This book provides an introduction to the mathematics and physics of general relativity, its basic physical concepts, its observational implications, and the new insights obtained into the nature of space-time and the structure of the universe. It introduces some of the most striking aspects of Einstein's theory of gravitation: black holes, gravitational waves, stellar models, and cosmology. It contains a self-contained introduction to tensor calculus and Riemannian geometry, using in parallel the language of modern differential geometry and the coordinate notation, more familiar to physicists. The author has strived to achieve mathematical rigour, with all notions given careful mathematical meaning, while trying to maintain the formalism to the minimum fit-for-purpose. Familiarity with special relativity is assumed. The overall aim is to convey some of the main physical and geometrical properties of Einstein's theory of gravitation, providing a solid entry point to further studies of the mathematics and physics of Einstein equations.

L'opera fornisce una introduzione alla geometria delle varieta differenziabili, illustrandone le principali proprieta e descrivendo le principali tecniche e i piu importanti strumenti usati per il loro studio. Uno degli obiettivi primari dell'opera e di fungere da testo di riferimento per chi (matematici, fisici, ingegneri) usa la geometria differenziale come strumento; inoltre puo essere usato come libro di testo per diversi corsi introduttivi alla geometria differenziale, concentrandosi su alcuni dei vari aspetti della teoria presentati nell'opera. Piu in dettaglio, nell'opera saranno trattati i seguenti argomenti: richiami di algebra multilineare e tensoriale, spesso non presentati nei corsi standard di algebra lineare; varieta differenziali, incluso il teorema di Whitney; fibrati vettoriali, incluso il teorema di Frobenius e un'introduzione ai fibrati principali; gruppi di Lie, incluso il teorema di corrispondenza fra sottogruppi e sottoalgebre; coomologia di de Rham, inclusa la dualita di Poincare e il teorema di de Rham; connessioni, inclusa la teoria delle geodetiche; e geometria Riemanniana, con particolare attenzione agli operatori di curvatura e inclusi teoremi di Cartan-Hadamard, Bonnet-Myers, e Synge-Weinstein. Come abitudine degli autori, il testo e scritto in modo da favorire una lettura attiva, cruciale per un buon apprendimento di argomenti matematici; inoltre e corredato da numerosi esempi svolti ed esercizi proposti."

This volume resulted from presentations given at the international "Brainstorming Workshop on New Developments in Discrete Mechanics, Geometric Integration and Lie-Butcher Series", that took place at the Instituto de Ciencias Matematicas (ICMAT) in Madrid, Spain. It combines overview and research articles on recent and ongoing developments, as well as new research directions. Why geometric numerical integration? In their article of the same title Arieh Iserles and Reinout Quispel, two renowned experts in numerical analysis of differential equations, provide a compelling answer to this question. After this introductory chapter a collection of high-quality research articles aim at exploring recent and ongoing developments, as well as new research directions in the areas of geometric integration methods for differential equations, nonlinear systems interconnections, and discrete mechanics. One of the highlights is the unfolding of modern algebraic and combinatorial structures common to those topics, which give rise to fruitful interactions between theoretical as well as applied and computational perspectives. The volume is aimed at researchers and graduate students interested in theoretical and computational problems in geometric integration theory, nonlinear control theory, and discrete mechanics.

Collecting together the lecture notes of the CIME Summer School held in Cetraro in July 2018, the aim of the book is to introduce a vast range of techniques which are useful in the investigation of complex manifolds. The school consisted of four courses, focusing on both the construction of non-Kahler manifolds and the understanding of a possible classification of complex non-Kahler manifolds. In particular, the courses by Alberto Verjovsky and Andrei Teleman introduced tools in the theory of foliations and analytic techniques for the classification of compact complex surfaces and compact Kahler manifolds, respectively. The courses by Sebastien Picard and Slawomir Dinew focused on analytic techniques in Hermitian geometry, more precisely, on special Hermitian metrics and geometric flows, and on pluripotential theory in complex non-Kahler geometry.

