Harrison C. White is one of American sociology's preeminent thinkers, yet until now his endeavour to develop a general theoretical perspective on the basis of social network analysis has remained largely unexamined. This book opens out for the first time White's contribution to those interested generally in his social network approach, but daunted by the complexity and mathematical modelling often employed in his published work. Special attention is paid to White's model of production markets, as an application of his general sociology. The book draws on interview material with White himself, as well as with several of his past students.

Over the last fifty years women's employment has increased markedly throughout developed countries. Women of younger generations are much more likely than their mothers and grandmothers to enter the labour market and stay in it after they marry and have children. Are these changes due only to changes in women's investments and preferences, or also to the opportunities and constraints within which women form their choices? Have women with higher and lower educational and occupational profiles combined family responsibilities with paid work differently? And have their divisions changed? With an innovative approach, this book compares Italy and Great Britain, investigating transformations in women's transitions in and out of paid work across four subsequent birth cohorts, from the time they leave full-time education up to their 40s. It provides a comprehensive discussion of demographic, economic and sociological theories and contains large amounts of information on changes over time in the two countries, both in women's work histories and in the economic, institutional and cultural context in which they are embedded. By comparing across both space and time, the book makes it possible to see how different institutional and normative configurations shape women's life courses, contributing to help or hinder the work-family reconciliation and to reduce or reinforce inequalities. "Women in and out of paid work" will be valuable reading for students, academics, professionals, policy makers and anyone interested in women's studies, work-family reconciliation, gender and class inequalities, social policy and sociology.

Despite its importance in understanding the social relations of labour little attention has been paid by Western Marxists to evolutionary theory. Taking as a starting point an unfinished essay by Engels, the author argues that the human species must be seen as discontinuous with its nearest biological ancestors ? that a qualitative distinction was brought about by social labour. It is argued that the most likely forms of human organization were co-operative and field studies are discussed which apparently provide evidence for tool use and linguistic ability among the higher primates. The relationship between hand and brain in terms of Marxist psychology is also elaborated.

In the 1990s, growth in women's employment in the EU remained small. This book looks at the obstacles faced by women in the nursing and banking professions when they migrate between member states. Basing her analysis on the personal accounts of migrants, and discussions with colleagues and regulatory bodies in Britain, Germany and Spain, the author sheds light on one of the major challenges confronting the EU.

The debate surrounding work-life balance has increasingly recognized the need to study the factors influencing lifestyle, or ways of living, within a broader context than has often been the case hitherto. This international collection explores aspects of lifestyle and identity, societal influences on ways of living, the relevance of social networks and geographic communities for lifestyle choices, and the significance of organisational policies and practices for lifestyle outcomes. In so doing, it broadens the focus of current debates and presents recent research findings collected in a range of different national, organizational and community settings. Findings from a variety of research approaches are discussed, ranging from in-depth interviews to analysis of cross-national data. Overall the collection points to the value of exploring the broader contexts within which the relationship between work and non-work lives are located.

Employment systems consist of complex arrays of formal and informal rules that structure the relationships between employees and employers. There are many different types of employment systems. Some are specified in considerable detail in collectively bargained quasilegal employment contracts, while others are left to discretion. This book describes the latter type of employment system-one in which there is an active market for knowl edge and skills. This is the salaried employment system of ForestCo-a large multiplant manufacturing company in the forest products industry. Here, supervisors and managers actively adjust the jobs and persons under their authority to meet the market, social, and institutional forces that influence the activities and performance of their departments. The study of employment systems is a relatively recent phenomenon, and few prior studies or theories were found to guide this investigation. Neither the scope nor the components of employment system studies are yet established. The field is confused and contested. Nevertheless, there is related literature which can be used to focus attention on different features of employment systems. One emerging body of work that holds the most promise for the study of employment systems is internal labor market (lLM) theory."

