15 0. PRELIMINARIES a) Notations from Manifold Theory b) The Language of Jet Manifolds c) Frame Manifolds d) Differentia! Ideals e) Exterior Differential Systems EULER-LAGRANGE EQUATIONS FOR DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEMS ~liTH ONE I. 32 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE a) Setting up the Problem; Classical Examples b) Variational Equations for Integral Manifolds of Differential Systems c) Differential Systems in Good Form; the Derived Flag, Cauchy Characteristics, and Prolongation of Exterior Differential Systems d) Derivation of the Euler-Lagrange Equations; Examples e) The Euler-Lagrange Differential System; Non-Degenerate Variational Problems; Examples FIRST INTEGRALS OF THE EULER-LAGRANGE SYSTEM; NOETHER'S II. 1D7 THEOREM AND EXAMPLES a) First Integrals and Noether's Theorem; Some Classical Examples; Variational Problems Algebraically Integrable by Quadratures b) Investigation of the Euler-Lagrange System for Some Differential-Geometric Variational Pro~lems: 2 i) ( K ds for Plane Curves; i i) Affine Arclength; 2 iii) f K ds for Space Curves; and iv) Delauney Problem. II I. EULER EQUATIONS FOR VARIATIONAL PROBLEfiJS IN HOMOGENEOUS SPACES 161 a) Derivation of the Equations: i) Motivation; i i) Review of the Classical Case; iii) the Genera 1 Euler Equations 2 K /2 ds b) Examples: i) the Euler Equations Associated to f for lEn; but for Curves in i i) Some Problems as in i) sn; Non- Curves in iii) Euler Equations Associated to degenerate Ruled Surfaces IV.

INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY WITH TENSOR APPLICATIONS This is the only volume of its kind to explain, in precise and easy-to-understand language, the fundamentals of tensors and their applications in differential geometry and analytical mechanics with examples for practical applications and questions for use in a course setting. Introduction to Differential Geometry with Tensor Applications discusses the theory of tensors, curves and surfaces and their applications in Newtonian mechanics. Since tensor analysis deals with entities and properties that are independent of the choice of reference frames, it forms an ideal tool for the study of differential geometry and also of classical and celestial mechanics. This book provides a profound introduction to the basic theory of differential geometry: curves and surfaces and analytical mechanics with tensor applications. The author has tried to keep the treatment of the advanced material as lucid and comprehensive as possible, mainly by including utmost detailed calculations, numerous illustrative examples, and a wealth of complementing exercises with complete solutions making the book easily accessible even to beginners in the field. Groundbreaking and thought-provoking, this volume is an outstanding primer for modern differential geometry and is a basic source for a profound introductory course or as a valuable reference. It can even be used for self-study, by students or by practicing engineers interested in the subject. Whether for the student or the veteran engineer or scientist, Introduction to Differential Geometry with Tensor Applications is a must-have for any library. This outstanding new volume: Presents a unique perspective on the theories in the field not available anywhere else Explains the basic concepts of tensors and matrices and their applications in differential geometry and analytical mechanics Is filled with hundreds of examples and unworked problems, useful not just for the student, but also for the engineer in the field Is a valuable reference for the professional engineer or a textbook for the engineering student

The differential equations which model the action of selection and recombination are nonlinear equations which are impossible to It is even difficult to describe in general the solve explicitly. Recently, Shahshahani began using qualitative behavior of solutions. differential geometry to study these equations [28]. with this mono graph I hope to show that his ideas illuminate many aspects of pop ulation genetics. Among these are his proof and clarification of Fisher's Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection and Kimura's Maximum Principle and also the effect of recombination on entropy. We also discover the relationship between two classic measures of 2 genetic distance: the x measure and the arc-cosine measure. There are two large applications. The first is a precise definition of the biological concept of degree of epistasis which applies to general (i.e. frequency dependent) forms of selection. The second is the unexpected appearance of cycling. We show that cycles can occur in the two-locus-two-allele model of selection plus recombination even when the fitness numbers are constant (i.e. no frequency dependence). This work is addressed to two different kinds of readers which accounts for its mode of organization. For the biologist, Chapter I contains a description of the entire work with brief indications of a proof for the harder results. I imagine a reader with some familiarity with linear algebra and systems of differential equations. Ideal background is Hirsch and Smale's text [15].

