation Revisited is a wonderful resource for students of composition and writing, an essential read for writing center tutors and faculty, as well as the perfect addition to anyone's professional library.

Punctuation Revisited is an advanced, comprehensive guide to the importance of punctuation in conveying meaning and augmenting the power of a message. Richard Kallan provides guidance on how to structure sentences accurately and in a manner that enhances their readability and rhetorical appeal. This book discusses in fine detail not just when and how to employ specific punctuation marks, but the rationale behind them. It also notes when the major academic style manuals differ in their punctuation advice. These unique features are designed to benefit beginning, intermediate, and advanced students of standard punctuation practice. Punctuation Revisited is a wonderful resource for students of composition and writing, an essential read for writing center tutors and faculty, as well as the perfect addition to anyone's professional library.

Boost your language skills with this exciting and new workbook for Intermediate Japanese! This companion workbook to Intermediate Japanese is the perfect guide for practicing conversational Japanese and written Japanese. Following in the footsteps of Tuttle's successful Beginning Japanese Workbook, this book is designed to complete the requirements for the Advanced Placement (AP) Japanese exam. It is suitable for self-study as well as classroom use and has accompanying audio resources designed to improve the reader's pronunciation and listening skills. Intermediate Japanese Workbook includes: Dialogues for contextual learning and practice Translation exercises to reinforce Japanese characters (Kanji and Hiragana) Reading comprehension exercises, questions, and prompts Extensive vocabulary and grammar, games and activities to reinforce learning 125 new Kanji (a cumulative total of 300 with the Beginning Japanese Workbook). Developed by Japanese language experts and experienced high-school Japanese teachers, it includes practice activities for reading, writing, speaking, listening and understanding Japanese. The activities are varied and interesting, mirroring the textbook, and they help you polish every aspect of your Japanese language skills. Written activities center around practicing writing kanji, hiragana, and katakana in the context of the textbook. Whether you're learning Japanese for fun, preparing for a Japanese proficiency exam, want to achieve AP or IB level competency, or just want to get an A in Japanese class, the Intermediate Japanese series is your key to becoming a confident Japanese-speaker. All exercises are designed to be used along with the Intermediate Japanese textbook but can also be used independently to supplement any other Japanese language textbook. The content is carefully aligned with ACTFL National Standards, making this a valuable and practical resource for any learner.

First published in 1986, this book examines the changing patterns in English usage and style. It encourages a constructive attitude to language, demonstrating the creative resources of grammar, discussing in detail the options of written style, and challenging the authoritarian spirit that inhibits usage. The central chapters are concerned with written usage, and pay close attention to questions of syntax and punctuation. The sense of writing, however, is always related to speech, and the value of usage as a social act is emphasised in the exploration of style as an individual function. Technical terms are explained and the text is illustrated with examples from literature and journalism.

Nearly half a century has passed since Hymes proposed the concept of communicative competence to describe the knowledge and skills required for the appropriate use of language in a social context. During these decades, a number of scholars have applied and refined this concept. In language education, communicative competence has been identified as a major objective of learning. This book will inform readers about communicative competence as a highly complex construct encompassing an array of sub-competencies such as linguistic skills and proficiencies, knowledge of socio-cultural and socio-pragmatic codes, and the ability to engage in textual and conversational discourse. Findings from research in related disciplines have pointed to the significance of factors that can contribute to the attainment of communicative competence. Various teaching practices and relevant Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools will be also introduced and discussed to achieve communicative competence as a complex ability. It is a timely contribution to current research on key areas in the teaching, learning and acquisition of second/foreign languages.

This absorbing collection of metaphors includes a variety of expressions with figurative meanings, like similes, proverbs, slang and catchphrases. It is the result of a lifetime of work on dialect and metaphor and gives an overview of the folk wisdom expressed in figurative expressions. The author draws on his extensive contact with the rural cultures of Dorset, Cornwall, Yorkshire and Lancashire, but has also included a range of sayings from North America, Australia, Scotland and other English speaking countries. With revised contents and an improved index to make individual entries easier to find, the Concise can be used to check the meaning and the origin of an expression or to avoid mixed metaphors, anachronisms and incongruities. It is a joy to browse long after your original query has been answered.

