This volume describes recent advances in the bioconversion of lignocellulosics. It starts with two articles on genetics and properties of cellulases and their re- tion kinetics and mechanisms. The cost of cellulases has been a hindrance to large scale use of enzymatic hydrolysis. Two articles on cellulase production by submerged fermentation and by solid state fementation are included to describe the state of the art in this area. Dilute acid hydrolysis of cellulose continues to be of interest as well as potentially useful. The most recent advances in this area is also covered. A great deal of progress has been made in genetic engineering for improved regulation of xylose fermentation by yeasts. An article on genetically engineered Saccharomyces for simulteaneous fermentation of glucose and xylose describes the importance advances made in production of fuel ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass. In recent years, there has been increasing interests in recycling and the reuse of scrap paper as well as environment considerations. A contribution is presented which describes the research perspectives in that area. Finally, recent advances in the use of lignocellulosic biomass for the p- duction of ethanol and organic acids are presented in two articles. Renewable resources are inevitably of great importance in the years to come. There is a never-ending search for better living conditions for human beings. The more resource materials can be recycled, the richer we will be.

The ability to predict the behavior of fermentation systems enhances the possibility of optimizing their performance. Mathematical equations of model systems represent a tool for this and the most recent advances in computer hardware and software have made the approach more effective than previous simplistic attempts. The current knowledge of biochemical microbial pathways and the experience in optimization of chemical reactors combined with extremely powerful and accessible computers, loaded with easy to use software and mathematical routines, are changing the way processes are being developed and operated.

This book has been written for all those who work with microbial cultures, providing a useful, quick and contemporary re-education for practitioners and students alike, breaking through interdisciplinary barriers. Biologists, engineers and biochemists will benefit from the methods of microbial process description and optimization based on mathematical equations. The basic techniques of modeling the bio-system are summarized in Part I. The useful concept of mass balancing is introduced in Part II for those who are not used to this simple and very useful engineering tool. An extensive and descriptive case study of a selected fermentation bio-process in Part III elucidates further the concepts of very pragmatic mathematical modeling of bioreactor systems.

The volume outlines how to simply develop mathematical models of microbial systems and demonstrates their power to: guide and minimize the experimental work; check the consistency of experimental results; predict the behavior of the bio-system and analyze biocatalytic processes; diagnose the anomalies in the microbial culture behavior and optimize the performance of bioreactors.

Part of a review series that looks at trends in modern biology. This book covers aspects of bioprocessing and biotransformation, where knowledge, methods and expertise are required from chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, genetics, chemical engineering and computer science.

Contents -
Preface -
1. REVIEW OF BASIC MATERIAL - FUNCTIONS, INEQUALITIES - 2. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS - 3. INTEGRATION - 4. FUNCTIONS OF MANY VARIABLES; PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION - 5. VECTORS - 6. SERIES, TAYLOR-MACLAURIN SERIES - 7. COMPLEX NUMBERS - 8. ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS AND FOURIER SERIES - 9. DETERMINANTS - 10. MATRICES - 11. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS - 12. PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS - 13. NUMERICAL METHODS - 14. ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND ERROR ANALYSIS - Problems for Solution - Bibliography - Answers to Problems - Index

This book will introduce the concept of molecular communications and nanonetworks. The publication addresses why nanoscale communication is needed for the sophisticated nano and biotechnology applications. The text introduces the frontier applications of the molecular communication and nanonetworks. The book examines the molecular communication types called active, passive, and gap junction molecular communications. The author presents the molecular transmitter, receiver, encoding and decoding mechanisms used in these systems. Discussing the molecular communication system model and looking at the unique characteristics of practical molecular communication systems and these chemical reactions and their effects on the communication performance. Finally, the book examines the point-to-point, broadcast, and multiple-access molecular channel and shows two promising application examples of the nanonetworks. The first application example is the body area nanonetworks used in nanomedicine. the second nanonetwork application example, i.e., NanoSensor Networks (NSNs) with Molecular Communication.

This book provides an overview of ethical issues arising in connection with progress made in food biotechnology. There is substantive discussion of the ethical issues referring to food safety, animal welfare, environmental impact, ownership of intellectual property, and consumer perception of the product. The arguments for and against issues causing major concern are evaluated, advancing the quality of the debate. It will be of interest to companies exploiting the new biotechnology techniques, government policy makers, food scientists and biotechnologist in academic research institutions.