This is the fifth and revised edition of a well-received textbook that aims at bridging the gap between the engineering course of tensor algebra on the one hand and the mathematical course of classical linear algebra on the other hand. In accordance with the contemporary way of scientific publication, a modern absolute tensor notation is preferred throughout. The book provides a comprehensible exposition of the fundamental mathematical concepts of tensor calculus and enriches the presented material with many illustrative examples. As such, this new edition also discusses such modern topics of solid mechanics as electro- and magnetoelasticity. In addition, the book also includes advanced chapters dealing with recent developments in the theory of isotropic and anisotropic tensor functions and their applications to continuum mechanics. Hence, this textbook addresses graduate students as well as scientists working in this field and in particular dealing with multi-physical problems. In each chapter numerous exercises are included, allowing for self-study and intense practice. Solutions to the exercises are also provided.

This book collects independent contributions on current developments in quantum information theory, a very interdisciplinary field at the intersection of physics, computer science and mathematics. Making intense use of the most advanced concepts from each discipline, the authors give in each contribution pedagogical introductions to the main concepts underlying their present research and present a personal perspective on some of the most exciting open problems. Keeping this diverse audience in mind, special efforts have been made to ensure that the basic concepts underlying quantum information are covered in an understandable way for mathematical readers, who can find there new open challenges for their research. At the same time, the volume can also be of use to physicists wishing to learn advanced mathematical tools, especially of differential and algebraic geometric nature.

This text provides a comprehensive introduction to Berezin-Toeplitz operators on compact Kahler manifolds. The heart of the book is devoted to a proof of the main properties of these operators which have been playing a significant role in various areas of mathematics such as complex geometry, topological quantum field theory, integrable systems, and the study of links between symplectic topology and quantum mechanics. The book is carefully designed to supply graduate students with a unique accessibility to the subject. The first part contains a review of relevant material from complex geometry. Examples are presented with explicit detail and computation; prerequisites have been kept to a minimum. Readers are encouraged to enhance their understanding of the material by working through the many straightforward exercises.

The description for this book, Seminar On Minimal Submanifolds. (AM-103), will be forthcoming.

The goal in putting together this unique compilation was to present the current status of the solutions to some of the most essential open problems in pure and applied mathematics. Emphasis is also given to problems in interdisciplinary research for which mathematics plays a key role. This volume comprises highly selected contributions by some of the most eminent mathematicians in the international mathematical community on longstanding problems in very active domains of mathematical research. A joint preface by the two volume editors is followed by a personal farewell to John F. Nash, Jr. written by Michael Th. Rassias. An introduction by Mikhail Gromov highlights some of Nash's legendary mathematical achievements. The treatment in this book includes open problems in the following fields: algebraic geometry, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, PDEs, differential geometry, topology, K-theory, game theory, fluid mechanics, dynamical systems and ergodic theory, cryptography, theoretical computer science, and more. Extensive discussions surrounding the progress made for each problem are designed to reach a wide community of readers, from graduate students and established research mathematicians to physicists, computer scientists, economists, and research scientists who are looking to develop essential and modern new methods and theories to solve a variety of open problems.

This book consists of a series of introductory lectures on mirror symmetry and its surrounding topics. These lectures were provided by participants in the PIMS Superschool for Derived Categories and D-branes in July 2016. Together, they form a comprehensive introduction to the field that integrates perspectives from mathematicians and physicists alike. These proceedings provide a pleasant and broad introduction into modern research topics surrounding string theory and mirror symmetry that is approachable to readers new to the subjects. These topics include constructions of various mirror pairs, approaches to mirror symmetry, connections to homological algebra, and physical motivations. Of particular interest is the connection between GLSMs, D-branes, birational geometry, and derived categories, which is explained both from a physical and mathematical perspective. The introductory lectures provided herein highlight many features of this emerging field and give concrete connections between the physics and the math. Mathematical readers will come away with a broader perspective on this field and a bit of physical intuition, while physicists will gain an introductory overview of the developing mathematical realization of physical predictions.

This work provides the first classification theory of matrix-valued symmetry breaking operators from principal series representations of a reductive group to those of its subgroup.The study of symmetry breaking operators (intertwining operators for restriction) is an important and very active research area in modern representation theory, which also interacts with various fields in mathematics and theoretical physics ranging from number theory to differential geometry and quantum mechanics.The first author initiated a program of the general study of symmetry breaking operators. The present book pursues the program by introducing new ideas and techniques, giving a systematic and detailed treatment in the case of orthogonal groups of real rank one, which will serve as models for further research in other settings.In connection to automorphic forms, this work includes a proof for a multiplicity conjecture by Gross and Prasad for tempered principal series representations in the case (SO(n + 1, 1), SO(n, 1)). The authors propose a further multiplicity conjecture for nontempered representations.Viewed from differential geometry, this seminal work accomplishes the classification of all conformally covariant operators transforming differential forms on a Riemanniann manifold X to those on a submanifold in the model space (X, Y) = (Sn, Sn-1). Functional equations and explicit formulae of these operators are also established.This book offers a self-contained and inspiring introduction to the analysis of symmetry breaking operators for infinite-dimensional representations of reductive Lie groups. This feature will be helpful for active scientists and accessible to graduate students and young researchers in representation theory, automorphic forms, differential geometry, and theoretical physics.

