This accessible work provides critical analysis and context to international capital markets, their regulation, and their institutions. It is written from a comparative and international perspective and analyses regulatory approaches in the US, UK, and EU, as well as smaller markets engaging in successful innovation. International Capital Markets presents a comprehensive volume drawing the field of international capital markets regulation and institutions together, split into sections addressing the characteristics of capital markets, the basic principles of their regulation, and their institutions; the regulatory characteristics in significant markets including the US, UK, EU, and Asia, and examines how these interact with each other; market institutions, trading venues, and intermediaries; and the capital market activities of international financial institutions such as the IMF and The World Bank. This second edition considers the impact of Brexit on capital markets in Europe and analyses developments in regulation and approach as a consequence of the shifting dynamics in the UK and EU markets. The activity and efficacy of regulators such as the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) and International Organization of Securities Commission (IOSCO) are examined in the context of the EU and international markets respectively. In Asia, the capital markets have also seen many changes since the first edition, particularly in Hong Kong and China. These developments are analysed and the legal and practical implications are explained. This single volume presents a conceptual overview of the regulatory landscape and an understanding of the background and operation of the non-domestic regulation in this area, making it a comprehensive yet accessible resource for practicing lawyers, bankers, regulators, academics, and postgraduate students interested in international capital markets.

Das Buch setzt sich vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen Rechtsprechung mit der Frage auseinander, ob verdeckte Gewinnausschuttungen einer GmbH zugleich schenkungsteuerliche Folgen nach sich ziehen koennen. Besondere Probleme stellen sich, wenn mehrere Personen an der Vermoegensverschiebung beteiligt sind. Es gelingt dem Autor, die vielschichtigen und rechtsgebietsubergreifenden Probleme im Zusammenhang mit Vermoegensverschiebungen zwischen Kapitalgesellschaften und ihren Gesellschaftern sowie nahestehenden Personen in einer einheitlichen Darstellung zu erfassen. Unter kritischer Auseinandersetzung mit den in Rechtsprechung und Literatur vertretenen Loesungsansatzen legt er dar, dass das Steuerrecht bei sachgerechter Auslegung bereits eine systematische Loesung zur Verfugung stellt.

Women, Business and the Law 2022 is the eighth in a series of annual studies measuring the laws and regulations that affect women's economic opportunity in 190 economies. The project presents eight indicators structured around women's interactions with the law as they move through their careers: Mobility, Workplace, Pay, Marriage, Parenthood, Entrepreneurship, Assets, and Pension. Amid a global pandemic that threatens progress toward gender equality, 'Women, Business and the Law 2022' identifies barriers to women's economic participation and encourages reform of discriminatory laws. This year, the study also includes pilot research related to childcare and implementation of the law. By examining the economic decisions women make throughout their working lives, as well as the pace of reform over the past 50 years, Women, Business and the Law makes an important contribution to research and policy discussions about the state of women's economic empowerment. The indicators build evidence of the critical relationship between legal gender equality and women's employment and entrepreneurship. Data in 'Women, Business and the Law 2022' are current as of October 1, 2021.

From a technological standpoint, geography is largely irrelevant. Data flows through the internet without regard for political borders or territories. Services, communication, and interaction can occur online between persons who may be in different countries. Illegal activities, like hacking, cyberespionage, propagating terrorist propaganda, defamation, revenge porn, and illegal marketplaces may all be remotely targeted and accessed from various countries. As such, the internet has created an interesting and complex set of challenges for the concept of jurisdiction and conflicts of law. This title takes a comparative approach covering the EU, UK, US, Germany, and China. Broken into four parts, this book delves into the notion of jurisdiction as it relates to the internet. Part I focuses on the different meanings of the concept of jurisdiction, from a legal and historical perspective, and distinguishing between the different branches of government. It will highlight the challenges created by the internet, including social media and cloud computing. Part II analyses criminal jurisdiction, in regards to both jurisdictions in cybercrime cases and jurisdictional issues relating to criminal investigations (access to the cloud) and enforcement. Part III examines jurisdiction and applicable law in civil and commercial matters, such as e-commerce B2B and B2C contracts, torts typically occurring online, and online defamation and privacy infringement. Finally, Part IV looks at regulatory jurisdiction, examining the power of the executive (whether an arm of government or independent regulator) to apply and enforce national law. It will look at aspects like the provision of online audio-visual media services and online gambling services, both of which are heavily regulated, but which can be easily provided remotely from different jurisdictions. The book concludes by analysing how the concept of jurisdiction should be adapted to ensure the rule of law by nation states and prevent international conflicts between states. This title gives a comprehensive look at the complicated subject of internet jurisdiction, essential for all dealing with jurisdictions in the modern age.

