This is the first comprehensive grammar of Shaowu, a Min language spoken in Shaowu city and its environs in northwestern Fujian province, China. The book offers first-hand linguistic data collected over four years in the field, now placed at the disposal of researchers and students working in language documentation, comparative linguistics and Sinitic typology. It can serve as a reference grammar for those interested in learning the Shaowu language, thereby helping to preserve it. In addition, the book provides insights into Shaowu's classification which has been widely debated, thus elucidating its genetic affiliation. The book first presents Shaowu's geography, demography and history. It then profiles the language's phonology and lexicon, before providing a detailed description of its syntax, notably on its nominal, predicate, clausal and complex sentence structures, which are the focus of the book. The typological profile of Shaowu is also treated with the conclusion that the language has Gan, Hakka, Mandarin and even some Wu overlays on its Min base. The Shaowu language serves an excellent example to illustrate the degree of hybridity a language can attain due to intensive language contact over time.

Wny You BY WEBB B. GARRISON Illustrated ly Henry R. Martin ABINGDON PRESS NEW YORK NASHVILLE To BRUCE and BEATRICE BLACKMAR GOULD Connoisseurs of Words Foreword Words and phrases are like persons. Some are dull and stodgy, while others are very good company indeed. It is from the ranks of the latter group that the words in this volume have been selected. Interest is the standard which determined whether or not a particular word or phrase should be included. Dedicated though it is to the general reader, it may be used with confidence by persons with special interests. In general, word-histories are developed along lines of standard scholarship. There are a few exceptions accounts based upon tradition. These stories, included because of their interest, are clearly indicated as based upon popular accounts. Much of the material included in this collection was originally pub lished in the popular magazines which are listed on the acknowledg ments page. Final research was done in the Joint University Library, Nashville, Tennessee. Many courtesies were extended by Dr. A. F. Kuhlman, director, and Mrs. Paul L. Wayman, circulation librarian. A Ladies Home Journal reader first suggested that this material should be published in book form. Coming as it did from a reader in the Transvaal, Africa, the suggestion carried much weight though it was not acted upon for some months. Unfortunately, that readers letter has been lost, so it is impossible to give due credit by name. WEBB B. GARJEUSON 7 Acknowledgments Much of the material in this volume was originally published as short features in general and specialized magazines. Special thanks are due editors and publishers of these magazines, both forencouragement in research and for permission to reprint numerous items. Publishers involved, and magazines in which the material was originally pub lished, are listed below Andrus Publishing Co. for cushion, furniture, mahogany, and suite from Furniture Digest. Catholic Digest, Inc., for asylum awful, batiste, bedlam bead cancel, canter, cardinal, to chime in, clerk, crib, diaper, dumbbell, gabardine, helpmate, journal, ledger, lobby, marigold, musical notes noon, polite, primer sign, to a t, and thinking cap from Catholic Digest. Chesapeake and Ohio Railway for caboose, to call on the car pet conductor, crosstie, deadhead, engineer, freight, gon dola, hogger, news butch, spur, station, train, and tun nel from Tracks. Chilton Company, Inc., for boot, heel, last, moccasin, shoe, and sole from Boot and Shoe Recorder. The Curtis Publishing Company for Bible, bigwig, blarney, blue jeans, Blue Monday, bombast, boss, to bring home the bacon, calendar, camera, canary, compact companion, Dixie, doily, to eat ones hat, a feather in ones cap, flower names, fruit names, grass widow, heckle, husband, infan try, lord, to nag patent, salary, soft soap sundae, to 9 WHY YOU SAY IT take with a grain of salt to tie the knot and wife from Ladies Home Journal. Dell Publishing Co., Inc., for serenade from Dell Crossword An nual easel, earshot villain from Dell Crossword Puzzles con template, fanatic, pedigree, zoo from Official Crossword Puzzles and abracadabra, ancient gods anecdote, banquet, bogey, spire from Pocket Crossword Puzzles. Detective World, Inc., for aboveboard, apache, assassin, bobby, carpetbagger, catchpenny, to crib, double cross, fili buster, footpad, gun, gyp, hoax, moll, to pull the woolover ones eyes, to steal thunder, stool pigeon, and thug from Detective World. Farrell Publishing Corp, for apple-pie order etiquette, mil liner, mind your ps and qs, mug, and pin money from The Woman. Father Bakers Homes of Charity for best foot forward boner, chairman, coward, czar, falsehood, to get hep grain, grocer, in the groove, learn by heart, lion, mail, outlaw, parlor, to pay the piper piano, piker, to put a flea in ones ear, to read the riot act, roughneck, shoddy, vandal, and to be at loose ends from The Victorian. Fawcett Publications, Inc...