This book investigates the extent to which the European Union intervenes, and should intervene, in domestic labour law. It examines the stated and potential rationales for EU intervention, and argues that there are considerable merits to be derived from separating out the integrationist, economic and social arguments which have been deployed in defence of EU intervention. It critically considers the competence of the EU to act in this field, and seeks to demonstrate that proper regard for the subsidiarity and proportionality principles can contribute to the legitimacy of the EU. The book is informed by the ongoing debate on governance in Europe, and aims to provide insights into the implications of shifts in policy-making technique. From the governance perspective, labour law is a particularly useful focus of study, given the range of traditional and new approaches to governance which have been attempted, from harmonisation through framework measures to the open method of coordination, and the range of actors involved in the policy making process. The intention is not to provide an exhaustive account of European intervention in the labour law arena. Instead it provides a framework to enable the reader to think about the role that the EU has, and should, play in this field, and argues that European level intervention can make a valuable contribution to the making of labour law in European Member States.

Surveying current research findings, social trends, and public controversies, Work and Family in America examines the changing cultures of the workplace, family, and home. Once viewed as a "women and day care" problem, work-family now encompasses a vast and complex set of issues. Eldercare. Fatherhood. Telecommuting. Pay equity. Employee productivity and retention. Feminism. Child care and childcare development. Youth violence. Welfare. Nontraditional families and family values. This extensive overview of this burgeoning field includes everything from a detailed history and statistics comparing trends in the United States and abroad to key legislation and legal cases. It gives biographical sketches of well-known activists like Betty Friedan, Arle Hothschild, and Rosabeth Moss Kanter. Lesser-known advocates like James A. Levine, director of the Fatherhood Project at the Family and Work Institute and MIT professor Lotte Bailyn, who believes work should be organized around tasks, not time, are also included. Covers the initial research on work-family from the 1970s and 1980s to the recent research showing that men are experiencing significant amounts of work-family stress as they become more involved with family life while the culture of the workplace remains largely unresponsive Includes an overview of legislation and cases that have impacted the field with particular emphasis on employment laws affecting women-a key component of the study of work-family

Building on his previous book, The Customer's Victory, François Dupuy outlines ways to manage a change process. Using practical examples from new case studies and discussion of current theories of organizational change, this book explains how true organizational change can be effected in both private businesses and public organizations. With a strong pedagogical format, case studies and a helpful glossary of terms, this is an invaluable guide both for managers having to deal with change implementation and for students and researchers of change management.

Originally published in 1970. Two major changes have characterised science in the twentieth century. Firstly, there has been its rapid growth. Secondly, and central to the theme his book ? science is no longer mainly an academic activity carried on in universities. Industry will soon be the largest employer of scientists. This book deals with issues of bureaucracy in science threatening its creativity and the failure of industry to recruit the best graduates, as well as what attracts people to study science.

Discover what challenges lie ahead for occupational therapists Single women receiving Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) often find themselves tangled in difficulties because of current changes in welfare reform, including workfare. Women's Immersion in a Workfare Program: Emerging Challenges for Occupational Therapists describes the journey of six single mothers in workfarea proactive alternative to conventional welfareand their emergence with unique talents and perseverance to balance motherhood and work in the face of adversity. This compassionate and informative text uses the participants' own authentic voicesin poems, plays, and narrativesto tell their stories of survival and success in this unique governmental program. Women's Immersion in a Workfare Program: Emerging Challenges for Occupational Therapists first provides a socio-historical overview to place the issues in context, and then comprehensively reviews the interaction between barriers to work and self-sufficiency, including kinship systems, mental health issues, complying with workfare, family role strain, and psychological well-being. The research findings examine how the women receiving TANF experience the mandatory work program as preparation for transition into the workforce, how the women fit the mandatory program into their daily life, and how the women feel about the transition into the workforce. Topics discussed in Women's Immersion in a Workfare Program: Emerging Challenges for Occupational Therapists include: welfare reform history of single mothers transition to self-sufficiency experience of workfare qualitative research methodology surviving adversity impact of welfare reform on children Women's Immersion in a Workfare Program: Emerging Challenges for Occupational Therapists is a revealing, at times moving text for occupational therapists, nurses, social workers, welfare reform professionals, researchers, educators, and students.

