This book presents a step-by-step guide to the basic theory of multivectors and spinors, with a focus on conveying to the reader the geometric understanding of these abstract objects. Following in the footsteps of M. Riesz and L. Ahlfors, the book also explains how Clifford algebra offers the ideal tool for studying spacetime isometries and Moebius maps in arbitrary dimensions. The book carefully develops the basic calculus of multivector fields and differential forms, and highlights novelties in the treatment of, e.g., pullbacks and Stokes's theorem as compared to standard literature. It touches on recent research areas in analysis and explains how the function spaces of multivector fields are split into complementary subspaces by the natural first-order differential operators, e.g., Hodge splittings and Hardy splittings. Much of the analysis is done on bounded domains in Euclidean space, with a focus on analysis at the boundary. The book also includes a derivation of new Dirac integral equations for solving Maxwell scattering problems, which hold promise for future numerical applications. The last section presents down-to-earth proofs of index theorems for Dirac operators on compact manifolds, one of the most celebrated achievements of 20th-century mathematics. The book is primarily intended for graduate and PhD students of mathematics. It is also recommended for more advanced undergraduate students, as well as researchers in mathematics interested in an introduction to geometric analysis.

1 Mathematical Preliminaries.- 1.1 The Pythagorean Theorem.- 1.2 Vectors.- 1.3 Subspaces and Linear Independence.- 1.4 Vector Space Bases.- 1.5 Euclidean Length.- 1.6 The Euclidean Inner Product.- 1.7 Projection onto a Line.- 1.8 Planes in-Space.- 1.9 Coordinate System Orientation.- 1.10 The Cross Product.- 2 Curves.- 2.1 The Tangent Curve.- 2.2 Curve Parameterization.- 2.3 The Normal Curve.- 2.4 Envelope Curves.- 2.5 Arc Length Parameterization.- 2.6 Curvature.- 2.7 The Frenet Equations.- 2.8 Involutes and Evolutes.- 2.9 Helices.- 2.10 Signed Curvature.- 2.11 Inflection Points.- 3 Surfaces.- 3.1 The Gradient of a Function.- 3.2 The Tangent Space and Normal Vector.- 3.3 Derivatives.- 4 Function and Space Curve Interpolation.- 5 2D-Function Interpolation.- 5.1 Lagrange Interpolating Polynomials.- 5.2 Whittaker's Interpolation Formula.- 5.3 Cubic Splines for 2D-Function Interpolation.- 5.4 Estimating Slopes.- 5.5 Monotone 2D Cubic Spline Functions.- 5.6 Error in 2D Cubic Spline Interpolation Functions.- 6 ?-Spline Curves With Range Dimension d.- 7 Cubic Polynomial Space Curve Splines.- 7.1 Choosing the Segment Parameter Limits.- 7.2 Estimating Tangent Vectors.- 7.3 Bezier Polynomials.- 8 Double Tangent Cubic Splines.- 8.1 Kochanek-Bartels Tangents.- 8.2 Fletcher-McAllister Tangent Magnitudes.- 9 Global Cubic Space Curve Splines.- 9.1 Second Derivatives of Global Cubic Splines.- 9.2 Third Derivatives of Global Cubic Splines.- 9.3 A Variational Characterization of Natural Splines.- 9.4 Weighted v-Splines.- 10 Smoothing Splines.- 10.1 Computing an Optimal Smoothing Spline.- 10.2 Computing the Smoothing Parameter.- 10.3 Best Fit Smoothing Cubic Splines.- 10.4 Monotone Smoothing Splines.- 11 Geometrically Continuous Cubic Splines.- 11.1 Beta Splines.- 12 Quadratic Space Curve Based Cubic Splines.- 13 Cubic Spline Vector Space Basis Functions.- 13.1 Bases for C1 and C2 Space Curve Cubic Splines.- 13.2 Cardinal Bases for Cubic Spline Vector Spaces.- 13.3 The B-Spline Basis for Global Cubic Splines.- 14 Rational Cubic Splines.- 15 Two Spline Programs.- 15.1 Interpolating Cubic Splines Program.- 15.2 Optimal Smoothing Spline Program.- 16 Tensor Product Surface Splines.- 16.1 Bicubic Tensor Product Surface Patch Splines.- 16.2 A Generalized Tensor Product Patch Spline.- 16.3 Regular Grid Multi-Patch Surface Interpolation.- 16.4 Estimating Tangent and Twist Vectors.- 16.5 Tensor Product Cardinal Basis Representation.- 16.6 Bicubic Splines with Variable Parameter Limits.- 16.7 Triangular Patches.- 16.8 Parametric Grids.- 16.9 3D-Function Interpolation.- 17 Boundary Curve Based Surface Splines.- 17.1 Boundary Curve Based Bilinear Interpolation.- 17.2 Boundary Curve Based Bicubic Interpolation.- 17.3 General Boundary Curve Based Spline Interpolation.- 18 Physical Splines.- 18.1 Computing a Space Curve Physical Spline Segment.- 18.2 Computing a 2D Physical Spline Segment.- References.

