The study of environmental interfaces and environmental catalysis is central to finding more effective solutions to air pollution and in understanding of how pollution impacts the natural environment. Encompassing concepts, techniques, and methods, Environmental Catalysis provides a mix of theory, computation, analysis, and synthesis to support the latest applications in biocatalysis, green chemistry, environmental remediation and our understanding of the interaction of pollutants with natural systems. The book focuses on several aspects of environmental catalysis. Surface catalysis of airborne particles - including ice, trace atmospheric gases, aerosolized soot nanoparticles, and mineral dust surfaces - as well as particles in contact with ground water and their role in surface adsorption, surface catalysis, hydrolysis, dissolution, precipitation, oxidation and ozone decomposition is explored. It continues by presenting catalysis as the key technology for treating emissions and reducing waste by-products. The authors review the theory behind catalytic converters and discuss the effectiveness of several catalysts, including zeolites and nanoparticles, in treating emissions, aromatic hydrocarbons, and chemical warfare agents. They also survey the use of biocatalysis in environmental remediation, and industrial processes, particularly in the production of transportation fuels, fine chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Then the authors explain how enzymes can remove chlorinated organics and metals and how microbes can metabolize toxic chemicals from groundwater. Lastly, they discuss the principles of green chemistry, including the use of environmentally benign solvents, biphasic catalysts, and other alternative solvents to recover and recycle catalysts based on heavy metals. With increasing ground water pollution, increasing particulates in the atmosphere, and the increasing need to remove pollutants from industrial and automotive sources, Environmental Catal

This book presents all information necessary to understand the functioning of a slurry loop reactor for the polymerisation of ethylene into high density polyethylene, and to operate it accordingly. All discussions are based on experimental data from the operation of full scale commercial loop reactors. Methods for off-line modelling and scaling-up from lab to full scale are included, as well as the answers to important questions on the running of two loop reactors in series. Building knowledge from full scale industrial experience. This highly accessible book makes one understand the functioning of slurry loop reactors for the polymerisation of ethylene, and how to operate them. Its methods include off-line modelling, scaling-up and running reactors in series. It is inspiring for all production and process engineers, showing, for the first time, how with full scale reactor data the link is made between firm basic theory and the most practical operating guidelines.

Stochastic global optimization methods and applications to chemical, biochemical, pharmaceutical and environmental processes presents various algorithms that include the genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, differential evolution, ant colony optimization, tabu search, particle swarm optimization, artificial bee colony optimization, and cuckoo search algorithm. The design and analysis of these algorithms is studied by applying them to solve various base case and complex optimization problems concerning chemical, biochemical, pharmaceutical, and environmental engineering processes. Design and implementation of various classical and advanced optimization strategies to solve a wide variety of optimization problems makes this book beneficial to graduate students, researchers, and practicing engineers working in multiple domains. This book mainly focuses on stochastic, evolutionary, and artificial intelligence optimization algorithms with a special emphasis on their design, analysis, and implementation to solve complex optimization problems and includes a number of real applications concerning chemical, biochemical, pharmaceutical, and environmental engineering processes.

Bioethanol and Natural Resources: Substrates, Chemistry and Engineered Systems provides a comprehensive review of feedstocks, physiochemical and biological pretreatments, molecular substrates, cellulolytic and ligninolytic enzymes, and advanced technologies for producing bioethanol. Although this book provides a review of first-generation bioethanol feedstocks, chemistry, and processes, there is an emphasis on second-generation "cellulosic" ethanol production. With rapid advances in biofuels technologies and the continued global dependency on unsustainable extraction of fossil fuels, this text is timely. Although it is intended to be used as a supplemental text for advanced undergraduate or graduate level courses, the book is accessible to a non-academic audience. This book provides a unique opportunity to understand bioethanol production from the basic concepts and processes to the most cutting-edge technologies under development.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of ionic liquid based separation techniques. The glimpse of thermodynamic predictive models along with global optimization techniques will help readers understand the separation techniques at molecular and macroscopic levels. Experimental and characterization techniques are coupled with model based predictions so as to provide multicomponent data for the scientific community. The models will focus more on the a-priori based predictions which gives higher emphasis on hydrogen-bonded systems. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique will also eventually help the readers to apply optimization technique to an extraction process. The overriding goal of this work is to provide pathways for leading engineers and researchers toward a clear understanding and firm grasp of the phase equilibria of Ionic Liquid systems.

Numerous applications for biocides have been found in fields as diverse as ethical pharmaceuticals and cat litter products. The aim of this book is two-fold: to provide a comprehensive guide to the use of biocides across a range of applications; and to aid in the selection of a biocide that is "fit for purpose." It covers a cross-section of traditional measures, novel ideas and innovative developments, as well as addressing the biocides market, the political outlook and future trends of biocide use. With contributions by acknowledged experts in the field, Industrial Biocides is a unique title that will be welcomed by many in industry, including industrial and water chemists, microbiologists, and plant and environment managers.