This volume illustrates how microfluidic approaches can meet the requirement of clinical diagnosis based on molecular or cellular biomarkers. Microchip Diagnostics: Methods and Protocols is divided into four sections describing the business aspects of the microfluidic-based systems for diagnosis, demonstrating how versatile microfluidics can be regarding to protein bioassay integration, presenting microfluidic approaches for nucleic analysis based on mono or diphasic format, and highlighting recent contributions. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.

This book focuses on recent advances and future trends in the methods and applications of technologies that are used in neuroscience for the evaluation, diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases and conditions or for the improvement of quality of life. The editors have assembled contributions from a range of international experts, to bring together key topics in neurotechnology, neuroengineering, and neurorehabilitation. The book explores biomedical signal processing, neuroimaging acquisition and analysis, computational intelligence, virtual and augmented reality, biometrics, machine learning and neurorobotics, human machine interaction, mobile apps and discusses ways in which these neural technologies can be used as diagnostic tools, research methods, treatment modalities, as well as in devices and apps in everyday life. This cross-disciplinary topic is of particular interest to researchers and professionals with a background in neuroscience-related disciplines and neurotechnology, but also touches on a wide range of other fields including biomedical engineering, AI, medicine, healthcare, security and industry, among others.

Genetic engineering has already produced impressive results in biological research. The gene transfer and cloning methods are changing biotechnology into an innovative activity with potentially great impact on health care, on chemical, pharmaceutical and food industries, on the agricultural and the natural environment. It has thus attracted a great deal of attention from the public and regulatory authorities. There is a need to reconcile technological progress with safety assurance and civic acceptance. Technologies are regulated according to the inherent risk evaluated, through criteria based upon existing scientific evidence, new rigorous information, and/or records of safe applications and good performances. This should also apply to biotechnology. The title Scientific-Technical Backgrounds for Biotechnology Regulation is only intended to indicate that regulatory provisions for biotechnological activities should be in agreement and not in open contradiction with scientific knowledge and established technological experience.

Products from Cells - Cells as Products This book ist he "lasting" product, a resource ofup to date information in the scientific literature fort he field ofanimal cell tec hnology, as it was presented during a pleasant and s timulating mee ting that was held in Lugano Switzerland in April 1999. "Products" appeartwice int he title oft he conference. This clearly indicates the fact that the focus oft he papers presented during this meeting was really the application ofn ew technologies (novel reactors or novel vectors, for example for the preparation and/ort he more efficient generation ofproducts ) that could be used, mainly, int he medical field. Classical approaches forthe use ofa nimal cells, for example forthe p r oduction of virus vaccines for human and animal health, still remain an important technology and still have, surprisingly, quite significant potential for further development and improvement. How ever, it appears that major technological advances an d major growth from an economical point ofview are occurring in other areas. Most importantly, protein production on the basis of recombinant DNA molecules transferred into a nimal cells, appears to be an ever increasing field of interest and innovation, even though the first production scheme with this technology was approved more than 15 years ago.

This Volume presents key microscopy and imaging methods for revealing the structure and ultrastructure of environmental and experimental samples, of microbial communities and cultures, and of individual cells. Method adaptations that specifically address problems concerning the hydrophobic components of samples are highlighted and discussed. The methods described range from electron microscopy and light and fluorescence microscopy, to confocal laser-scanning microscopy, and include experimental set-ups for the analysis of interfacial processes like microbial growth and activities at hydrocarbon:water interfaces, biofilms and microbe:mineral interfaces. Three forms of fluorescence in situ hybridization - CARD-FISH, MAR-FISH and Two-pass TSA-FISH - are described for the ecophysiological analysis of functionally active microbes in samples. The methods presented will enable readers to obtain an ultrastructural picture of, and identify the key functional microbes in, samples under investigation. This in turn will constitute a key framework for the interpretation of information from other experimental approaches, such as physicochemical analyses and genomic investigations. Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology ProtocolsThere are tens of thousands of structurally different hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon derivatives and lipids, and a wide array of these molecules are required for cells to function. The global hydrocarbon cycle, which is largely driven by microorganisms, has a major impact on our environment and climate. Microbes are responsible for cleaning up the environmental pollution caused by the exploitation of hydrocarbon reservoirs and will also be pivotal in reducing our reliance on fossil fuels by providing biofuels, plastics and industrial chemicals. Gaining an understanding of the relevant functions of the wide range of microbes that produce, consume and modify hydrocarbons and related compounds will be key to responding to these challenges. This comprehensive collection of current and emerging protocols will facilitate acquisition of this understanding and exploitation of useful activities of such microbes.