Discover what challenges lie ahead for occupational therapists Single women receiving Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) often find themselves tangled in difficulties because of current changes in welfare reform, including workfare. Women's Immersion in a Workfare Program: Emerging Challenges for Occupational Therapists describes the journey of six single mothers in workfarea proactive alternative to conventional welfareand their emergence with unique talents and perseverance to balance motherhood and work in the face of adversity. This compassionate and informative text uses the participants' own authentic voicesin poems, plays, and narrativesto tell their stories of survival and success in this unique governmental program. Women's Immersion in a Workfare Program: Emerging Challenges for Occupational Therapists first provides a socio-historical overview to place the issues in context, and then comprehensively reviews the interaction between barriers to work and self-sufficiency, including kinship systems, mental health issues, complying with workfare, family role strain, and psychological well-being. The research findings examine how the women receiving TANF experience the mandatory work program as preparation for transition into the workforce, how the women fit the mandatory program into their daily life, and how the women feel about the transition into the workforce. Topics discussed in Women's Immersion in a Workfare Program: Emerging Challenges for Occupational Therapists include: welfare reform history of single mothers transition to self-sufficiency experience of workfare qualitative research methodology surviving adversity impact of welfare reform on children Women's Immersion in a Workfare Program: Emerging Challenges for Occupational Therapists is a revealing, at times moving text for occupational therapists, nurses, social workers, welfare reform professionals, researchers, educators, and students.

This study follows over 200 women making employment and family choices during their first decade after college graduation. Based on interview responses, the authors organize the women into four life choice categories: Careerists, Homemakers, Breadwinners, and Nesters. Using models of adult change as well as extensive quotes and empirical analyses, the authors identify the facilitators and barriers for each alternative. Women relate the consequences of each choice for themselves, their spouses, and their children. While each group faced unique problems, in all groups, women were satisfied with career and family aspects of their choices if they followed their individual values, found supportive friends, coworkers and spouses, and if they worked in those rare challenging jobs in family-supportive organizations. The book explores the ways women, spouses, counselors, and employers can facilitate satisfying life choices and how to anticipate the questions each group faces in their next decade.

Anyone who has ever had a job has probably experienced work-related stress at some point or another. For many workers, however, job-related stress is experienced every day and reaches more extreme levels. Four in ten American workers say that their jobs are very or extremely stressful. Job stress is recognized as an epidemic in the workplace, and its economic and health care costs are staggering: by some estimates over $ 1 billion per year in lost productivity, absenteeism and worker turnover, and at least that much in treating its health effects, ranging from anxiety and psychological depression to cardiovascular disease and hypertension.

Why are so many American workers so stressed out by their jobs? Many psychologists say stress is the result of a mismatch between the characteristics of a job and the personality of the worker. Many management consultants propose reducing stress by redesigning jobs and developing better individual strategies for coping with their stress. But, these explanations are not the whole story. They don t explain why some jobs and some occupations are more stressful than other jobs and occupations, regardless of the personalities and coping strategies of individual workers. Why do auto assembly line workers and air traffic controllers report more job stress than university professors, self-employed business owners, or corporate managers (yes, managers )?

The authors of "Work and Mental Health in Social Context" take a different approach to understanding the causes of job stress. Job stress is "systematically "created by the characteristics of the jobs themselves: by the workers occupation, the organizations in which they work, their placements in different labor markets, and by broader social, economic and institutional structures, processes and events. And "disparities" in job stress are "systematically" determined in much the same way as are other disparities in health, income, and mobility opportunities.

In taking this approach, the authors draw on the observations and insights from a diverse field of sociological and economic theories and research. These go back to the nineteenth century writings of Marx, Weber and Durkheim on the relationship between work and well-being. They also include the more contemporary work in organizational sociology, structural labor market research from sociology and economics, research on unemployment and economic cycles, and research on institutional environments. This has allowed the authors to develop a unified framework that extends sociological models of income inequality and status attainment (or allocation) to the explanation of non-economic, health-related outcomes of work. Using a multi-level structural model, this timely and comprehensive volume explores what is stressful about work, and why; specifically address these and questions and more:

-What characteristics of jobs are the most stressful; what characteristics reduce stress?

-Why do work organizations structure some jobs to be highly stressful and some jobs to be much less stressful? Is work in a bureaucracy really more stressful?

-How is occupational status occupational power and authority related to the stressfulness of work?