This volume contains the contributions by the main participants of the 2nd International Colloquium on Differential Geometry and its Related Fields (ICDG2010), held in Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria to exchange information on current topics in differential geometry, information geometry and applications. These contributions from active specialists in differential geometry provide significant information on research papers which cover geometric structures, concrete Lie group theory and information geometry. This volume is invaluable not only for researchers in this special area but also for those who are interested in interdisciplinary areas in differential geometry, complex analysis, probability theory and mathematical physics. It also serves as a good guide to graduate students in the field of differential geometry.

Rational homotopy is a very powerful tool for differential topology and geometry. This text aims to provide graduates and researchers with the tools necessary for the use of rational homotopy in geometry. Algebraic Models in Geometry has been written for topologists who are drawn to geometrical problems amenable to topological methods and also for geometers who are faced with problems requiring topological approaches and thus need a simple and concrete introduction to rational homotopy. This is essentially a book of applications. Geodesics, curvature, embeddings of manifolds, blow-ups, complex and Kahler manifolds, symplectic geometry, torus actions, configurations and arrangements are all covered. The chapters related to these subjects act as an introduction to the topic, a survey, and a guide to the literature. But no matter what the particular subject is, the central theme of the book persists; namely, there is a beautiful connection between geometry and rational homotopy which both serves to solve geometric problems and spur the development of topological methods.

'Et moi, ..., si j'avait su comment en reveni.r, One service mathematics has rendered the je n'y serais point aile.' human race. It has put common sense back Jules Verne where it belongs. on the topmost shelf next to the dusty canister labelled 'discarded non 111e series is divergent; therefore we may be sense'. Eric T. Bell able to do something with it. O. Heaviside Mathematics is a tool for thought. A highly necessary tool in a world where both feedback and non linearities abound. Similarly, all kinds of parts of mathematics serve as tools for other parts and for other sciences. Applying a simple rewriting rule to the quote on the right above one finds such statements as: 'One service topology has rendered mathematical physics .. .'; 'One service logic has rendered com puter science .. .'; 'One service category theory has rendered mathematics .. .'. All arguably true. And all statements obtainable this way form part of the raison d'etre of this series."

The first part of this book provides a self-contained and accessible introduction to the subject in the general setting of pseudo-Riemannian manifolds and their non-degenerate submanifolds, only assuming from the reader some basic knowledge about manifold theory. A number of recent results on pseudo-Riemannian submanifolds are also included.The second part of this book is on -invariants, which was introduced in the early 1990s by the author. The famous Nash embedding theorem published in 1956 was aimed for, in the hope that if Riemannian manifolds could be regarded as Riemannian submanifolds, this would then yield the opportunity to use extrinsic help. However, this hope had not been materialized as pointed out by M Gromov in his 1985 article published in Asterisque. The main reason for this is the lack of control of the extrinsic invariants of the submanifolds by known intrinsic invariants. In order to overcome such difficulties, as well as to provide answers for an open question on minimal immersions, the author introduced in the early 1990s new types of Riemannian invariants, known as -invariants, which are very different in nature from the classical Ricci and scalar curvatures. At the same time he was able to establish general optimal relations between -invariants and the main extrinsic invariants. Since then many new results concerning these -invariants have been obtained by many geometers. The second part of this book is to provide an extensive and comprehensive survey over this very active field of research done during the last two decades.