A working knowledge of differential forms so strongly illuminates the calculus and its developments that it ought not be too long delayed in the curriculum. On the other hand, the systematic treatment of differential forms requires an apparatus of topology and algebra which is heavy for beginning undergraduates. Several texts on advanced calculus using differential forms have appeared in recent years. We may cite as representative of the variety of approaches the books of Fleming [2], (1) Nickerson-Spencer-Steenrod [3], and Spivak [6]. . Despite their accommodation to the innocence of their readers, these texts cannot lighten the burden of apparatus exactly because they offer a more or less full measure of the truth at some level of generality in a formally precise exposition. There. is consequently a gap between texts of this type and the traditional advanced calculus. Recently, on the occasion of offering a beginning course of advanced calculus, we undertook the expe- ment of attempting to present the technique of differential forms with minimal apparatus and very few prerequisites. These notes are the result of that experiment. Our exposition is intended to be heuristic and concrete. Roughly speaking, we take a differential form to be a multi-dimensional integrand, such a thing being subject to rules making change-of-variable calculations automatic. The domains of integration (manifolds) are explicitly given "surfaces" in Euclidean space. The differentiation of forms (exterior (1) Numbers in brackets refer to the Bibliography at the end.

This book aims to present to first and second year graduate students a beautiful and relatively accessible field of mathematics-the theory of singu larities of stable differentiable mappings. The study of stable singularities is based on the now classical theories of Hassler Whitney, who determined the generic singularities (or lack of them) of Rn ~ Rm (m ~ 2n - 1) and R2 ~ R2, and Marston Morse, for mappings who studied these singularities for Rn ~ R. It was Rene Thorn who noticed (in the late '50's) that all of these results could be incorporated into one theory. The 1960 Bonn notes of Thom and Harold Levine (reprinted in [42]) gave the first general exposition of this theory. However, these notes preceded the work of Bernard Malgrange [23] on what is now known as the Malgrange Preparation Theorem-which allows the relatively easy computation of normal forms of stable singularities as well as the proof of the main theorem in the subject-and the definitive work of John Mather. More recently, two survey articles have appeared, by Arnold [4] and Wall [53], which have done much to codify the new material; still there is no totally accessible description of this subject for the beginning student. We hope that these notes will partially fill this gap. In writing this manuscript, we have repeatedly cribbed from the sources mentioned above-in particular, the Thom-Levine notes and the six basic papers by Mather.

The geometry of complex hyperbolic space has not, so far, been given a comprehensive treatment in the literature. This book seeks to address this by providing an overview of this particularly rich area of research, and is largely motivated by the wide applications in other areas of mathematics and physics.

Providing a succinct yet comprehensive treatment of the essentials of modern differential geometry and topology, this book's clear prose and informal style make it accessible to advanced undergraduate and graduate students in mathematics and the physical sciences. The text covers the basics of multilinear algebra, differentiation and integration on manifolds, Lie groups and Lie algebras, homotopy and de Rham cohomology, homology, vector bundles, Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian geometry, and degree theory. It also features over 250 detailed exercises, and a variety of applications revealing fundamental connections to classical mechanics, electromagnetism (including circuit theory), general relativity and gauge theory. Solutions to the problems are available for instructors at www.cambridge.org/9781107042193.

