The subject of this study, first published in 1979, is the role of the complementizer in English syntax and its implications for syntactic theory. It is argued that the familiar transformational treatment of complementizers is inadequate, and that they must be specified in deep structure by means of a Phrase Structure rule. This title will be of interest to students of language and linguistics.

In this study the author not only comments on some of the important processes in the syntax of the Mojave language but also provides the reader with an introduction to a language whose grammar had, previous to the titles publication in 1976, never been described. This title will be of interest to students of language and linguistics.

First published in 1988, this book examines the aspects of pragmatic competence involving the class of preposing constructions in English. By limiting the scope of investigation to particular grammatical categories, the author argues previous studies have failed to capture significant pragmatic generalisations. The author asserts what distinguishes one preposing type from another are the semantic and pragmatic properties of the referent of that constituent. After a review of the past literature on preposing, the book goes on to present a pragmatic theory in which two discourse functions of preposing are proposed. It then provides a functional taxonomy of the various preposing types which the theory is designed to account for. One type of preposing, Topicalization, and two of its subtypes, Proposition Affirmation and Ironic Preposing, are discussed in detail in the subsequent chapters before the book concludes with a summary along with directions for future research.

Writing Well in the 21st Century: The Five Essentials provides students, career-builders, and professional writers with the basic elements needed for writing in the 21st century. The book fully explains and links the five essentials of good writing: 1.punctuation, 2.grammar, 3.fact-checking, 4.style, and 5.voice Throughout history technology has changed both language and writing. Today in the digital age, language and writing are changing at a phenomenal pace. Students, career-builders, and professional writers need this guide that reviews those changes and connects the essentials for creating good writing in the digital age. Writing Well in the 21st Century: The Five Essentials gives writers the tools needed today. Among other essentials, the book: .Resolves comma issues by explaining the Open and Close Punctuation systems. Writers select which system to use in their writing. .Clarifies active and passive voice verbs and advocates using strong, specific verbs in writing. .Provides guidelines for choosing credible online websites when searching for resources. .Examines attributes of essentials that contribute to a writing style and urges a critical review of verbs. .Connects elements that combine to create a voice in a written piece. Relevant and succinctly written, Writing Well in the 21st Century: The Five Essentials gives readers the basics they need to know to create well-written documents for school, work and in their professional writing."

The goal of foreign language teaching is expanding from communicative competence towards an intercultural action competence. Essential in the new orientation is the shift towards a more balanced emphasis between the external factors in the learning environment and the personal capacity, conceptions, beliefs and assumptions inside the learner's mind. As part of the changes, assessment is seen as an important means of enhancing the elearning processes, emphasising the role of refelctive self-assessment. The text explores and integrates the necessary knowledge base and practices in foreign language education in terms of the basic concepts of experiential learning, intercultural learning, autobiographical knowledge and teacher development, together with the philosophical underpinnings of foreign language education.

First published in 1984, this book was designed to benefit the foreign learner who wishes to grasp the essential basis of English stress so that he or she can go on to predict stress patterns in new words. It is aimed at teachers of English as a foreign language and helps them to communicate English stress effectively to their students. The book bridges the gap between books that are mainly anecdotal or abstract, practical or theoretical, or made up of lists or principles.

This is the International Edition of Understanding and Using English Grammar , Fifth Edition. This book is NOT to be sold in the United States. For nearly forty years, Understanding and Using English Grammar has been the go-to grammar resource for students and teachers alike. Its time-tested approach blends direct grammar instruction with carefully sequenced practice to develop all language skills. New to This Edition Pretests at the start of each chapter enable learners to check what they already know. Updated grammar charts reflect current usage and highlight differences between written and spoken English. A new chapter on article usage. A variety of high-interest readings include reviews, articles on current topics, and blogs that focus on student success. Additional incremental practice helps learners better grasp concepts, while thematic exercises and integrated tasks offer more contextualized language use. Step-by-step writing activities are supported by writing tips and pre-writing and editing tasks. MyEnglishLab (access code provided in the book) Rich online practice for all skill areas: grammar, reading, writing, speaking, and listening. Instant feedback and remediation. Grammar videos. Bonus material not included in the Student Book, including additional expanded practice of gerunds and infinitives. Robust assessments. Gradebook and diagnostic tools.