Models of Integrity examines the relationship between contemporary art and the law through the lens of integrity. In the 1960s, artists began to engage conspicuously with legal ideas, rituals, and documents. The law-a primary institution subject to intense moral and political scrutiny-was a widely recognized source of authority to audiences inside the art world and out. Artists frequently engaged with the law in ways that signaled a recuperation of the integrity that they believed had been compromised by the very institutions entrusted with establishing standards of just conduct. These artists sought to convey the social purpose of an artwork without overstating its political impact and without losing sight of how aesthetic decisions compel audiences to see their everyday world differently. Addressing the role that law plays in enabling artworks to function as social and political forces, this important book fills a gap in the field of law and the humanities, and will serve as a practical "how-to" for contemporary artists.

This book examines the role of officers, directors and shareholders in the governance of the modern publicly held corporation.

In the global infectious-disease research community, there has long been uncertainty about the conditions under which biological resources may be studied or transferred out of countries. This work examines the reasons for that uncertainty and shows how global biomedical research has been shaped by international disputes over access to biological resources. Bringing together government leaders, World Health Organization officials, and experts in virology, wildlife biology, clinical ethics, technology transfer, and international law, the book identifies the critical problems - and implications of these problems - posed by negotiating for access and sharing benefits, and proposes solutions to ensure that biomedical advances are not threatened by global politics. Written in accessible, non-technical language, this work should be read by anyone who sees global health and biomedical research as a priority for international lawmakers.

Der Autor untersucht die Haftungsverfassung der Gesellschaft burgerlichen Rechts, die durch die Anerkennung ihrer eigenen Rechtsfahigkeit und das Bekenntnis zu einer akzessorischen Haftung der Gesellschafter neu konzipiert wurde. Daran schliesst sich die Frage, ob die Aufwertung der GbR zum selbststandigen Rechtstrager tatsachlich mit einer gesteigerten Einstandspflicht der "unschuldigen" Gesellschafter mit ihrem Privatvermoegen fur Delikte ihrer Mitgesellschafter "bezahlt wird". Anhand einer umfassenden historischen und teleologischen Untersuchung stellt das Buch dar, dass eine uneingeschrankte solidarische Haftung der Mitgesellschafter im Deliktsbereich mit grundlegenden gesetzlichen Wertungen nicht vereinbar ist. Aus der als notwendig erkannten teleologischen Reduktion des 128 HGB entwickelt der Autor ein eigenstandiges Haftungsmodell nach dem Konzept einer subsidiaren Ausfallhaftung, das die erkannten Wertungswiderspruche zwischen Verschuldensprinzip, Gesellschafterhaftung und Glaubigerschutz in einen angemessenen Ausgleich bringt.

Das Buch behandelt den Verjahrungsbeginn nach 199 Abs. 1 BGB bei Anspruchen von AG und GmbH gegen ihre Geschaftsleiter. Ziel ist es, umfassend zu klaren, durch wessen Kenntnis auf Organebene und unterhalb der Organebene der Verjahrungsbeginn bewirkt wird. Der Verfasser kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass fur den Verjahrungsbeginn entgegen der herrschenden Meinung auf die Kenntnis des Organs abzustellen ist, das im Rahmen der internen Willensbildung uber die Geltendmachung des Anspruchs gegen den Geschaftsleiter entscheidet. Daneben ist fur den Verjahrungsbeginn auf sog. Wissensvertreter abzustellen. AG und GmbH unterliegen im Rahmen des 199 Abs. 1 BGB keiner Wissensorganisationspflicht.

When the first edition of this student work was published some eight years ago transnational commercial law, introduced as a postgraduate course at the University of Oxford in 1995, was taught at a relatively small number of law schools. Since then the subject has blossomed and is now taught at law schools around the world. Focused on the products and processes of the harmonization of law relating to international commercial transactions, the book is an invaluable resource for students in this field. In this new edition the work has been completely revised and updated, covering a number of new or substantially revised international instruments. In addition four new chapters have been added by specialist contributors dealing with regional harmonization, carriage of goods by sea, transactions in securities and the relationship between international conventions and national law. The authority of the text is enhanced by the fact that all the authors have played leading roles in the drafting and development of many of the instruments examined in the work.

