A student-friendly introduction to undertaking a TESOL/Applied Linguistics MA which features practical advice, exercises and answer keys making it ideal for postgraduate students studying in this area. The book is very practical in nature and online support material features recordings of lectures so students can practise their listening skills in real-world scenarios which is essential given the continuing focus on online teaching. Written by a teacher with over 30 years’ experience of teaching EFL students and featuring material that has been trialled with students, this book will meet and support the needs of international students on MAs in TESOL and Applied Linguistics.

All cities are multilingual, but there are some where language relations have a special importance. These are cities where more than one historically rooted language community lays claim to the territory of the city. This book focuses on four such linguistically divided cities: Calcutta, Trieste, Barcelona and Montreal.

As opposed to cities where communities are divided by violence or war, these cities offer the possibility of creative interaction across competing languages and this book examines the dynamics of translation in these cities. By focusing on a category of cities which has received little attention, this book will contribute to our understanding of the kinds of language relations that sustain the diversity of urban life.

Illustrated with photos and maps, Cities in Translation is both a readable study for a wide-ranging audience and an important text in advancing theory and methodology in translation studies.

Third language acquisition is a common phenomenon, which presents some specific characteristics as compared to second language acquisition. This volume adopts a psycholinguistic approach in the study of cross-linguistic influence in third language acquisition and focuses on the role of previously acquired languages and the conditions that determine their influence.

Dual language education is a programme that combines language minority and language majority students for instruction through two languages. This book provides the conceptual background for the programme and discusses major implementation issues. Research finding summarize language proficiency and achievement outcomes from 8000 students at 20 schools, along with teacher and parent attitudes.

This is a fascinating new study examining how contact-induced change can alter a previously monolingual society to create one that is increasingly bilingual.Anna Verschik offers a new perspective on how a previously monolingual community of Russian-speakers in Estonia is rapidly becoming bilingual after the end of the Soviet occupation in 1991.The contact-induced change in Russian under the growing impact of Estonian is analysed in the theoretical framework of code-copying. Changes in linguistic behaviour of the speakers are often a result of intentional cultivation of non-monolingual communication strategies and language policies, and go hand in hand with the development of a new identity, 'Estonian Russians'."Emerging Bilingual Speech" is a fascinating study that will be of interest to researchers studying language contact, language change and bilingualism.

The book offers demographic, sociolinguistic, and educational perspectives on the status of both regional and immigrant languages in Europe and in a wider international context. From a cross-national point of view, empirical evidence on the status of these other languages of multicultural Europe is brought together in a combined frame of reference.

Defenders of threatened languages all over the world, from advocates of biodiversity to dedicated defenders of their own cultural authenticity, are often humbled by the dimensity of the task that they are faced with when the weak and the few seek to find a safe-harbour against the ravages of the strong and the many. This book provides both practical case studies and theoretical directions from all five continents and advances thereby the collective pursuit of "reversing language shift" for the greater benefit of cultural democracy everywhere.

Studies in Japanese Bilingualism helps dissolve the myth of Japanese homogeneity by explaining the history of this construct and offering twelve empirical studies on different facets of language contact in Japan, including Ainu revitalisation, Korean language maintenance, creative use of Ryukyuan languages in Okinawa, English immersion, and language use by Nikkei immigrants, Chinese "War Orphans" and bicultural children, as well as codeswitching and language attrition in Japanese contexts.

Multilingualism in Spain deals with the sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic aspects of established and new migrant minority groups in Spain. Three guiding analytical research approaches cut across minorities in Spain: language, migration and discrimination, although not all aspects apply to all minorities in the same way: some are characterised by language, migration and discrimination; other communities are only defined by language and migration, but their members are not discriminated against socially and culturally; another group of communities are not characterised by recent migration, but they are discriminated against and/or their languages not even officially recognised; lastly, there are some other communities that do not find enough legal and institutional support and their languages may suffer discrimination.