The book gathers contributions from the fourth conference on Information Geometry and its Applications, which was held on June 12-17, 2016, at Liblice Castle, Czech Republic on the occasion of Shun-ichi Amari's 80th birthday and was organized by the Czech Academy of Sciences' Institute of Information Theory and Automation. The conference received valuable financial support from the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences (Information Theory of Cognitive Systems Group), Czech Academy of Sciences' Institute of Information Theory and Automation, and Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata. The aim of the conference was to highlight recent advances in the field of information geometry and to identify new research directions. To this end, the event brought together leading experts in the field who, in invited talks and poster sessions, discussed both theoretical work and achievements in the many fields of application in which information geometry plays an essential role.

This book presents the proceedings of the 20th International Workshop on Hermitian Symmetric Spaces and Submanifolds, which was held at the Kyungpook National University from June 21 to 25, 2016. The Workshop was supported by the Research Institute of Real and Complex Manifolds (RIRCM) and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF). The Organizing Committee invited 30 active geometers of differential geometry and related fields from all around the globe to discuss new developments for research in the area. These proceedings provide a detailed overview of recent topics in the field of real and complex submanifolds.

This book is the first collection of lipid-membrane research conducted by leading mechanicians and experts in continuum mechanics. It brings the overall intellectual framework afforded by modern continuum mechanics to bear on a host of challenging problems in lipid membrane physics. These include unique and authoritative treatments of differential geometry, shape elasticity, surface flow and diffusion, interleaf membrane friction, phase transitions, electroelasticity and flexoelectricity, and computational modelling.

From the preface: "Hopf algebras, Hopf fibration of spheres, Hopf-Rinow complete Riemannian manifolds, Hopf theorem on the ends of groups - can one imagine modern mathematics without all this? Many other concepts and methods, fundamental in various mathematical disciplines, also go back directly or indirectly to the work of Heinz Hopf: homological algebra, singularities of vector fields and characteristic classes, group-like spaces, global differential geometry, and the whole algebraisation of topology with its influence on group theory, analysis and algebraic geometry. It is astonishing to realize that this oeuvre of a whole scientific life consists of only about 70 writings. Astonishing also the transparent and clear style, the concreteness of the problems, and how abstract and far-reaching the methods Hopf invented."

This book presents tensors and differential geometry in a comprehensive and approachable manner, providing a bridge from the place where physics and engineering mathematics end, and the place where tensor analysis begins. Among the topics examined are tensor analysis, elementary differential geometry of moving surfaces, and k-differential forms. The book includes numerous examples with solutions and concrete calculations, which guide readers through these complex topics step by step. Mindful of the practical needs of engineers and physicists, book favors simplicity over a more rigorous, formal approach. The book shows readers how to work with tensors and differential geometry and how to apply them to modeling the physical and engineering world. The authors provide chapter-length treatment of topics at the intersection of advanced mathematics, and physics and engineering: * General Basis and Bra-Ket Notation * Tensor Analysis * Elementary Differential Geometry * Differential Forms * Applications of Tensors and Differential Geometry * Tensors and Bra-Ket Notation in Quantum Mechanics The text reviews methods and applications in computational fluid dynamics; continuum mechanics; electrodynamics in special relativity; cosmology in the Minkowski four-dimensional space time; and relativistic and non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Tensor Analysis and Elementary Differential Geometry for Physicists and Engineers benefits research scientists and practicing engineers in a variety of fields, who use tensor analysis and differential geometry in the context of applied physics, and electrical and mechanical engineering. It will also interest graduate students in applied physics and engineering.