The aim of this book is to give an account of some important new developments in the study of the Yamabe problem on quaternionic contact manifolds. This book covers the conformally flat case of the quaternionic Heisenberg group or sphere, where complete and detailed proofs are given, together with a chapter on the conformal curvature tensor introduced very recently by the authors. The starting point of the considered problems is the well-known Folland-Stein Sobolev type embedding and its sharp form that is determined based on geometric analysis. This book also sits at the interface of the generalization of these fundamental questions motivated by the Carnot-Caratheodory geometry of quaternionic contact manifolds, which have been recently the focus of extensive research motivated by problems in analysis, geometry, mathematical physics and the applied sciences. Through the beautiful resolution of the Yamabe problem on model quaternionic contact spaces, the book serves as an introduction to this field for graduate students and novice researchers, and as a research monograph suitable for experts as well.

In this book, the general theory of submanifolds in a multidimensional projective space is constructed. The topics dealt with include osculating spaces and fundamental forms of different orders, asymptotic and conjugate lines, submanifolds on the Grassmannians, different aspects of the normalization problems for submanifolds (with special emphasis given to a connection in the normal bundle) and the problem of algebraizability for different kinds of submanifolds, the geometry of hypersurfaces and hyperbands, etc. A series of special types of submanifolds with special projective structures are studied: submanifolds carrying a net of conjugate lines (in particular, conjugate systems), tangentially degenerate submanifolds, submanifolds with asymptotic and conjugate distributions etc. The method of moving frames and the apparatus of exterior differential forms are systematically used in the book and the results presented can be applied to the problems dealing with the linear subspaces or their generalizations.

Graduate students majoring in differential geometry will find this monograph of great interest, as will researchers in differential and algebraic geometry, complex analysis and theory of several complex variables.

The subject matter in this volume is Schwarz's lemma which has become a crucial theme in many branches of research in mathematics for more than a hundred years to date. This volume of lecture notes focuses on its differential geometric developments by several excellent authors including, but not limited to, L Ahlfors, S S Chern, Y C Lu, S T Yau and H L Royden.

This volume can be approached by a reader who has basic knowledge on complex analysis and Riemannian geometry. It contains major historic differential geometric generalizations on Schwarz's lemma and provides the necessary information while making the whole volume as concise as ever.

Since the foundational work of Lagrange on the differential equation to be satisfied by a minimal surface of the Euclidean space, the theory of minimal submanifolds have undergone considerable developments, involving techniques from related areas, such as the analysis of partial differential equations and complex analysis. On the other hand, the relativity theory has led to the study of pseudo-Riemannian manifolds, which turns out to be the most general framework for the study of minimal submanifolds. However, most of the recent books on the subject still present the theory only in the Riemannian case. For the first time, this book provides a self-contained and accessible introduction to the subject in the general setting of pseudo-Riemannian geometry, only assuming from the reader some basic knowledge about manifold theory. Several classical results, such as the Weierstrass representation formula for minimal surfaces, and the minimizing properties of complex submanifolds, are presented in full generality without sacrificing the clarity of exposition. Finally, a number of very recent results on the subject, including the classification of equivariant minimal hypersurfaces in pseudo-Riemannian space forms and the characterization of minimal Lagrangian surfaces in some pseudo-K hler manifolds are given.