The Oxford Handbook of Fiduciary Law provides a comprehensive overview of critical topics in fiduciary law and theory through chapters authored by leading scholars. The Handbook opens with surveys of the many fields of law in which fiduciary duties arise, including agency law, trust law, corporate law, pension law, bankruptcy law, family law, employment law, legal representation, health care, and international law. Drawing on these surveys, the Handbook offers a synthetic analysis of fiduciary law's key concepts and principles. Chapters in the Handbook explore the defining features of fiduciary relationships, clarify the distinctive fiduciary duties that arise in these relationships, and identify the remedies available for breach of fiduciary duties. The volume also provides numerous comparative perspectives on fiduciary law from eminent legal historians and from scholars with deep expertise in a diverse array of the world's legal systems. Finally, the Handbook lays the groundwork for future research on fiduciary law and theory by highlighting cross-cutting themes, identifying persistent theoretical and practical challenges, and exploring how the field could be enriched through empirical analysis and interdisciplinary insights from economics, philosophy, and psychology. Unparalleled in its breadth and depth of coverage, The Oxford Handbook of Fiduciary Law represents an invaluable resource for practitioners, policymakers, scholars, and students in this essential field of law.

Durch das Wertpapiererwerbs- und UEbernahmegesetz (WpUEG) wurde zum 01.01.2002 erstmals in Deutschland eine verbindliche Regelung fur oeffentliche Angebote zum Erwerb von Wertpapieren eingefuhrt. Im Rahmen dieser Regelung nimmt die 30-prozentige Kontrollschwelle des 29 Abs. 2 WpUEG eine wichtige Stellung ein. In die Berechnung dieser Kontrollschwelle gehen neben Stimmrechten aus Aktien, die dem Bieter selbst gehoeren, in besonderen Fallen auch Stimmrechte aus Aktien ein, die von einem Dritten gehalten werden. Voraussetzung fur die Zurechnung dieser Stimmrechte ist, dass der Bieter die Moeglichkeit hat, auf die Stimmrechtausubung des Dritten Einfluss zu nehmen. 30 WpUEG beinhaltet sieben unterschiedliche Zurechnungstatbestande. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die rechtlichen Voraussetzungen, Anwendungsprobleme und Auswirkungen der einzelnen Zurechnungstatbestande zu untersuchen.

Die Tatigkeit von Finanzinvestoren steht seit einigen Jahren vermehrt im Fokus der oeffentlichen Diskussion. Auf der Suche nach neuen Anlageformen hat die Zahl der fremdfinanzierten Unternehmenskaufe insbesondere in den letzten Jahren stetig zugenommen. Ein besonderes Augenmerk liegt hierbei auf dem sog. Leveraged-Buyout, einem Finanzierungsinstrument zum Erwerb von Unternehmen mit dem Ziel, einen moeglichst hohen Gewinn des investierten Geldes unter Ausnutzung des Leverage-Effektes (Hebeleffektes) zu erreichen. Der Autor stellt die betriebswirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftsrechtlichen Grundlagen von Leveraged-Buyout-Modellen zusammenfassend dar, um im Anschluss die strafrechtlichen Risiken solcher Finanzierungen fur die handelnden Organe aufzuzeigen.

The emerging field of corporate law, corporate governance and sustainability is one of the most dynamic and significant areas of law and policy in light of the convergence of environmental, social and economic crises that we face as a global society. Understanding the impact of the corporation on society and realizing its potential for contributing to sustainability is vital for the future of humanity. This Handbook comprehensively assesses the state-of-the-art in this field through in-depth discussion of sustainability-related problems, numerous case studies on regulatory responses implemented by jurisdictions around the world, and analyses of predominant strategies and potential drivers of change. This Handbook will be an essential reference for scholars, students, practitioners, policymakers, and general readers interested in how corporate law and governance have exacerbated global society's most pressing challenges, and how reforms to these fields can help us resolve those challenges and achieve sustainability.

Defamation and privacy are now two central issues in media law. While defamation law has long posed concerns for media publications, the emergence of privacy as a legal challenge has been relatively recent in many common law jurisdictions outside the US. A number of jurisdictions have seen recent defamation and privacy law reforms, which have often drawn on, or reacted against, developments elsewhere. This timely book examines topical issues in defamation and privacy law focused on media, journalism and contemporary communication. Aimed at a wide legal audience, it brings together leading and emerging analysts of media law to address current and proposed reforms and the impact of changes in communication environments, and to re-examine basic principles such as harm and free speech. This book will be of interest to all those working on commonwealth or US law, as well as comparative scholars from wider jurisdictions.

Mit dem Inkrafttreten des Tax Cuts and Jobs Act zum 01.01.2018 haben die USA die groesste Reform ihres Steuerrechts seit der Regierung Ronald Reagans unternommen. Die groesste Bedeutung wird dabei der deutlichen Herabsetzung des US-Koerperschaftssteuersatzes beigemessen. In der Folge kam es in Deutschland ebenso zu einer Diskussion darum, ob eine Senkung des deutschen Koerperschaftssteuersatzes durch den internationalen Steuerwettbewerb notwendig ist. Das vorliegende Buch setzt sich mit dieser Forderung auseinander und untersucht die Steuerbelastung deutscher und US-amerikanischer Kapitalgesellschaften mit naturlichen Personen als Gesellschafter vor und nach der US-Steuerreform 2017 in einem dynamischen Modell.