This timely book provides effective methods and authentic examples of teaching about climate change through digital and multimodal media production in the English Language Arts classroom. The chapters in this edited volume demonstrate the benefits of addressing climate change in the classroom through innovative media production and cover a range of different types of media, including video/digital storytelling, social media, art, music, and writing, with rich resources for instruction in every chapter. Through the engaging ideas and strategies, the contributors equip educators with the critical tools for supporting students’ media production. In so doing, they offer new perspectives on how students can employ media and production techniques to critique the status quo, call for change, and acquire new literacy skills. As the effects of the climate crisis become increasingly visible to the youth population, this book helps foster and support youth agency and activism. Youth Media Creation on the Climate Change Crisis: Hear Our Voices is a necessary text for students, preservice teachers, and educators in literacy education, media studies, social and environmental studies, and STEM education. The eBook+ version of the text features embedded audio and video components as well as interactive links to reflect the multimodal nature of students’ work, spotlighting how youth media production supports the development of students’ critical literacy skills and shapes their voices and identities.

This book emerges as a response to the increasing use of English as a lingua franca in the multilingual European context. It provides an up-to-date overview of the sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic and educational aspects of research on third language acquisition by focusing on English as a third language.

The sociopolitical dimensions of English language teaching are central to the English language professional. These dimensions include language policies, cultural expectations, and the societal roles of languages. This book aims to present these issues to practicing and aspiring teachers in order to raise awareness of the sociopolitical nature of English language teaching.

Focuses on the purposes of bilingual education programs in schools and their historical development from the 1960s to the present. In this timely resource, educator Rosa Castro Feinberg surveys the developing field of bilingual education-its history, its theories, its practices, and the conflicts that swirl around it. She begins with an annotated chronology that describes influential people and events and traces themes in bilingual education from precolonial times to the present. In three detailed chapters, Feinberg summarizes the widely varied state and local policies and bilingual programs across the country, and demonstrates the profound impact of federal legislation, policies, and court decisions. She also examines the political challenge to linguistic diversity by anti-immigration groups and the common myths about bilingual education that have grown out of the media's handling of identity politics. Charts the evolution of bilingual education from 1565 to the present day Presents excerpts from state and local bilingual education policies to help analyze the complex issues surrounding these policies

As populations become more mobile, so interest grows in bi- and multilingualism, particularly in the context of education. This volume focuses on the singular situation in Israel, whose complex multiculturalism has Hebrew and Arabic as official languages, English as an academic and political language, and tongues such as Russian and Amharic spoken by immigrants.

Presenting research on bi- and trilingualism in Israel from a multitude of perspectives, the book focuses on four aspects of multilingualism and literacy in Israel: Arabic-Hebrew bilingual education and Arabic literacy development; second-language Hebrew literacy among immigrant children; literacy in English as a second/third language; and adult bilingualism. Chapters dissect findings on immigrant youth education, language impairment in bilinguals, and neurocognitive features of bilingual language processing. Reflecting current trends, this volume integrates linguistics, sociology, education, cognitive science, and neuroscience.

"

The work of the Council of Europe in plurilingual and intercultural education is highly influential in Europe and beyond and has been so for many years. The Common European Framework of Reference and its Companion Volume, and related instruments, provide ways in which to implement policies and a broader vision of providing quality and equity in education across the curriculum, a vision which incorporates the core values of the Council of Europe and which educates children and young people to be plurilingual, intercultural and democratic citizens. This book presents this educational vision, demonstrates how it can be realised through the application of Council of Europe instruments in practice, and does so in a way which is easily and quickly accessible to teachers of all subjects and in all educational institutions, as well as to other educationists, including policymakers.

This volume explores the nature of discourse in secondary and upper elementary mathematics and science classrooms. Chapters examine conditions that support or hinder teachers and students, in particular language learners, in employing language as a tool for learning. The volume provides rich oral and written language examples from a range of classroom contexts to illustrate how linguistic practices affect students' appropriation and display of disciplinary specific knowledge. Chapters further explore linguistic practices through with the support of discourse analytic models that foreground the authentic classroom data with the aim of understanding the dynamics of the classroom. The authors investigate the intersection between discourse and learning from a range of perspectives, including an examination of key concepts such as intertextuality, interaction, mediation, scaffolding, appropriation, and adaptations. This volume offers concrete suggestions on how teachers might benefit from a discourse approach to teaching in the areas of mathematics and science.