This book gives a modern differential geometric treatment of linearly nonholonomically constrained systems. It discusses in detail what is meant by symmetry of such a system and gives a general theory of how to reduce such a symmetry using the concept of a differential space and the almost Poisson bracket structure of its algebra of smooth functions. The above theory is applied to the concrete example of Carathodory's sleigh and the convex rolling rigid body. The qualitative behavior of the motion of the rolling disk is treated exhaustively and in detail. In particular, it classifies all motions of the disk, including those where the disk falls flat and those where it nearly falls flat.

The geometric techniques described in this book for symmetry reduction have not appeared in any book before. Nor has the detailed description of the motion of the rolling disk. In this respect, the authors are trail-blazers in their respective fields.

This independent account of modern ideas in differential geometry shows how they can be used to understand and extend classical results in integral geometry. The authors explore the influence of total curvature on the metric structure of complete, non-compact Riemannian 2-manifolds, although their work can be extended to more general spaces. Each chapter features open problems, making the volume a suitable learning aid for graduate students and non-specialists who seek an introduction to this modern area of differential geometry.

This volume contains the papers presented at a symposium on differential geometry at Shinshu University in July of 1988. Carefully reviewed by a panel of experts, the papers pertain to the following areas of research: dynamical systems, geometry of submanifolds and tensor geometry, lie sphere geometry, Riemannian geometry, Yang-Mills Connections, and geometry of the Laplace operator.

This volume contains research and expository papers on recent advances in foliations and Riemannian geometry. Some of the topics covered in this volume include: topology, geometry, dynamics and analysis of foliations, curvature, submanifold theory, Lie groups and harmonic maps.Among the contributions, readers may find an extensive survey on characteristic classes of Riemannian foliations offering also new results, an article showing the uniform simplicity of certain diffeomorphism groups, an exposition of convergences of contact structures to foliations from the point of view of Thurston's and Thurston-Bennequin's inequalities, a discussion about Fatou-Julia decompositions for foliations and a description of singular Riemannian foliations on spaces without conjugate points.Papers on submanifold theory focus on the existence of graphs with prescribed mean curvature and mean curvature flow for spacelike graphs, isometric and conformal deformations and detailed surveys on totally geodesic submanifolds in symmetric spaces, cohomogeneity one actions on hyperbolic spaces and rigidity of geodesic spheres in space forms. Geometric realizability of curvature tensors and curvature operators are also treated in this volume with special attention to the affine and the pseudo-Riemannian settings. Also, some contributions on biharmonic maps and submanifolds enrich the scope of this volume in providing an overview of different topics of current interest in differential geometry.

Cartan geometries were the first examples of connections on a principal bundle. They seem to be almost unknown these days, in spite of the great beauty and conceptual power they confer on geometry. The aim of the present book is to fill the gap in the literature on differential geometry by the missing notion of Cartan connections. Although the author had in mind a book accessible to graduate students, potential readers would also include working differential geometers who would like to know more about what Cartan did, which was to give a notion of "espaces généralisés" (= Cartan geometries) generalizing homogeneous spaces (= Klein geometries) in the same way that Riemannian geometry generalizes Euclidean geometry. In addition, physicists will be interested to see the fully satisfying way in which their gauge theory can be truly regarded as geometry.

This book is an introduction to twistor theory and modern geometrical approaches to space-time structure at the graduate or advanced undergraduate level. The choice of material presented has evolved from graduate lectures given in London and Oxford and the authors have aimed to retain the informal tone of those lectures. The book will provide graduate students with an introduction to the literature of twistor theory, presupposing some knowledge of special relativity and differential geometry. It would also be of use for a short course on space-time structure independently of twistor theory. The physicist could be introduced gently to some of the mathematics which has proved useful in these areas, and the mathematician could be shown where sheaf cohomology and complex manifold theory can be used in physics.