Die Autorin veranschaulicht Siegmund Schlossmanns Vertretungslehre umfassend an Beispielsfallen. Im geltenden Recht bilden die Rechtsinstitute der unmittelbaren und mittelbaren Stellvertretung einen Gegensatz, den Rechtsprechung und herrschende Lehre mit Billigkeitserwagungen unter anderem im Rahmen der Drittschadensliquidation aushebeln. Schlossmann wollte diese Gegensatzlichkeit aufheben und entwickelte ein einheitliches Vertretungsinstitut, das in Vergessenheit geraten ist. Die Autorin beweist, dass der Wissensstand des mittelbar Vertretenen die Wirkungen des Ausfuhrungsgeschaftes analog 166 Abs. 2 BGB beeinflusst. Hierdurch wird Schlossmanns Lehre zumindest teilweise bestatigt.

Diese Edition bringt wichtige, bisher nicht edierte Quellen zum Aktiengesetz von 1884 und erganzt damit die von Peter Hommelhoff und Werner Schubert 1985 herausgegebene Materialiensammlung zum Aktiengesetz von 1884. Sie enthalt den bisher nicht gedruckten Teil des Gutachtens des Reichsoberhandelsgerichts zur Aktienrechtsreform, den Schriftwechsel des Reichsjustizamts von 1882/83 mit dem Reichsamt des Innern uber die Aktienrechtsreform sowie die Beratungen uber den Aktienrechtsentwurf von 1883/84 im Bundesrat und in der IX. Kommission des Reichstags. Die zentralen Fragen der Aktienrechtsreform waren die Nominalhoehe der Aktien, die Grundung der Aktiengesellschaft und die Befugnisse des Aufsichtsrats, des Vorstands sowie der Generalversammlung.

In the political fight over copyright, Internet advocacy has reshaped the playing field. This was shown most dramatically in the 2012 SOPA blackout, when the largest online protest in history stopped two copyright bills in their tracks. For those not already familiar with the debate, this protest seemingly came out of nowhere yet was the culmination of an intellectual and political evolution more than a decade in the making. This book examines the debate over digital copyright, from the late 1980s through early 2012, and the new tools of political communication involved in the advocacy around the issue. Drawing on methods from legal studies, political science, and communications, it explores the rise of a coalition seeking more limited copyright, as well as how these early-adopting, technology-savvy policy advocates used online communication to shock the world. It compares key bills, congressional debates, and offline and online media coverage using quantitative and qualitative methods to create a rigorous study for researchers that is also accessible to a general audience."

The second thematic volume in the series Studies in Private International Law - Asia looks into direct jurisdiction, that is, the situations in which the courts of 15 key Asian states (Mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and India) are prepared to hear a case involving cross-border elements. For instance, where parties are habitually resident abroad and a dispute has only some, little or no connection with an Asian state, will the courts of that state accept jurisdiction and hear the case and (if so) on what conditions? More specifically, the book's chapters explore the circumstances in which different Asian states assume or decline jurisdiction not just in commercial matters, but also in other types of action (such as family, consumer and employment disputes). The Introduction defines terminology and identifies similarities in the approaches to direct jurisdiction taken by the 15 Asian states in civil and commercial litigation. Taking its cue from this, the Conclusion assesses whether there should be a multilateral convention or soft law instrument articulating principles of direct jurisdiction for Asia. The Conclusion also discusses possible trajectories that Asian states may be taking in respect of direct jurisdiction in light of the COVID-19 pandemic and the political tensions currently besetting the world. The book suggests that enacting suitable rules of direct jurisdiction requires an Asian state to strike a delicate balance between affording certainty and protecting its nationals. At heart, direct jurisdiction involves sometimes difficult policy considerations and is not just about drawing up lists of jurisdictional grounds and exceptions to them.

This volume explores how societies are addressing challenging questions about the relationship between expression, traditional and societal values, and the transformations introduced by new information communications technologies. It seeks to identify alternative approaches to the role of speech and expression in the organization of societies as well as efforts to shape the broader global information society. How have different societies or communities drawn on the ideas of philosophers, religious leaders or politicians, both historical and contemporary, that addressed questions of speech, government, order or freedoms and applied them, with particular attention to applications in the digital age? The essays include a wide variety of cultural and geographic contexts to identify different modes of thinking. The goal is to both unpack the 'normative' internet and free expression debate and to deepen understanding about why certain internet policies and models are being pursued in very different local or national contexts as well as on a global level.