-How does the segmentation of labor markets by occupation, industry, race, gender, and citizenship maintain disparities in job stress?

- Why is unemployment stressful to workers who don t lose their jobs?

-How do public policies on employment status, collective bargaining, overtime affect job stress?

-Is work in the current Post (neo) Fordist era of work more or less stressful than work during the Fordist era?

In addition to providing a new way to understand the sociological causes of job stress and mental health, the model that the authors provide has broad applications to further study of this important area of research. This volume will be of key interest to sociologists and other researchers studying social stratification, public health, political economy, institutional and organizational theory.

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This book analyzes the everyday lives of labour migrants in a rapidly developing city-state. Using the emirate of Dubai as a case study, Migrant Dubai shows that even within highly restrictive mobility regimes, marginalized migrants find ways to cope with structural inequalities and quotidian modes of discrimination.

In 1979, serious research was just beginning on the connections between stratification outcomes and organizations. Data suitable for investigating these connections were scarce, and the general wisdom was that they would remain scarce--since organizational case studies were seen as the only means of gathering linked individual and organizational data. The case study approach does allow one to link the two types of data, but gathering such data on more than a few organizations is prohibitively expensive and difficult, and having only a few organizations limits g- eralizability. To help solve this problem, we developed the idea of a survey of a random sample of several thousand employed individuals, followed by a second survey of their several thousand employing or- nizations. This method, we reasoned, would provide us with a gen- alizable, simple random sample of individuals, coupled with a weighted random sample of organizations (weighted, of course, by size of orga- zation). An added benefit would be that these valuable data could be gathered by a survey organization for the price of two simple surveys. It was not an easy idea to sell. We developed it into a proposal to the National Science Foundation (NSF), and though the reviewers were o- erwise sympathetic, they were almost unanimous in their contention that such a survey would not work because "obviously" the great maj- ity of respondents would refuse to reveal exactly who their employers were.

"Home Front" examines the gendered exploitation of labor in the household from a postmodern Marxian perspective. The authors of this volume use the anti-foundationalist Marxian economic theories first formulated by Stephen Resnick and Richard Wolff to explore power, domination, and exploitation in the modern household.

Generation Z (GenZ) is the young generation born between the mid-1990s and 2010s. They are now entering the market and starting their first jobs. Therefore, managers must shape the company workplace environment to encourage young employees to work efficiently and connect their future with the company. Only then both managers and employees will share mutual satisfaction from collaboration and aim at the common target, which should be the prosperity of the company. This book presents research results and techniques for analyzing the working expectations and needs of GenZ. The analyses were made in various countries in Europe: The Czech Republic, Latvia, Poland, and Portugal. The book contains chapters that present the analysis results and technical chapters that outline modern methods of analysis of management data, including tutorial chapters on Machine Learning, which currently make a strong appearance in research in various disciplines. This volume will be of interest to researchers, academics, practitioners, and students in the fields of management studies, research methods, and human resource management.

Traditional approaches to vocational rehabilitation, such as skills training classes, job clubs, and sheltered employment, have not been successful in helping people with severe mental illness gain competitive employment. Supported employment, in which clients are placed in jobs and then trained by on-site coaches, is a radically new conceptual approach to vocational rehabilitation designed for people with developmental disabilities. The Individual Placement and Support (IPS) method utilizes the supported employment concept, but modifies it for use with the severely mentally ill. It is the only approach that has a strong empirical research base: rates of competitive employment are 40% or more in IPS programs, compared to 15% in traditional mental health programs. The third volume in the Innovations in Practice and Service Delivery with Vulnerable Populations series, this will be extremely useful to students in psychiatric rehabilitation programs and social work classes dealing with the severely mentally ill, as well as to practitioners in the field.

Public accountants are being attacked from all sides. Stock and bond holders, the United States Congress, the Securities and Exchange Commission, clients, and even members of the profession itself, all accuse accountants of failing in their watchdog duties as auditors and of approving financial statements that follow questionable accounting rules. Academic as well as other critics fault the profession for failing to innovate, particularly in respect to accounting for the effects of inflation. The attacks often take the form of litigation that has resulted in the payment of hundreds of millions of dollars in damages by firms and their liability insurers. This situation is not unique to the United States. Similar attacks can be observed in Canada, the United Kingdom, and other countries. Indeed, the viability of the external audit is today in question, as public accountants increasingly seek to avoid potentially ruinous engagements and diversify into other activities.