Building upon the success of the bestselling first volume, Functional Foods: Biochemical and Processing Aspects, Volume II explores new sources of nutraceutical and functional food ingredients and addresses crucial issues for product development and processing. It presents the latest developments in the chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology, epidemiology, engineering, and processing of functional foods. The book provides recent information on important functional food components, including up-to-date evaluations of bioactive compounds. Presenting information on the distribution of functional food components in different sources and their engineering properties, this book provides the essential information for the food industry to develop successful new products.


Each chapter presents an in-depth review of a major functional food component, providing:

Chemical, physical properties and molecular structure - derivatives and possible isomers, distribution in biological material
Nutritional, physiological, and clinical functionality - including safety, bioactivity, bioavailability, efficacy in human diet and health, pharmacological properties
Separation technology - in the laboratory and commercial production
Processing - chemical, physical, and engineering properties during processing, process system, processing equipment, quality control in production
Shelf-life - including storage conditions and stability
Identification techniques - including HPLC, GC, MS, and NMR
Standards and regulations - FDA, EC, FAO/WHO, Health Canada
Utilization - applications, current and potential markets

With petroleum prices spiraling upward, making synthetic fuels-or "synfuels"-from coal, natural gas, and biomass has become more economically competitive. Advanced energy companies now focus exclusively on alternative fuels, and many oil companies have programs dedicated to developing synthetic fuels. The Fischer-Tropsch process, which uses a collection of chemical reactions to convert mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons, is the studied method of choice for producing synthetic petroleum substitutes. Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis, Catalysts, and Catalysis: Advances and Applications began at a symposium held during the 248th American Chemical Society meeting, where high attendance demonstrated great interest in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The lively discussions that occurred led to the creation of this carefully constructed reference work. The contributors here have expanded and reorganized their presentations from the conference into thorough chapters that reflect the four key subject areas that dominated the presentations: Catalyst preparation and activation Catalyst activity and reaction mechanisms Catalyst characterization and related reactions Topics concerning commercializing the Fischer-Tropsch process While describing advances and exploring the potential of the Fischer-Tropsch process in the future of synthetic fuels, the research also demonstrates that several issues remain in producing increasingly active catalysts and more efficient reactor design. Covering recent developments in Fischer-Tropsch technology for renewable resources and green energy, this book is a significant contribution for researchers and practitioners concerned with the production of synthetic fuels. It explores new and sophisticated techniques while providing a look at the application of these advances to commercial processing conditions.

The book covers advances in hydrothermal reduction of CO2 into low-carbon fuels. It offers perspectives from chemical engineering, environmental chemicals, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, geology and materials science. It addresses fundamentals and applications of hydrothermal chemical processes, associated materials, and technologies. It describes reduction with biomass and dissociation of water by solar energy-driven two-step process. Challenges and strategies are discussed to facilitate research and development.

This book focuses on the utilization of bio-resources and their conversion pathways for a sustainable future. Tapping into bio-resources by means of thermochemical and biochemical processes has attracted researchers from all over the world; it is a broad area that has given birth to concepts like the biorefinery, as well as a new stream known as biotechnology. Its scope includes biochemical and microbiological engineering, biocatalysis and biotransformation, biosynthesis and metabolic engineering, bioprocess and biosystem engineering, bioenergy and biorefineries, cell culture and biomedical engineering, food, agricultural and marine biotechnology, bioseparation and biopurification engineering, bioremediation and environmental biotechnology, etc. The book discusses a host of new technologies now being used to tap these resources with innovative bioprocesses. All chapters are based on outstanding research papers selected for and presented at the IconSWM 2018 conference.

Contents:
1. New Methodologies for Multiphase Bioreactors 1: Hydrodynamic and Mass Transfer Characteristics of Multistage Slurry Reactors 2. New Methodologies for Multiphase Bioreactors 2: Image Analysis and Multiphase Bioreactors 3. New Methodologies for Multiphase Bioreactors 3: data Acquisition, Modelling and Control 4. Design and Modelling of Immobilised Biocatalytic Reactors 5. Advances in the Selection and Design of Two-Liquid Phase Biocatalytic Reactors 6. Enzymatic Membrane Reactors 7. Reversed Micellar Bioreaction Systems: Principles and Operation 8. Solid-to-Solid Bioconversions: Batch or Continuous? 9. Solid/Gas Systems, Theory and Applications 10. Biofilm Reactors 11. Pulsing Bioreactors 12. Design of Liquid-Liquid-Solid Fluidises-Bed Bioreactors 13. Flocculation Bioreactors 14. Bioreactor Design For Plant Cell Suspension Cultures 15. Lethal Effects of Bubbles in Animal-Cell Culture 16. A Low-Cost Technology for Entomopathogenic Nematode Large-Scale Production 17. Marine Sponges as Biocatalysts