This volume, as with the previous books in the series, presents state-of-the-art discussions in genetics and genetic engineering by focusing on plant science and technology, agriculture, cell biology, and medical research.

CONTENTS -
1. AEROSOLS -
2. BACTERICIDES-FUNGICIDES - SANITIZERS -
3. CLEANERS FOR HOUSEHOLD AND INDUSTRY -
4. CARE OF FLOORS -
5. LAUNDERING AND DRY CLEANING -
6. TREATMENT OF METALS -
7. PESTICIDES -
8. MISCELLANEOUS -
BIBLIOGRAPHY -
APPENDIX -
Glossary -
Suppliers of Materials and Equipment -
Useful Tables -
Patents -
Periodicals of Interest -
Associations Related to the Industry -
INDEX -

High Performance Liquid Chromatography Edited by Phyllis Brown and Richard Hartwick This contributed volume is designed to consolidate the basic theories of chromatography along with the more exciting developments in the field. This monograph addresses some questions that concern researchers in separation science, including: what is the current state of the art in liquid chromatography; has the development of liquid chromatography plateaued; if so, what new methods will take its place or complement it; and if not, where will the new frontiers be and what direction will liquid chromatography take? 1989 (0 471-84506-X) 688 pp. Quantitative Structure-Chromatographic Retention Relationships R. Kaliszan Written by a pioneer in the field, this book extends and updates research on quantitative structure retention relationships by consolidating and critically reviewing the extensive literature on the subject, while also providing the basic theoretical and practical information required in all investigations involving chromatography, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmaceutical research. Among the topics covered are the nature of chromatographic interactions, molecular interpretation of distribution processes in chromatography, topological indices as retention descriptors, and multiparameter structure-chromatographic retention relationships. 1987 (0 471-85983-4) 303 pp. Detectors for Liquid Chromatography Edited by Edward S. Yeung With its singular coverage of this fast-growing field, Detectors for Liquid Chromatography presents the state of the art in this subject area. It offers a comprehensive examination of the basic principles behind the detector response, instrumentation, and selected applications for comparison and evaluation of potential. Specifically, topics given in-depth coverage include polarimetric, indirect absorbance, refractive index detectors, absorption detectors for HPLC, FTIR and fluorometric detection, detection based on electrical and electromechanical measurements, and mass spectroscopy as an on-line detector for HPLC. 1986 (0 471-82169-1) 366 pp.

This book examines the utilization of algae for the development of useful products and processes with the emphasis towards green technologies and processes, and the requirements to make these viable. Serving as a complete reference guide to the production of biofuels and other value added products from micro and macro algae, it covers various aspects of algal biotechnology from the basics to large scale cultivation, harvesting and processing for a variety of products. It is authored and edited by respected world experts in the field of algal biotechnology and provides the most up to date and cutting edge information on developments in the field. Over the past decade there has been substantial focus and related literature on the application of algal biomass for the generation of novel processes and products. 'Algae Biotechnology: Products and Processes' encompasses a holistic approach to critically evaluating developments in the field of algal biotechnology whilst taking into account recent advances and building on the body of knowledge. Aspects of the effects of harmful algae are also discussed, as well as the potential commercial application of algal biotechnology, the techno-economic feasibility of algal biodiesel production and the use of genetic and metabolic engineering for the improvement of yield. Other bioenergy sources such as alcohol fuels, aviation fuels, biohydrogen and biogas are also covered. This book is intended for postgraduates and researchers working in the biofuels and algal industry; it constitutes ideal reference material for both early stage and established researchers.

Applications of Cryogenic Technology, Vol. 10, is the proceedings from the portion of the conference CRYO-90 sponsored by the Cryogenic Society of America (CSA). CRYO-90, held on the campus of the State University of New York, Binghamton, New York, was an unusual interdisciplinary event, drawing from the life sciences as well as the physical science and engineering areas of the low temperature community. Co-sponsoring CRYO-90 with CSA were the Society for Cryobiology and the Symposium on Invertebrate and Plant Cold Hardiness. These latter two organizations brought an exciting developing field to the conference, a field whose exploration will lead to the betterment of all mankind through improved cryosurgical and organ preservation techniques in addition to improved agricultural and herd yields under extreme conditions. Specific goals of the cryobiological community are cryopreservation, the arrest and recovery of living processes of cells, tissues and organs; and cryosurgery - the local cryodestruction of diseased cells while preserving the healthy surrounding tissue. These goals present great technological challenges. The technological requirements of the cryobiologist include the ability to cool tissues 6 at rates of 10 degrees per second (vitrification), to thaw frozen tissue without damaging the delicate cells, to freeze dry tissue using molecular distillation (vacuum) drying, to supercool cell structures below O DegreesC without freezing, and to successfully store the preserved tissues and organs for any required length of time.