The home of trusted Italian dictionaries for everyday language learning. An up-to-date easy-reference Italian to English and English to Italian Collins dictionary and a user-friendly grammar guide in one handy volume. A clear layout, cultural notes and an easy-to-use, revised grammar section make this the ideal Italian reference for intermediate learners. Designed for all intermediate learners of Italian, whether at school, at home, or for business. 90,000 references and 120,000 translations will help those learning Italian take their language skills to the next level. This edition has been revised and updated to offer extensive and relevant coverage of today's English and Italian with thousands of phrases and examples guiding the user to the most appropriate translation. A comprehensive grammar guide presents detailed examples and translations to help users to understand Italian grammar - the perfect complement to the dictionary. The clear Collins typography gives the text a contemporary feel, and along with the new alphabet tabs, ensures that users find the information they need quickly and easily.

English: An Essential Grammar is written specifically for native speakers, beginning with the basics and going on to deal with phrase, clause and sentence structure, word formation and spelling. This fully revised third edition features new material on: the structure of phrases and clauses light verbs nominal adjectives the Operator preposition to and infinitival to the four thats determiners, prepositions, and common errors With new exercises and answers for all new sections, this Essential Grammar continues to be the ideal reference for anyone who would like to improve their knowledge of English grammar.

This book examines the role of computers in language learning and teaching in higher education. In particular, it considers the pedagogical and practical value of designing a language-learning environment around computer technology. Whereas considerable research has already been undertaken in analysing the value of individual computer tools and packages (such as e-mail), the study gives a broad appraisal of their individual and collective value, without being too exhaustive. Using quantitative and qualitative data, based on research visits to three universities, Ulster, Cambridge and Toronto, this study provides examples of effective practice in the area of the exploitation of Information and Communication Technology for language learning and teaching. It draws on the experience of these three institutions, as well as the findings of current literature in this area, in order to establish a set of essential criteria that institutions need to meet when creating a computer-based environment. Although these criteria are based on experience with language-learning environments, they are essentially generic in nature and may be applied to other computer-based learning environments.

This book describes the historical development of the Polish and English lingua legis. The intention is to point out the major differences between the legal realities, which significantly affect the process of translation. Secondly, the following characteristic features of lingua legis, concerning the level of words and syntagmas, are touched upon: vocabulary used in lingua legis including technical and semi-technical terms, conservatism of legal texts (Latin and Latinisms; synonymous strings, archaic adverbs etc.), borrowings, terms with non-precise meanings (the problem of indeterminacy), neologisms, euphemisms, vulgarisms, performative verbs, metaphors and religious elements, prepositional phrases, time expressions, compound nouns and the problems connected with nominalization, false cognates which cause major misunderstandings, and finally methods of providing translation equivalents. The problem of ambivalence is analysed as well. The problems connected with the Polish-English and English-Polish translation of the texts belonging to the following legal genres are examined: university diplomas and certificates, statutes, judgments, law reports, powers of attorney, petitions, contracts and deeds, testaments, birth, death and marriage certificates, and popular fiction.

From one of America's most influential writing teachers, a collection of 50 of the best writing strategies distilled from 50 writing and language books -- from Aristotle to Strunk and White. With so many excellent writing guides lining bookstore shelves, it can be hard to know where to look for the best advice. Should you go with Natalie Goldberg or Anne Lamott? Maybe William Zinsser or Donald Murray would be more appropriate. Then again, what about the classics -- Strunk and White, or even Aristotle himself? Thankfully, your search is over. In Murder Your Darlings, Roy Peter Clark, who for more than 30 years has been a beloved and revered writing teacher to children and Pulitzer prize-winners alike, has compiled a remarkable collection of 50 of the best writing tips from 50 of the best writing books of all time. With a chapter devoted to each piece of advice, Clark expands and contextualizes the original author's suggestions, and offers anecdotes about how each one helped him or other writers sharpen their skills. An invaluable resource for scribblers of all kinds, Murder Your Darlings is an inspiring and edifying ode to the craft of writing.

This study, first published in 1985, analyses aspects of the syntax of K'ekchi, a Mayan language spoken in Guatemala. Working in the framework of Relational Grammar, the author finds evidence for the constructions of Passive, Antipassive and 2-3 Retreat and provides formulations for the principles of Personal Agreement, Number Agreement, Nominal Case, and Aspect Marking. This title will be of interest to students of language and linguistics.