Industrial Waste Treatment Process Engineering is a step-by-step implementation manual in three volumes, detailing the selection and design of industrial liquid and solid waste treatment systems. It consolidates all the process engineering principles required to evaluate a wide range of industrial facilities, starting with pollution prevention and source control and ending with end-of-pipe treatment technologies. Industrial Waste Treatment Process Engineering guides experienced engineers through the various steps of industrial liquid and solid waste treatment. The structure of the text allows a wider application to various levels of experience. By beginning each chapter with a simplified explanation of applicable theory, expanding to practical design discussions, and finishing with system Flowsheets and Case Study detail calculations, readers can "enter or leave" a section according to their specific needs. As a result, this set serves as a primer for students engaged in environmental engineering studies AND a comprehensive single-source reference for experienced engineers. Industrial Waste Treatment Process Engineering includes design principles applicable to municipal systems with significant industrial influents. The information presented in these volumes is basic to conventional treatment procedures, while allowing evaluation and implementation of specialized and emerging treatment technologies. What makes Industrial Waste Treatment Process Engineering unique is the level of process engineering detail. The facility evaluation section includes a step-by-step review of each major and support manufacturing operation, identifying probable contaminant discharges, practical prevention measures, and point source control procedures. This theoretical plant review is followed by procedures to conduct a site specific pollution control program. The unit operation chapters contain all the details needed to complete a treatment process design. Industrial Waste Treatment Process Engineering will interest environmental engineers, chemical process engineers working in environmental engineering, civil engineers with environmental specialties, as well as graduate students in environmental engineering, corporate environmental engineers, plant engineers, and industry and university technical libraries. These books supplement existing texts detailing the regulatory, legal, and permit preparation requirements imposed on manufacturing facilities. Additionally, Industrial Waste Treatment Process Engineering is designed for engineers preparing environmental appropriations for corporate funding and developing systems for plant facilities sensitive to operating costs.

Introduces a special class of polymeric ligand exchanger (PLE) with hi gh affinities for anionic ligands. Volume 14 discusses the potential a nd advantages of micro- and nanofiltration membrane processes for remo val of metals; details prevailing equilibrium relationships and suppor ting experimental data for systems where leaching and ion exchange tak e place simultaneously; covers cases of uranium cation and gold cyanid e anion bisorption and modeling of engineered systems; and more.

This book covers the principles of cryopreservation as they relate the preservation of viable cells and cell materials being developed for biopharmaceutical applications. Topics include: the principles of freezing and thawing cells, physiochemical phenomena, process and system design options, method selection considerations, preservation procedures, cryoprotectant additives, freeze-drying human live virus vaccines, and transport system selection criteria. Contributions from well-known experts such as Steven S. Lee, Thomas C. Pringle, William H. Siegel, Richard Wisniewski, and Fangdong Yin make this the single most important study available.

"Covers the chemistry, process chemistry, technology, engineering, and economics of methane conversion, including its environmental impact and commercial exploitation. Begins with methane's availability and increasing importance as an environmentally acceptable natural resource alternative and feedstock."

Intended primarily for undergraduate chemical-engineering students, this book also includes material which bridges the gap between undergraduate and graduate requirements. The introduction contains a listing of the principal types of reactors employed in the chemical industry, with diagrams and examples of their use. There is then a brief exploration of the concepts employed in later sections for modelling and sizing reactors, followed by basic information on stoichiometry and thermodynamics, and the kinetics of homogeneous and catalyzed reactions. Subsequent chapters are devoted to reactor sizing and modelling in some simple situations, and more detailed coverage of the design and operation of the principal reactor types.

This new edition follows the original format, which combines a detailed case study - the production of phthalic anhydride - with practical advice and comprehensive background information. Guiding the reader through all major aspects of a chemical engineering design, the text includes both the initial technical and economic feasibility study as well as the detailed design stages. Each aspect of the design is illustrated with material from an award-winning student design project.
The book embodies the "learning by doing" approach to design. The student is directed to appropriate information sources and is encouraged to make decisions at each stage of the design process rather than simply following a design method. Thoroughly revised, updated, and expanded, the accompanying text includes developments in important areas and many new references.

An authoritative review of modern sensor technology—essential information for analytical chemists, biochemists, biotechnologists, spectroscopists, and chemical engineers

As sensors begin to realize their commercial and practical potential in fields ranging from the automobile and semiconductor industries to environmental monitoring and clinical diagnostics, this timely work offers an important survey of the principles, construction, and applications of the most popular types of chemical and biological sensors in use today.