This book explores and articulates the concepts of the continuous and the infinitesimal from two points of view: the philosophical and the mathematical. The first section covers the history of these ideas in philosophy. Chapter one, entitled 'The continuous and the discrete in Ancient Greece, the Orient and the European Middle Ages,' reviews the work of Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, and other Ancient Greeks; the elements of early Chinese, Indian and Islamic thought; and early Europeans including Henry of Harclay, Nicholas of Autrecourt, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Thomas Bradwardine and Nicolas Oreme. The second chapter of the book covers European thinkers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: Galileo, Newton, Leibniz, Descartes, Arnauld, Fermat, and more. Chapter three, 'The age of continuity,' discusses eighteenth century mathematicians including Euler and Carnot, and philosophers, among them Hume, Kant and Hegel. Examining the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the fourth chapter describes the reduction of the continuous to the discrete, citing the contributions of Bolzano, Cauchy and Reimann. Part one of the book concludes with a chapter on divergent conceptions of the continuum, with the work of nineteenth and early twentieth century philosophers and mathematicians, including Veronese, Poincare, Brouwer, and Weyl. Part two of this book covers contemporary mathematics, discussing topology and manifolds, categories, and functors, Grothendieck topologies, sheaves, and elementary topoi. Among the theories presented in detail are non-standard analysis, constructive and intuitionist analysis, and smooth infinitesimal analysis/synthetic differential geometry. No other book so thoroughly covers the history and development of the concepts of the continuous and the infinitesimal.

This invaluable book, based on the many years of teaching experience of both authors, introduces the reader to the basic ideas in differential topology. Among the topics covered are smooth manifolds and maps, the structure of the tangent bundle and its associates, the calculation of real cohomology groups using differential forms (de Rham theory), and applications such as the PoincariHopf theorem relating the Euler number of a manifold and the index of a vector field. Each chapter contains exercises of varying difficulty for which solutions are provided. Special features include examples drawn from geometric manifolds in dimension 3 and Brieskorn varieties in dimensions 5 and 7, as well as detailed calculations for the cohomology groups of spheres and tori.

This introductory book offers a unique and unified overview of symplectic geometry, highlighting the differential properties of symplectic manifolds. It consists of six chapters: Some Algebra Basics, Symplectic Manifolds, Cotangent Bundles, Symplectic G-spaces, Poisson Manifolds, and A Graded Case, concluding with a discussion of the differential properties of graded symplectic manifolds of dimensions (0,n). It is a useful reference resource for students and researchers interested in geometry, group theory, analysis and differential equations.This book is also inspiring in the emerging field of Geometric Science of Information, in particular the chapter on Symplectic G-spaces, where Jean-Louis Koszul develops Jean-Marie Souriau's tools related to the non-equivariant case of co-adjoint action on Souriau's moment map through Souriau's Cocycle, opening the door to Lie Group Machine Learning with Souriau-Fisher metric.

In 1993, M Kontsevich proposed a conceptual framework for explaining the phenomenon of mirror symmetry. Mirror symmetry had been discovered by physicists in string theory as a duality between families of three-dimensional Calabi-Yau manifolds. Kontsevich's proposal uses Fukaya's construction of the A -category of Lagrangian submanifolds on the symplectic side and the derived category of coherent sheaves on the complex side. The theory of mirror symmetry was further enhanced by physicists in the language of D-branes and also by Strominger-Yau-Zaslow in the geometric set-up of (special) Lagrangian torus fibrations. It rapidly expanded its scope across from geometry, topology, algebra to physics.In this volume, leading experts in the field explore recent developments in relation to homological mirror symmetry, Floer theory, D-branes and Gromov-Witten invariants. Kontsevich-Soibelman describe their solution to the mirror conjecture on the abelian variety based on the deformation theory of A -categories, and Ohta describes recent work on the Lagrangian intersection Floer theory by Fukaya-Oh-Ohta-Ono which takes an important step towards a rigorous construction of the A -category. There follow a number of contributions on the homological mirror symmetry, D-branes and the Gromov-Witten invariants, e.g. Getzler shows how the Toda conjecture follows from recent work of Givental, Okounkov and Pandharipande. This volume provides a timely presentation of the important developments of recent years in this rapidly growing field.