This book arises from the INdAM Meeting "Complex and Symplectic Geometry", which was held in Cortona in June 2016. Several leading specialists, including young researchers, in the field of complex and symplectic geometry, present the state of the art of their research on topics such as the cohomology of complex manifolds; analytic techniques in Kahler and non-Kahler geometry; almost-complex and symplectic structures; special structures on complex manifolds; and deformations of complex objects. The work is intended for researchers in these areas.

The book is devoted to the study of the geometrical and topological structure of gauge theories. It consists of the following three building blocks:- Geometry and topology of fibre bundles,- Clifford algebras, spin structures and Dirac operators,- Gauge theory.Written in the style of a mathematical textbook, it combines a comprehensive presentation of the mathematical foundations with a discussion of a variety of advanced topics in gauge theory.The first building block includes a number of specific topics, like invariant connections, universal connections, H-structures and the Postnikov approximation of classifying spaces.Given the great importance of Dirac operators in gauge theory, a complete proof of the Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem is presented. The gauge theory part contains the study of Yang-Mills equations (including the theory of instantons and the classical stability analysis), the discussion of various models with matter fields (including magnetic monopoles, the Seiberg-Witten model and dimensional reduction) and the investigation of the structure of the gauge orbit space. The final chapter is devoted to elements of quantum gauge theory including the discussion of the Gribov problem, anomalies and the implementation of the non-generic gauge orbit strata in the framework of Hamiltonian lattice gauge theory.The book is addressed both to physicists and mathematicians. It is intended to be accessible to students starting from a graduate level.

This volume consists of invited lecture notes, survey papers and original research papers from the AAGADE school and conference held in Bedlewo, Poland in September 2015. The contributions provide an overview of the current level of interaction between algebra, geometry and analysis and demonstrate the manifold aspects of the theory of ordinary and partial differential equations, while also pointing out the highly fruitful interrelations between those aspects. These interactions continue to yield new developments, not only in the theory of differential equations but also in several related areas of mathematics and physics such as differential geometry, representation theory, number theory and mathematical physics. The main goal of the volume is to introduce basic concepts, techniques, detailed and illustrative examples and theorems (in a manner suitable for non-specialists), and to present recent developments in the field, together with open problems for more advanced and experienced readers. It will be of interest to graduate students, early-career researchers and specialists in analysis, geometry, algebra and related areas, as well as anyone interested in learning new methods and techniques.

This book provides an introduction to topology, differential topology, and differential geometry. It is based on manuscripts refined through use in a variety of lecture courses. The first chapter covers elementary results and concepts from point-set topology. An exception is the Jordan Curve Theorem, which is proved for polygonal paths and is intended to give students a first glimpse into the nature of deeper topological problems. The second chapter of the book introduces manifolds and Lie groups, and examines a wide assortment of examples. Further discussion explores tangent bundles, vector bundles, differentials, vector fields, and Lie brackets of vector fields. This discussion is deepened and expanded in the third chapter, which introduces the de Rham cohomology and the oriented integral and gives proofs of the Brouwer Fixed-Point Theorem, the Jordan-Brouwer Separation Theorem, and Stokes's integral formula. The fourth and final chapter is devoted to the fundamentals of differential geometry and traces the development of ideas from curves to submanifolds of Euclidean spaces. Along the way, the book discusses connections and curvature--the central concepts of differential geometry. The discussion culminates with the Gauss equations and the version of Gauss's theorema egregium for submanifolds of arbitrary dimension and codimension. This book is primarily aimed at advanced undergraduates in mathematics and physics and is intended as the template for a one- or two-semester bachelor's course.

This monograph provides an accessible introduction to the applications of pseudoholomorphic curves in symplectic and contact geometry, with emphasis on dimensions four and three. The first half of the book focuses on McDuff's characterization of symplectic rational and ruled surfaces, one of the classic early applications of holomorphic curve theory. The proof presented here uses the language of Lefschetz fibrations and pencils, thus it includes some background on these topics, in addition to a survey of the required analytical results on holomorphic curves. Emphasizing applications rather than technical results, the analytical survey mostly refers to other sources for proofs, while aiming to provide precise statements that are widely applicable, plus some informal discussion of the analytical ideas behind them. The second half of the book then extends this program in two complementary directions: (1) a gentle introduction to Gromov-Witten theory and complete proof of the classification of uniruled symplectic 4-manifolds; and (2) a survey of punctured holomorphic curves and their applications to questions from 3-dimensional contact topology, such as classifying the symplectic fillings of planar contact manifolds. This book will be particularly useful to graduate students and researchers who have basic literacy in symplectic geometry and algebraic topology, and would like to learn how to apply standard techniques from holomorphic curve theory without dwelling more than necessary on the analytical details. This book is also part of the Virtual Series on Symplectic Geometry http://www.springer.com/series/16019