Principles of Chemical and Biological Sensors brings together a wealth of valuable material in a single source, providing scientists and researchers with a basic grasp of the latest developments in this area, as well as information on trends and future directions.

Coverage includes:

• Amperometric, modified, potentiometric, and voltammetric electrodes
• Optrodes and direct spectroscopic methods
• Enzyme and antibody based biosensors
• Processing signals from sensors
• Miniaturization of sensors
• Sensor arrays and intelligent sensing systems

Principles of Chemical and Biological Sensors is an essential reference for scientists in research and industry aiming to make optimum use of these cutting-edge devices in their work.

Spurred by a dramatic increase in R&D support over the last twenty years, sensors are poised for a revolution similar to the one seen in microcomputers in the late 1980s. Matching enhanced performance with lower cost, new generations of sensing devices promise to gain a firm footing in many different areas, from environmental regulation to manufacturing and other industries.

Principles of Chemical and Biological Sensors offers a state-of-the-art look at the principles and applications of the most popular sensors available today, coupled with an exploration of potential directions and developments for the future of this dynamic field. From amperometric, potentiometric, and voltammetric electrodes to smart sensors, digital filtering, and more, this useful volume contains essential information across a range of sensor types and functions. Topics covered include:

• Ion-selective electrodes and optrodes
• Amperometric methods of detection
• Biomaterials for biosensors
• Optical chemical sensors
• Miniaturized chemical sensors
• Sensor signal processing

Expertly balancing breadth and depth of coverage within a single, easy-to-use resource, Principles of Chemical and Biological Sensors is essential reading for analytical chemists, biochemists, chemical engineers, and others who will benefit from the tremendous strides being made in sensor research and technology today.

"Waste. Nuclear Reprocessing and Treatment Technologies to Waste, Solid, Trash Facts"

"Viscosity, Heavy Oils to Waste, Hazardous, Legislation"

This text explains how to apply concepts in chemical reaction engineering and transport phenomena to the design of catalytic combustion systems. It features three examples where catalytic combustion is utilized as a primary combustion process and natural gas is used as a fuel for stationary gas turbines, process fluid heaters and radiant heaters. These examples cover much of the area where research is currently most active. In each of these there are environmental benefits to be gained illustrating catalytic combustion as a cleaner primary combustion process. The dominant heat transfer processes in each of the applications are different, as are the support systems, flow geometrics and operating conditions. This provides a framework for the modelling and experimental techniques described in this book, offering the reader the opportunity to gain a broader knowledge base and develop the skills of problem solving and system modelling.

Green chemistry promotes improved syntheses as an intellectual endeavour that can have a great impact both on preserving and utilizing our planet's finite resources and the quality of human life. This masterful accomplishment provides an evaluation of environmental impact metrics according to life cycle assessment analysis based on the Mackay compartment environmental model and Guinee environmental impact potentials formalism. Assumptions, limitations, and dealing with missing data are addressed. Best literature resources for finding key toxicological parameters are provided and applied to individual reactions as well as entire synthesis plans, in order to target molecules of interest. Key Features: Provides an evaluation of environmental impact metrics according to life cycle assessment analysis Summarises safety-hazard metrics according to the same model as life cycle assessment including occupational exposure limits, risk phrases, flammability, and other physical parameters The book will be useful in a range of chemistry courses, from undergraduate to advanced graduate courses, whether based in lectures, tutorials or laboratory experiments

This newly designed and enlarged edition offers an up-to-date presentation of biosensor development and modeling from both a chemical and a mathematical point of view. An entire new chapter in particular is dedicated to optimal design of biosensors. Two more new chapters discuss biosensors which utilize microbial cells and are based on carbon nanotubes respectively. All the other chapters have been revised and updated. The book contains unique modeling methods for amperometric, potentiometric and optical biosensors based mainly on biocatalysts . It examines processes that occur in the sensors' layers and at their interface, and it provides analytical and numerical methods to solve equations of conjugated enzymatic (chemical) and diffusion processes. The action of single enzyme as well as polyenzyme biosensors and biosensors based on chemically modified electrodes is studied. The modeling of biosensors that contain perforated membranes and multipart mass transport profiles is critically investigated. Furthermore, it is fully described how signals can be biochemically amplified, how cascades of enzymatic substrate conversion are triggered, and how signals are processed via a chemometric approach and artificial neuronal networks. The results of digital modeling are compared with both proximal analytical solutions and experimental data.

This work details the preparation of dispersions in liquids. It sets out to bridge the gap in information for the chemist who is not applications oriented and the chemical engineer who needs to solve problems in the field based on theoretical methods of dispersions of solids, liquids and gases. Insights are provided into many topics, including the transportation and handling of finely divided soils or highly viscous liquids; the reactions between reactants dissolved in immiscible phases; the formation of porous materials; and filtration.