Packed with clear guidance on the nuts and bolts of grammar and plenty of examples, this text will help students master the fundamentals of English grammar and tackle written assignments with confidence. 60+ bite-sized units help students overcome common areas of difficulty, such as forming different tenses, using connectives to link ideas and build an argument, punctuating sentences and choosing the right words. Each unit is presented on a double-page spread, making it easy for students to flick through the book and quickly find the unit they need. Short, focused exercises at the end of each unit - with answers provided at the back of the book - make this text ideal for both self-study and classroom use. This 3rd edition contains four new units on hedging, being critical and collocation. Improve Your Grammar is an essential resource for students of all disciplines and levels wanting to excel at writing, and can be used as a self-study workbook or on tutor-led grammar modules.

In the light of Chinese prosody and various mutually illuminating major cases from the original English, Chinese, French, Japanese and German classical literary texts, the book explores the possibility of discovering "a road not taken" within the road well-trodden in literature. In an approach of "what Wittgenstein calls criss-crossing," this monographic study, the first ever of this nature, as Roger T. Ames points out in the Foreword, also emphasizes a pivotal "recognition that these Chinese values [revealed in the book] are immediately relevant to the Western narrative as well"; the book demonstrates, in other words, how such a "criss-crossing" approach would be unequivocally possible as long as our critical attention be adequately turned to or pivoted upon the "trivial" matters, a posteriori, in accordance with the live syntactic-prosodic context, such as pauses, stresses, phonemes, function words, or the at once text-enlivened and text-enlivening ambiguity of "parts of speech," which often vary or alter simultaneously according to and against any definitive definition or set category a priori. This issue pertains to any literary text across cultures because no literary text would ever be possible if it were not, for instance, literally enlivened by the otherwise overlooked "meaningless" function words or phonemes; the texts simultaneously also enliven these "meaningless" elements and often turn them surreptitiously into sometimes serendipitously meaningful and beautiful sea-change-effecting "les mots justes." Through the immeasurable and yet often imperceptible influences of these exactly "right words," our literary texts, such as a poem, could thus not simply "be" but subtly "mean" as if by mere means of its simple, rich, and naturally worded being, truly a special "word picture" of das Ding an sich. Describable metaphorically as "museum effect" and "symphonic tapestry," a special synaesthetic impact could also likely result from such les-mots-justes-facilitated subtle and yet phenomenal sea changes in the texts.

The subject of this study is the language of commerce and diplomacy during the period from 1500 BCE to 1500 CE. Based on texts of chancery provenance, its aim is the identification of a linguistic sub-system that effected and informed the major channel of international relations. The standard procedures of contact and exchange generated a format that facilitated inter-lingual transfer of concepts and terms. Lingua Franca refers to the several natural languages that served as vehicle in the transfer, but also to the format itself.

The Routledge Student Guide to English Usage is an invaluable A-Z guide to the appropriate use of English in academic contexts. The first part of the book covers approximately 4000 carefully selected words, focusing on groups of confusable words that sound alike, look alike or are frequently mixed up. The authors help to solve academic dilemmas, such as correct usage of the apostrophe and the crucial difference between infer and imply. Examples of good usage are drawn from corpora such as the British National Corpus and the Corpus of Contemporary American English. The second part covers the key characteristics of formal English in a substantial reference section, comprising: * stylistic features * punctuation * English grammar * the use of numbers * email writing. This is the essential reference text for all students working on improving their academic writing skills. Visit the companion website for a range of supporting exercises: www.routledge.com/cw/clark.

In this sparkling debut work of popular science, Emma Byrne examines the latest research to show how swearing can be good for you. She explores every angle of swearing-why we do it, how we do it, and what it tells us about ourselves. Packed with the results of unlikely and often hilarious scientific studies-from the "ice-bucket test" for coping with pain, to the connection between Tourette's and swearing, to a chimpanzee that curses at her handler in sign language-Swearing Is Good for You presents a lighthearted but convincing case for the foulmouthed.

Using a wide range of twentieth-century literary prose Laura Wright and Jonathan Hope provide an `interactive' introduction to the techniques of stylistic analysis. Divided up into five sections; the noun phrase, the verb phrase, the clause, text structure and vocabulary, the book also provides an introduction to the basics of descriptive grammar for beginning students. * Presumes no prior linguistic knowledge * Provides a comprehensive glossary of terms * Adaptable: designed to be used in a variety of classroom contexts * Introduces students to an enormous range of 20th century literature from James Joyce to Roddy Doyle A practical coursebook rather than a survey account of stylistics as a discipline, the book provides over forty opportunities for hands-on stylistic analysis. For each linguistic feature under discussion the reader is offered a definition, a text for analysis, exercises and tasks, in addition to a suggested solution. Stylistics: A Practical Coursebook is genuinely `student friendly' and will be an invaluable tool for all beginning undergraduates and A-level students of language and literature.