Drawing on his long and extensive experience as both practitioner and academic, the author traces the history of accounting and auditing, analyzing the factors---domestic and international---that have led to the contemporary problems of the profession. He prescribes measures that can and should be taken in order to restore public accounting to its former status and esteem. He proposes major changes in federal and state legislation, the current system of accountancy education and training, accounting and auditing standard setting, and existing models of historical financial reporting. In addition, he presents a blueprint for a new type of financial report designed to improve the utility of financial statements for investment decisions.

This book addresses changes in socio-economic systems. To do so, it employs the evolutional approach, which views changes in socio-economic systems from an evolutionary standpoint connecting the past, present and future, and focuses on preventing sudden, high-risk changes. The changes in socio-economic systems are also studied with the help of the system approach, which calls for assessing complex economic subjects, characterized by the sustainable connections between their elements, as socio-economic systems. Combining these two approaches in the context of studying the changes in socio-economic systems is unprecedented in modern economic science. The book studies various issues that cover both fundamental aspects of the system organization of economy and management and applied aspects of managing changes in socio-economic systems. The target audience of the book includes scholars and experts whose work involves studying the dynamic process of modern socio-economic systems' development. The scientific conclusions and practical recommendations that the book provides can be applied to the development and implementation of state economic policy in various countries around the world.

While organisations become more and more global, they also become more and more dispersed and virtual. This challenges the sense of a shared organisational identity and the ability of employees to communicate personally held knowledge. To address these challenges this book offers an innovative multidisciplinary approach to knowledge communication in global organisations. The book develops a multidisciplinary analytical lens through which to understand employee identity formations and knowledge communication practises. Using detailed analyses of interviews from a real organisation, the book builds an understanding of how 21st century employees make sense of a virtual organisational reality characterised by multiple simultaneous projects and virtual, dispersed teams. These analyses are conducted using a new discourse analysis method for analysing research interviews, Discursive Sensemaking Analysis. Using these methods and findings, researchers, project managers and HR professionals will be able to analyse their own organisations to discover how employees make sense of the complexity of 21st century global organisations.

Did miners really owe their souls to the company store? Did they receive lower pay than in other jobs, despite the constant danger they faced? Was the quality of life in mining towns uniformly dismal? Soft Coal, Hard Choices answers these and other questions. The book contradicts many myths using evidence ranging from company records to oral histories to statistics collected by state and federal governments. While most studies of labor in the coal industry focus on union struggles, Fishback discloses the beneficial impact of competition among employers for labor. He further examines the impact of legal environment and the development of institutions like company towns. Careful analysis using economic theory and statistics reveals numerous insights about the welfare of coal miners in the early 1900s. Unions helped miners obtain higher wages, but so did competition among employers. Employers were unable to exploit local and housing monopolies because the miners had the option of moving from town to town. Workers choosing between mining and other jobs faced a hard choice between similar alternatives. High hourly earnings and freedom from close supervision in mining helped compensate miners for accepting more risk of accidents and layoffs. The combination of narrative and analysis in Soft Coal, Hard Choices will interest historians, economists, and the general reader alike.

As the rich have got richer and households have become busier, demand for commoditized household services has increased. While much is known about maids and nannies, this book is distinctive in focusing on masculinized domestic services. Through two case-studies - Polish handymen in the UK and the households that employ them and Mexican jardineros in the USA - the book demonstrates how, by outsourcing, householders can mitigate the "father time-bind" arising from tensions between new expectations for involved fathering, economic expectations regarding working hours, and a highly gendered and neo-liberal social policy regime, and shows how the consequences of this reaches beyond the households into the lives of the migrant men who work for them. Through the focus on male domestic work, the book identifies distinctly gendered understandings of domestic work and care, and shows how these influence the differential economic value of and emotional attachment to different forms of domestic work, and the gendered identities of those supplying and buying these services. In doing so, the book reveals much about the dynamic and varied understandings of masculinity.