If you can't tell a possessive pronoun from a correlative conjunction, confuse 'disinterested' and 'uninterested' and struggle with the subjunctive, then I Used to Know That: English has the answers. Relearn the essential rules of the English language, from grammar and punctuation to sentence construction and parts of speech. Also helps to improve your spelling and clarifies the vocabulary that often causes confusion. Focusing on simplicity and clarity, this is an accessible yet fun way to revisit the English language while enjoying a walk down memory lane - and remembering the stuff you really shouldn't have forgotten...

Despite having been written over a century ago, the 3rd edition of Rubens Duval's History of Syriac Literature remains one of the best - and most readable - introductions to Syriac literature. This edition provides the first English translation of the work, translated by Olivier Holmey.

The home of trusted French dictionaries for everyday language learning. An up-to-date easy-reference French to English and English to French Collins dictionary and a user-friendly grammar guide in one handy volume. A clear layout, cultural notes and an easy-to-use, revised grammar section make this the ideal French reference for intermediate learners. Designed for all intermediate learners of French, whether at school, at home, or for business. 96,000 references and 120,000 translations will help those learning French take their language skills to the next level. This edition has been revised and updated to offer extensive and relevant coverage of today's English and French, with thousands of phrases and examples guiding the user to the most appropriate translation. A comprehensive grammar guide presents detailed examples and translations to help users to understand French grammar - the perfect complement to the dictionary. The clear Collins typography gives the text a contemporary feel, and along with the new alphabet tabs, ensures that users find the information they need quickly and easily.

A Grammar of Nungon is the most comprehensive modern reference grammar of a language of northeast Papua New Guinea. Nungon is a previously-undescribed Finisterre-Huon Papuan language spoken by about 1,000 people in the Saruwaged Mountains, Morobe Province. Hannah Sarvasy provides a rich description of the language in its cultural context, based on original immersion fieldwork. The exposition is extraordinarily thorough, covering phonetics, phonology, word classes, morphology, grammatical relations, switch-reference, valency, complex predicates, clause combining, possession, information structure, and the pragmatics of communication. Four complete interlinearized Nungon monologues and dialogues supplement the copious textual examples. A Grammar of Nungon sets a new standard of thoroughness for reference works on languages of this region.

A grammar of Kurtoep is the first descriptive grammar of Kurtoep, a threatened language of Bhutan, and the only reference grammar of any East Bodish language. The East Bodish languages are a relatively unstudied branch of the larger Tibeto-Burman family, situated in Bhutan and neighbouring regions in Tibet and Arunachal Pradesh. The chapters introduce the language and the people who speak in a historical context and then go on to detail the synchronic and diachronic phonology, discuss word classes and cause structure, morphosyntax and syntax, and illustrate rich system of evidentiality and related categories. The book will be of interest to Tibeto-Burmanists, historical linguists and those interested in the prehistory of the eastern Himalayas, and to typologists.

In grammar design, a basic distinction is made between derivational and modular architectures. This raises the question of which organization of grammar can deal with linguistic phenomena more appropriately. The studies contained in the present volume explore the interface relations between different levels of linguistic representation in Functional Discourse Grammar as presented in Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008) and Keizer (2015). This theory analyses linguistic expressions at four linguistic levels: interpersonal, representational, morphosyntactic and phonological. The articles address issues such as the possible correspondences and mismatches between those levels as well as the conditions which constrain the combinations of levels in well-formed expressions. Additionally, the theory is tested by examining various grammatical phenomena with a focus both on the English language and on typological adequacy: anaphora, raising, phonological reduction, noun incorporation, reflexives and reciprocals, serial verbs, the passive voice, time measurement constructions, coordination, nominal modification, and connectives. Overall, the volume provides both theoretical and descriptive insights which are of relevance to linguistics in general.

Dolgan is a severely endangered Turkic language spoken in the extreme north of the Russian Federation which has undergone noticeable substrate influence and thus exhibits grammatical structures differing from other Turkic languages. The grammar at hand is the first fully-fledged grammar of Dolgan in English language: It describes the Dolgan language system from an internal perspective basing on corpus data of natural Dolgan speech. It takes historical, comparative and typological perspectives, if applicable, but refrains from pertaining to a particular linguistic theory. Consequently, both Turcologists and general linguists can make use of it independently from their individual research question.