Since the launch of Telemedicine Technologies (Wiley, 2010), the technologies surrounding telemedicine have changed immeasurably, particularly with the emerging trends of Internet-of-Things (IoT), digital/e-Health, and wearable, smart and assistive technologies. This second edition overhauls and expands on the original text to reflect the technical advances of the last decade. It covers applications from traditional healthcare services to remote patient monitoring and recovery, to alternative medicine and general health assessment for maintaining optimal health. This welcome update brings together a broad range of topics demonstrating how information and wireless technologies can be used in healthcare.

As the major task of sequencing the human genome is near completion and full complement of human genes are catalogued, attention will be focused on the ultimate goal: to understand the normal biological functions of these genes, and how alterations lead to disease states. In this task there is a severe limitation in working with human material, but the mouse has been adopted as the favored animal model because of the available genetic resources and the highly conserved gene conservation linkage organization. In just of ten years since the first gene-targeting experiments were p- formed in embryonic stem (ES) cells and mutations transmitted through the mouse germline, more than a thousand mouse strains have been created. These achievements have been made possible by pioneering work that showed that ES cells derived from preimplantation mouse embryos could be cultured for prolonged periods without differentiation in culture, and that homologous rec- bination between targeting constructs and endogenous DNA occurred at a f- quency sufficient for recombinants to be isolated. In the next few years the mouse genome will be systematically altered, and the techniques for achi- ing manipulations are constantly being streamlined and improved.

This book has been written to provide research workers with an introd- tion to several optical techniques for new applications. It is intended to be comprehensible to people from a wide range of backgrounds - no prior optical or physics knowledge has been assumed. However, sufficient technical details have been included to enable the reader to understand the basics of the techniques and to be able to read further from the ref- ences if necessary. The book should be as useful to postgraduate students and experienced researchers as those entering the bioengineering field, irrespective of whether they have a technical or clinical background. It has been prepared with an awareness of the inherent difficulties in und- standing aspects of optics which, in the past, have precluded practical application. The contents address a broad range of optical measurement techniques which have been used in biomechanics, techniques characterized as n- contacting and non-destructive. Theoretical outlines and practical advice on gaining entry to the fields of expertise are complemented by biomec- nical case studies and key literature references. The aim is to present each technique, to appraise its advantages and capabilities and thereby to allow informed selection of an appropriate method for a particular app- cation. It is anticipated that research workers will be assisted in est- lishing new methodologies and gain first-hand experience of the techniques.

The book emphasizes various aspects of processing secondary sources for recovery of uranium. The field of secondary resource processing is gaining ground over the last few years as it is eco-friendly, economical and in tune with the philosophy of sustainable development. The book is the first one of its type in the area and includes a succint and comprehensive description of related areas of ore mineralogy, resource classification, processing principles involved in uranium solubilisation followed by separation and safety aspects. The clear organisation and the carefully selected figures and tables makes the treatment invaluable for practising engineers, research workers and academic institutions.

There is hardly a technical library in the world in which the volumes of the Chemical Formulary (Volumes 1-34) do not occupy a prominent place. It does not duplicate any of the formulas included in previous volumes, but lists a wide array of modern and salable products from all branches of the chemical industries. An excellent reference for formulation problems. - CONTENTS - I. Introduction - II. Adhesives - III. Beverages and Food - IV. Cosmetics - V. Coatings - VI. Detergents and Disinfectants - VII. Drugs - VIII. Polishes, Abrasives - IX. Miscellaneous - Appendix - Trademark Chemicals - Trademark Chemicals Suppliers - Index - PREFACE - Chemistry, as taught in our schools and colleges, concerns chiefly synthesis, analysis, and engineering-and properly so. It is part of the right foundation for the education of the chemist. Many a chemist entering an Industry soon finds that most of the products manufactured by his concern are not synthetic or definite complex compounds, but are mixtures, blends, or highly complex compounds of which he knows little or nothing. The literature in this field, if any, may be meager, scattered, or obsolete. Even chemists with years of experience In one or more Industries spend conslderable time and effort in acquainting themselves with any new field which they may enter. Consulting chemists similarly have to solve problems brought to them from industries foreign to them. There was a definite need for an up-to-date compilation of formulae for chemical compounding and treatment. Since the fields to be covered are many and varied, an editorial board of chemists and engineers engaged in many industries was formed. Many publications, laboratories, manufacturing firms, and Individuals have been consulted to obtain the latest and best information. It is felt that the formulas given in this volume will save chemists and allied workers much time and effort.