Whether the winds of globalisation, localisation and regionalisation of the last decades have led to more linguistic diversity or not, is a matter of on-going dispute - one reason being the changeable language-ideological ways in which language practice is categorised and essentialised into countable linguistic units. In contrast, it is less controversial that they have led to an increased visibility and diversity - in short, to a growing number (and a wider range) of meaning-ascribing discourses surrounding multilingualism. The papers included in this book aim to draw attention to the fact that such discourses do not invariably reflect on, or give rise to, realities of societal integration and emancipation. In practice, they often follow, and are followed by, the mechanisms and effects of exclusion at different levels of society. Multilingualism and Exclusion: Policy, Practice and Prospects resulted from the First International MIDP Symposium, "Multilingualism and Exclusion" - hosted jointly by the University of the Free , the University of Antwerp and the University of Ghent - which was held in Bloemfontein from 24 to 26 April 2006. The symposium comprised part of the MIDP colloquia series sponsored by the Province of Antwerp, and brought together several scholars from Africa, America and Europe, as well as from South Africa. The selected papers included in this, the sixth volume in the Van Schaik series, "Studies in Language Policy in South Africa", critically reflect on themes such as multilingualism as an obvious, simple and superior option in all cases; the individual language user's experience; the management of multilingualism, etc. The diversity of the contributions to this volume underscores the fact that exclusion in language, like any other type of exclusion, is based on difference. Not surprisingly, various "tools" have been mobilised to effectuate such exclusion, forced monolingualism being an obvious one. Far more intriguing, however, is one of the findings made in this book - namely, that inclusion through multilingualism does not offer a simple and straightforward way to proceed. With Multilingualism and Exclusion: Policy, Practice and Prospects , the editors hope to evoke further discussion on the themes covered in this volume, as well as the opinions expressed by its contributors. The book is particularly directed at readers interested in the intricate relations between language and society; but it can also be used effectively as an important reference work in courses in language policy and language planning with a South African or African focus.

Ideally, dual-language programs enable students from two language backgrounds to become bilingual, achieve academically through two languages, and develop improved intergroup understanding and relations. However, there is very little research that demonstrates how an actual dual-language program functions at the local level. This book provides a case study of dual-language planning and implementation at Oyster Bilingual School, a 'successful' Spanish-English public elementary school program in Washington, DC. The first three chapters provide important background for understanding how Oyster's dual-language program interacts with the larger sociopolitical context of minority education in the United States. Chapters 4-10 provide a detailed analysis of how the alternative educational system at Oyster Bilingual School challenges mainstream US educational programs and practices that discriminate against minority students. The case study demonstrates how Oyster's dual-language policy, multicultural curriculum content, student-centered organization of classroom interaction, and performance-based assessment practices together function to provide more opportunities to language minority and language majority students than are traditionally available in mainstream US schools. Rather than expecting language minority students to become monolingual in standard English and to assimilate to white middle-class norms, Oyster's educational program encourages all students to become bilingual in Spanish and English and to expect, tolerate, and respect linguistic and cultural diversity at school and in society. This socializing discourse enables language minority and language majority students to participate and achieve more or less equally at school. The book concludes with a discussion of implications for research and practice in other school and community contexts.

Colonialism, contemporary patterns of communication worldwide, the revival of minority languages and immigration have all increased the prevalence of individual multilingualism and the need for individuals to have multilingual proficiency. While multilingualism and multilingual education share certain characteristics with bilingualism and bilingual education, they present unique characteristics, and promoting them presents unique challenges that have seldom been addressed. The chapters in this edited book provide theoretical, empirical and practical bases for planning and implementing multilingual education programmes that prepare students for a multilingual world. The authors address issues related to multilingual acquisition, the use of content instruction in multiple languages to promote multilingual acquisition, teacher education, and the role of culture in multilingual schools. In addition, case studies of multilingual schools from around the world illustrate not only the achievements of multilingual education but also the challenges it poses. This book should interest researchers working on bilingualism and multilingualism, teacher educators and teachers who work or plan to work in bi-multilingual programmes and language policy makers.