This paper is a contribution to the topological study of vector fields on manifolds. In particular we shall be concerned with the problems of exist ence of r linearly independent vector fields. For r = 1 the classical result of H. Hopf asserts that the vanishing of the Euler characteristic is the necessary and sufficient condition, and our results will give partial extens ions of Hopf's theorem to the case r > 1. Arecent article by E. Thomas [10] gives a good survey of work in this general area. Our approach to these problems is based on the index theory of elliptic differential operators and is therefore rather different from the standard topological approach. Briefly speaking, what we do is to observe that certain invariants of a manifold (Euler characteristic, signature, etc. ) are indices of elliptic operators (see [5]) and the existence of a certain number of vector fields implies certain symmetry conditions for these operators and hence corresponding results for their indices. In this way we obtain certain necessary conditions for the existence of vector fields and, more generally , for the existence of fields of tangent planes. For example, one of our results is the following THEOREM (1. 1). Let X be a compact oriented smooth manifold 0/ dimension 4 q, and assume that X possesses a tangent fteld of oriented 2-planes (that is, an oriented 2-dimensional sub-bundle 0/ the tangent vector bundle).

1. Innere Produkte Wir fUhren im Ramne ein kartesisches Koordinatensystem ein, dessen Achsen so orientiert sind, wie das in der Fig. 1 angedeutet ist. Die drei Koordinaten eines Punktes bezeichnen wir mit XI, X, x - Alle betrach- 2 3 teten Punkte setzen wir, falls nicht ausdrucklich etwas anderes gesagt wird, als reell voraus. Xz Xl Fig.1. Zwei in bestimmter Reihenfolge angeordnete Punkte und t) des Raumes mit den Koordinaten XI' X, x3 und YI' Y2, Y3 bestimmen eine 2 von nach t) fuhrende gerichtete Strecke. Zwei zu den Punktepaaren, t) und i, gehOrende gerichtete Strecken sind dann und nur dann gleichsinnig parallel und gleich lang, wenn die entsprechenden Koordi- natendifferenzen alle ubereinstimmen: (1) Yi - Xi = Yi - Xi (i = 1, 2, 3). Wir bezeichnen das System aller von den samtlichen Punkten des Rau- mes auslaufenden gerichteten Strecken von einer und derselben Rich- tung, demselben Sinn und der gleichen Lange als einen Vektor. Da fUr diese Strecken die Koordinatendifferenzen der beiden Endpunkte immer die gleichen sind, k6nnen wir diese drei Differenzen dem Vektor als seine 2 Einleitung Komponenten zuordnen, und zwar entsprechen die verschiedenen Systeme der als Vektorkomponenten genommenen Zahlentripel eineindeutig den verschiedenen Vektoren. An den Vektoren ist bemerkenswert, daB ihre Komponenten sich bei einer Parallelverschiebung des Koordinaten- systems nicht andern im Gegensatz zu den Koordinaten der Punkte.

From the preface: "Hopf algebras, Hopf fibration of spheres, Hopf-Rinow complete Riemannian manifolds, Hopf theorem on the ends of groups - can one imagine modern mathematics without all this? Many other concepts and methods, fundamental in various mathematical disciplines, also go back directly or indirectly to the work of Heinz Hopf: homological algebra, singularities of vector fields and characteristic classes, group-like spaces, global differential geometry, and the whole algebraisation of topology with its influence on group theory, analysis and algebraic geometry. It is astonishing to realize that this oeuvre of a whole scientific life consists of only about 70 writings. Astonishing also the transparent and clear style, the concreteness of the problems, and how abstract and far-reaching the methods Hopf invented."

This book contains an up-to-date survey and self-contained chapters on complex slant submanifolds and geometry, authored by internationally renowned researchers. The book discusses a wide range of topics, including slant surfaces, slant submersions, nearly Kaehler, locally conformal Kaehler, and quaternion Kaehler manifolds. It provides several classification results of minimal slant surfaces, quasi-minimal slant surfaces, slant surfaces with parallel mean curvature vector, pseudo-umbilical slant surfaces, and biharmonic and quasi biharmonic slant surfaces in Lorentzian complex space forms. Furthermore, this book includes new results on slant submanifolds of para-Hermitian manifolds. This book also includes recent results on slant lightlike submanifolds of indefinite Hermitian manifolds, which are of extensive use in general theory of relativity and potential applications in radiation and electromagnetic fields. Various open problems and conjectures on slant surfaces in complex space forms are also included in the book. It presents detailed information on the most recent advances in the area, making it valuable for scientists, educators and graduate students.