Inverse boundary problems are a rapidly developing area of applied mathematics with applications throughout physics and the engineering sciences. However, the mathematical theory of inverse problems remains incomplete and needs further development to aid in the solution of many important practical problems.

Inverse Boundary Spectral Problems develop a rigorous theory for solving several types of inverse problems exactly. In it, the authors consider the following:

"Can the unknown coefficients of an elliptic partial differential equation be determined from the eigenvalues and the boundary values of the eigenfunctions?"

Along with this problem, many inverse problems for heat and wave equations are solved.

The authors approach inverse problems in a coordinate invariant way, that is, by applying ideas drawn from differential geometry. To solve them, they apply methods of Riemannian geometry, modern control theory, and the theory of localized wave packets, also known as Gaussian beams. The treatment includes the relevant background of each of these areas.

Although the theory of inverse boundary spectral problems has been in development for at least 10 years, until now the literature has been scattered throughout various journals. This self-contained monograph summarizes the relevant concepts and the techniques useful for dealing with them.

Tight and taut manifolds form an important and special class of surfaces within differential geometry. This book contains in-depth articles by experts in the field as well as an extensive and comprehensive bibliography. This survey will open new avenues for further research and will be an important addition to any geometer's library.

This book is a translation of an authoritative introductory text based on a lecture series delivered by the renowned differential geometer, Professor S S Chern in Beijing University in 1980. The original Chinese text, authored by Professor Chern and Professor Wei-Huan Chen, was a unique contribution to the mathematics literature, combining simplicity and economy of approach with depth of contents. The present translation is aimed at a wide audience, including (but not limited to) advanced undergraduate and graduate students in mathematics, as well as physicists interested in the diverse applications of differential geometry to physics. In addition to a thorough treatment of the fundamentals of manifold theory, exterior algebra, the exterior calculus, connections on fiber bundles, Riemannian geometry, Lie groups and moving frames, and complex manifolds (with a succinct introduction to the theory of Chern classes), and an appendix on the relationship between differential geometry and theoretical physics, this book includes a new chapter on Finsler geometry and a new appendix on the history and recent developments of differential geometry, the latter prepared specially for this edition by Professor Chern to bring the text into perspectives.

This edition of the invaluable text Modern Differential Geometry for Physicists contains an additional chapter that introduces some of the basic ideas of general topology needed in differential geometry. A number of small corrections and additions have also been made.These lecture notes are the content of an introductory course on modern, coordinate-free differential geometry which is taken by first-year theoretical physics PhD students, or by students attending the one-year MSc course “Quantum Fields and Fundamental Forces� at Imperial College. The book is concerned entirely with mathematics proper, although the emphasis and detailed topics have been chosen bearing in mind the way in which differential geometry is applied these days to modern theoretical physics. This includes not only the traditional area of general relativity but also the theory of Yang-Mills fields, nonlinear sigma models and other types of nonlinear field systems that feature in modern quantum field theory.The volume is divided into four parts: (i) introduction to general topology; (ii) introductory coordinate-free differential geometry; (iii) geometrical aspects of the theory of Lie groups and Lie group actions on manifolds; (iv) introduction to the theory of fibre bundles. In the introduction to differential geometry the author lays considerable stress on the basic ideas of “tangent space structure�, which he develops from several different points of view — some geometrical, others more algebraic. This is done with awareness of the difficulty which physics graduate students often experience when being exposed for the first time to the rather abstract ideas of differential geometry.

In this book, the author traces the development of the study of spherical minimal immersions over the past 30 plus years. In trying to make this monograph accessible not just to research mathematicians but mathematics graduate students as well, the author included sizeable pieces of material from upper level undergraduate courses, additional graduate level topics such as Felix Klein¿s classic treatise of the icosahedron, and a valuable selection of exercises at the end of each chapter.