Chicano English in Context is the first modern, comprehensive study of Chicano English, a variety spoken by millions of Latinos in the U.S. It is also one of the first studies of ongoing sound change within an ethnic minority community. It briefly describes the phonology, syntax and semantics of this variety, and explores its crucial role in the construction of ethnic identity among young Latinos and Latinas. It also corrects misconceptions I how the general public views Chicano English.

Although scientific studies of the language behaviour of polyglots began to appear in the nineteenth century, it is only in the last fifty years or so that bilingualism and multilingualism have been recognized as crucial areas of linguistic research. This new four-volume collection from Routledge showcases the major achievements in this now vibrant multidisciplinary field.

• This state-of-the-art text reviews, evaluates, and reflects on L2 development across the lifespan as a complex variable that is both socio-cultural as well as maturational in nature – with a chronological chapter lineup from infant bilinguals to L2 learners in adolescence, adulthood, and older age. • Offers in-depth discussion of highly pertinent yet underresearched topics, like L2 learners in older individuals, as well as an innovative chapter on L2 learning in the context of cross-cultural/binational/plurilingual romantic relationships, in both cases with diverse circumstances, motivations, and outcomes. • The first book taking on this area in its fullness and in a way accessible to students and non-specialist – with a concerted, authored text. Previous works are focused on one age cohort, edited volumes rather than unified authored books, and the most closely competing books were published over a decade (and sometimes over three decades) ago.

In many parts of the world, language minority children are educated through a second language. In these contexts, it has often been thought appropriate to teach such children separately until they are fluent enough in the medium of instruction to join in mainstream schooling. More recent experience and research shows that it is both socially more just and educationally more effective to integrate language minority pupils into mainstream education as early as possible. In this book, ESL and mainstream teachers from primary and secondary schools in Australia, Canada, the USA and the United Kingdom, describe how they go about 'mainstreaming'. Well-supplied with examples of teaching materials and pupils' work, their narratives are practical and detailed. At the same time they raise vital questions of school policy which the whole school community must address when launching initiatives of this kind. This book will be of very practical use to ESL and mainstream teachers, as well as to principals, advisers and those at all levels of the education service who work in multilingual communities. It will also serve as a handbook for teacher-educators and student teachers of any subject who are preparing to work in linguistically diverse classrooms.

Language is one of humanity's greatest achievements, yet one which virtually all children achieve remarkably quickly. How much more remarkable, therefore, when children learn not one but two languages! There are many single case studies describing children from families where determined parents adopt strategies to maximise their children's chances of becoming bilingual. Many more children, whose parents speak a mixture of languages, also become bilingual without this extra help. How this occurs and why some children have more problems than others in a bilingual environment are some of the issues addressed by this book, which is a longitudinal study of how children learn to use more than one language. The family is assumed to be the key factor in these processes, and bilingual language development is placed firmly within an interactive context, as it is from this context that the development of childhood bilingualism can best be understood. Thus the aims of this book are to examine how young children become bilingual, and to show what factors predict early childhood bilingualism.

Recent years have seen the development of language policies in many countries, usually for the purpose of defining status, support and recognition of languages and language diversity. This book analyses policy development in six countries where, because of its association with colonial expansion, English has become the dominant language and hence the language of power, government and civil commerce, often replacing other local languages. Recent demographic and political changes have forced a recognition of the need for re-defining the role and status of language(s) relative to English and to one another and for according linguistic rights to speakers of the non-official language(s). The case studies presented here show the diversity of responses to language issues when taken up officially or by default, and record the struggle of minority-language speakers to attain rights and recognition in education and social services. There is clear evidence of the status impact of decisions on language at all levels and a startling revelation of the intractability of language issues to solutions. The book will be of interest to academics, politicians, educators and students of linguistics, cultural and comparative studies.