The most immediate one-dimensional variation problem is certainly the problem of determining an arc of curve, bounded by two given and having a smallest possible length. The problem of deter points mining and investigating a surface with given boundary and with a smallest possible area might then be considered as the most immediate two-dimensional variation problem. The classical work, concerned with the latter problem, is summed up in a beautiful and enthusiastic manner in DARBOUX'S Theorie generale des surfaces, vol. I, and in the first volume of the collected papers of H. A. SCHWARZ. The purpose of the present report is to give a picture of the progress achieved in this problem during the period beginning with the Thesis of LEBESGUE (1902). Our problem has always been considered as the outstanding example for the application of Analysis and Geometry to each other, and the recent work in the problem will certainly strengthen this opinion. It seems, in particular, that this recent work will be a source of inspiration to the Analyst interested in Calculus of Variations and to the Geometer interested in the theory of the area and in the theory of the conformal maps of general surfaces. These aspects of the subject will be especially emphasized in this report. The report consists of six Chapters. The first three Chapters are important tools or concerned with investigations which yielded either important ideas for the proofs of the existence theorems reviewed in the last three Chapters."

The present volume gives a systematic treatment of potential functions. It takes its origin in two courses, one elementary and one advanced, which the author has given at intervals during the last ten years, and has a two-fold purpose: first, to serve as an introduction for students whose attainments in the Calculus include some knowledge of partial derivatives and multiple and line integrals; and secondly, to provide the reader with the fundamentals of the subject, so that he may proceed immediately to the applications, or to the periodical literature of the day. It is inherent in the nature of the subject that physical intuition and illustration be appealed to freely, and this has been done. However, in order that the book may present sound ideals to the student, and also serve the mathematician, both for purposes of reference and as a basis for further developments, the proofs have been given by rigorous methods. This has led, at a number of points, to results either not found elsewhere, or not readily accessible. Thus, Chapter IV contains a proof for the general regular region of the divergence theorem (Gauss', or Green's theorem) on the reduction of volume to surface integrals. The treatment of the fundamental existence theorems in Chapter XI by means of integral equations meets squarely the difficulties incident to the discontinuity of the kernel, and the same chapter gives an account of the most recent developments with respect to the Dirichlet problem.

This work provides the first classification theory of matrix-valued symmetry breaking operators from principal series representations of a reductive group to those of its subgroup.The study of symmetry breaking operators (intertwining operators for restriction) is an important and very active research area in modern representation theory, which also interacts with various fields in mathematics and theoretical physics ranging from number theory to differential geometry and quantum mechanics.The first author initiated a program of the general study of symmetry breaking operators. The present book pursues the program by introducing new ideas and techniques, giving a systematic and detailed treatment in the case of orthogonal groups of real rank one, which will serve as models for further research in other settings.In connection to automorphic forms, this work includes a proof for a multiplicity conjecture by Gross and Prasad for tempered principal series representations in the case (SO(n + 1, 1), SO(n, 1)). The authors propose a further multiplicity conjecture for nontempered representations.Viewed from differential geometry, this seminal work accomplishes the classification of all conformally covariant operators transforming differential forms on a Riemanniann manifold X to those on a submanifold in the model space (X, Y) = (Sn, Sn-1). Functional equations and explicit formulae of these operators are also established.This book offers a self-contained and inspiring introduction to the analysis of symmetry breaking operators for infinite-dimensional representations of reductive Lie groups. This feature will be helpful for active scientists and accessible to graduate students and young researchers in representation theory, automorphic forms, differential geometry, and theoretical physics.

Submanifolds.

Variations of the Length Integral.

Complex Manifolds.

Homogeneous Spaces.

Symmetric Spaces.

Characteristic Classes.

Appendices.

Notes.

Bibliography.

Summary of Basic Notations.

Index.