This volume contains selected papers authored by speakers and participants of the 2013 Arbeitstagung, held at the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in Bonn, Germany, from May 22-28. The 2013 meeting (and this resulting proceedings) was dedicated to the memory of Friedrich Hirzebruch, who passed away on May 27, 2012. Hirzebruch organized the first Arbeitstagung in 1957 with a unique concept that would become its most distinctive feature: the program was not determined beforehand by the organizers, but during the meeting by all participants in an open discussion. This ensured that the talks would be on the latest developments in mathematics and that many important results were presented at the conference for the first time. Written by leading mathematicians, the papers in this volume cover various topics from algebraic geometry, topology, analysis, operator theory, and representation theory and display the breadth and depth of pure mathematics that has always been characteristic of the Arbeitstagung.

Now in its second edition, this monograph explores the Monge-Ampere equation and the latest advances in its study and applications. It provides an essentially self-contained systematic exposition of the theory of weak solutions, including regularity results by L. A. Caffarelli. The geometric aspects of this theory are stressed using techniques from harmonic analysis, such as covering lemmas and set decompositions. An effort is made to present complete proofs of all theorems, and examples and exercises are offered to further illustrate important concepts. Some of the topics considered include generalized solutions, non-divergence equations, cross sections, and convex solutions. New to this edition is a chapter on the linearized Monge-Ampere equation and a chapter on interior Hoelder estimates for second derivatives. Bibliographic notes, updated and expanded from the first edition, are included at the end of every chapter for further reading on Monge-Ampere-type equations and their diverse applications in the areas of differential geometry, the calculus of variations, optimization problems, optimal mass transport, and geometric optics. Both researchers and graduate students working on nonlinear differential equations and their applications will find this to be a useful and concise resource.

This 4-th edition of the leading reference volume on distance metrics is characterized by updated and rewritten sections on some items suggested by experts and readers, as well a general streamlining of content and the addition of essential new topics. Though the structure remains unchanged, the new edition also explores recent advances in the use of distances and metrics for e.g. generalized distances, probability theory, graph theory, coding theory, data analysis. New topics in the purely mathematical sections include e.g. the Vitanyi multiset-metric, algebraic point-conic distance, triangular ratio metric, Rossi-Hamming metric, Taneja distance, spectral semimetric between graphs, channel metrization, and Maryland bridge distance. The multidisciplinary sections have also been supplemented with new topics, including: dynamic time wrapping distance, memory distance, allometry, atmospheric depth, elliptic orbit distance, VLBI distance measurements, the astronomical system of units, and walkability distance. Leaving aside the practical questions that arise during the selection of a 'good' distance function, this work focuses on providing the research community with an invaluable comprehensive listing of the main available distances. As well as providing standalone introductions and definitions, the encyclopedia facilitates swift cross-referencing with easily navigable bold-faced textual links to core entries. In addition to distances themselves, the authors have collated numerous fascinating curiosities in their Who's Who of metrics, including distance-related notions and paradigms that enable applied mathematicians in other sectors to deploy research tools that non-specialists justly view as arcane. In expanding access to these techniques, and in many cases enriching the context of distances themselves, this peerless volume is certain to stimulate fresh research.

This book gathers contributions by respected experts on the theory of isometric immersions between Riemannian manifolds, and focuses on the geometry of CR structures on submanifolds in Hermitian manifolds. CR structures are a bundle theoretic recast of the tangential Cauchy-Riemann equations in complex analysis involving several complex variables. The book covers a wide range of topics such as Sasakian geometry, Kaehler and locally conformal Kaehler geometry, the tangential CR equations, Lorentzian geometry, holomorphic statistical manifolds, and paraquaternionic CR submanifolds. Intended as a tribute to Professor Aurel Bejancu, who discovered the notion of a CR submanifold of a Hermitian manifold in 1978, the book provides an up-to-date overview of several topics in the geometry of CR submanifolds. Presenting detailed information on the most recent advances in the area, it represents a useful resource for mathematicians and physicists alike.