Homonyms are pairs of words (sometimes three or four words) that sound alike, but have different spellings and meanings, such as "side-sighed," "bare-bear," and "seen-scene." This book has been written not only because homonyms pose a problem for many native speakers of English, but because they are also particularly troublesome for learners of English as a second language. This collection does not contain every homonym, but it does contain many of the most common ones. Mostly Homonyms is a new treatment of a traditional topic that is easy to read and use without sacrificing academic relevance. It is intended not only for anyone who wishes to ascertain the correct spelling and usage of a homonym, whether non-native learners of English or native speakers of English, but also for people who just love words.

Words: A User's Guide is an accessible and invaluable reference that is ideal for students, business people and advanced learners of English. The book is structured in groups of words that may be confused because they sound alike, look alike or seem to have similar meanings, and this approach makes it much more intuitive and easy to use than a dictionary. Contrasting over 5000 words (such as habitable and inhabitable, precipitation and rainfall, reigns and reins), Words: a User's Guide provides examples of usage adapted from large national databases of contemporary English, and illustrates each headword in typical contexts and phrases. This book gives you straightforward answers, and helps with pronunciation, spelling, style and levels of formality. For those working internationally it presents international standards and compares usage in Britain and the USA. Words: A User's Guide is an excellent resource for anyone who wants to communicate well in written and spoken English. "At last! A book about the use of words that clarifies and de-mystifies in an eminently usable way. I would recommend it to anyone who wants to write well. It is a book to keep." Sandy Gilkes, Head of the Centre for Academic Practice, University of Northampton "Rigorous, fresh, intriguing and downright useful, it deserves a place on every properly stocked reference shelf." Brian Cathcart, Professor of Journalism, Kingston University "From the pedantic to the permissive, everyone who's interested in the English language and the way we speak and write it will want a copy of this practical, entertaining book." Wynford Hicks (author of Quite Literally and The Basics of English Usage)

David Nunan's dynamic learner-centered teaching style has informed and inspired countless TESOL educators around the world. In this fresh, straightforward introduction to teaching English to speakers of other languages he presents teaching techniques and procedures along with the underlying theory and principles. Complex theories and research studies are explained in a clear and comprehensible, yet non-trivial, manner without trivializing them. Practical examples of how to develop teaching materials and tasks from sound principles provide rich illustrations of theoretical constructs. The content is presented through a lively variety of different textual genres including classroom vignettes showing language teaching in action, question and answer sessions, and opportunities to 'eavesdrop' on small group discussions among teachers and teachers in preparation. Readers get involved through engaging, interactive pedagogical features and opportunities for reflection and personal application. Each chapter follows the same format so that readers know what to expect as they work through the text. Key terms are defined in a Glossary at the end of the book. David Nunan's own reflections and commentaries throughout enrich the direct, up-close style of the text.

The most important and productive statements on the translation of literature from Roman times to the 1920s are collected in this book. Arranged thematically around the main topics which recur over the centuries - power, poetics, universe of discourse, language, education - it contains texts previously unavailable in English, and translated here for the first time from classical, Medieval, and Renaissance Latin, from French and from German. As the first survey of its kind in both scope and selection it argues that translation commands a central position in the shaping of European literatures and cultures.
DEGREESTranslation/History/Culture creates a framework for further study of the history of translation in the West by tracing European historical thought about translation, and discussing the topicality of many of the texts included.

Perfect for self-study or classroom learners, this Farsi language book takes a user-friendly approach. Farsi for Beginners is a complete language course by experienced teacher Dr. Saeid Atoofi, which will help you to speak the language and open doors to Persian culture. This second edition is updated to include IT and social media vocabulary and downloadable audio files. Whether for pleasure, travel or business, language learners will find these lessons clear and easy to follow. By the end of this course, you'll be able to understand short sentences, express your basic needs, and read and write the 32-letter Farsi alphabet. Farsi for Beginners contains the following essential features: Dialogues and stories about a family traveling to contemporary Iran Downloadable native-speaker audio recordings help you to pronounce Farsi accurately Idioms, sayings and poems introducing you to the cultures in which Farsi is used Extensive exercises with answer keys to guide your learning process Photos and insider cultural tips teach you about Persian culture Farsi is the language of Persia (present-day Iran). More than 1.5 million Iranian-Americans live in the U.S. today, and Farsi is considered a "critically needed" language by the U.S. government.

This intermediate textbook continues to develop students' skills in listening, speaking, reading, and writing Vietnamese at the second-year language learning level. The book is presented as a linguistic and cultural journey of a family through twelve selected cities in Vietnam. Each chapter is organized into sections on dialogue, grammar, reading, practice exercises, and vocabulary.