Interest in the study of kinship, a key area of anthropological enquiry, has recently reemerged. Dubbed 'the new kinship', this interest was stimulated by the 'new genetics' and revived interest in kinship and family patterns. This volume investigates the impact of biotechnology on contemporary understandings of kinship, of family and 'belonging' in a variety of European settings and reveals similarities and differences in how kinship is conceived. What constitutes kinship for different publics? How significant are biogenetic links? What does family resemblance tell us? Why is genetically modified food an issue? Are 'genes' and 'blood' interchangeable? It has been argued that the recent prominence of genetic science and genetic technologies has resulted in a 'geneticization' of social life; the ethnographic examples presented here do show shifts occurring in notions of 'nature' and of what is 'natural'. But, they also illustrate the complexity of contemporary kinship thinking in Europe and the continued interconnectedness of biological and sociological understandings of relatedness and the relationship between nature and nurture.

CONTENTS - IN FAVOUR OF COSMETICS - THE SKIN - 1. THE SKIN - 2. ALLERGY AND DERMATITIS - 3. DIET AND SKIN HEALTH - 4. SKIN PENETRATION AND SKIN NUTRITION - THE CARE OF THE FACE - 5. COLD AND CLEANSING CREAMS, CLEANSING MILKS AND LOTIONS - 6. ACID CREAMS, MILKS AND LOTIONS - 7. ASTRINGENT ("PORE") LOTIONS AND SKIN "TONICS" - 8. FACE PACKS AND MASKS - 9. VANISHING, POWDER AND ALL-PURPOSE CREAMS; FOUNDATION CREAMS AND FOUNDATION MAKE-UP PREPARATIONS - 10. SKIN FOODS, LUBRICATING AND SKIN CONDITIONING CREAMS - 11. FACE POWDERS, COMPACT POWDERS AND CAKE MAKE-UP - 12. MAKE-UP PREPARATIONS - 13. SUNBURN AND SUN-TAN PREPARATIONS - 14. ACNE PREPARATIONS - 15. THE APPLICATION OF COSMETICS - THE CARE OF THE MOUTH - 16. THE TOOTH AND PATHOLOGICAL DENTAL CONDITIONS - 17. TOOTH PASTES AND TOOTH POWDERS, DENTURE CLEANSERS - 18. MOUTHWASHES - THE CARE OF THE EYES - 19. EYE LOTIONS - THE CARE OF THE HAIR - 20. THE HAIR - 21. HAIR TONICS AND LOTIONS - 22. HAIR SHAMPOOS, RINSES AND CONDITIONERS - 23* PERMANENT WAVING - 24* HAIR-SETTING LOTIONS AND LACQUERS - 25* HAIR BRILLIANTINES, CREAMS AND FIXATIVES - 26. HAIR DYES - THE CARE OF THE BODY - 27. THE PROCESSING OF TOILET SOAP - 28. BATH PREPARATIONS - 29* SHAVING PREPARATIONS - 30. ANTIPERSPIRANTS AND DEODORANTS - 31. DEPILATORIES - 32. COSMETIC STOCKINGS - 33. FOOT PREPARATIONS - 34. INSECT REPELLENT AND INSECT BITE PREPARATIONS - 35. BABY PREPARATIONS - THE CARE OF THE HANDS - 36. THE NAILS - 37* MANICURE PREPARATIONS - 38. HAND CREAMS AND LOTIONS - 39* PROTECTIVE CREAMS AND HAND CLEANSERS - COSMETIC FACTS AND FALLACIES - 40. COSMETIC FACTS AND FALLACIES - GENERAL ASPECTS OF COSMETIC FORMULATION - 41. EMULSIONS AND TRANSPARENT DISPERSIONS - 42. ANTISEPTICS AND PRESERVATIVES - 43. ANTIOXIDANTS - 44. HUMECTANTS - 45. "MODUS OPERANDI " - APPENDICES - INDEX -