Emergent Computation emphasizes the interrelationship of the different classes of languages studied in mathematical linguistics (regular, context-free, context-sensitive, and type 0) with aspects to the biochemistry of DNA, RNA, and proteins. In addition, aspects of sequential machines such as parity checking and semi-groups are extended to the study of the Biochemistry of DNA, RNA, and proteins. Mention is also made of the relationship of algebraic topology, knot theory, complex fields, quaternions, and universal turing machines and the biochemistry of DNA, RNA, and proteins.

Emergent Computation tries to avoid an emphasis upon mathematical abstraction ("elegance") at the expense of ignoring scientific facts known to Biochemists. Emergent Computation is based entirely upon papers published by scientists in well-known and respected professional journals. These papers are based upon current research. A few examples of what is not ignored to gain "elegance":

- DNA exists as triple and quadruple strands

- Watson-Crick complementary bases have mismatches

- There can be more than four bases in DNA

- There are more than sixty-four codons

- There may be more that twenty amino acids in proteins

While Emergent Computation emphasizes bioinformatics applications, the last chapter studies mathematical linguistics applied to areas such as languages found in birds, insects, medical applications, anthropology, etc.

Emergent Computation tries to avoid unnecessary mathematical abstraction while still being rigorous. The demands made upon the knowledge of chemistry or mathematics is minimized as well. The collected technical references are valuable in itself for additional reading.

Enzymatic catalysis has gained considerable attention in recent years as an efficient tool in the preparation of natural products, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and food ingredients. The high selectivity and mild reaction con- tions associated with enzymatic transformations have made this approach an attractive alternative in the synthesis of complex bioactive compounds, which are often difficult to obtain by standard chemical routes. However, the maj- ity of organic compounds are not very soluble in water, which was traditi- ally perceived as the only suitable reaction medium for the application of biocatalysts. The realization that most enzymes can function perfectly well under nearly anhydrous conditions and, in addition, display a number of useful properties, e. g. , highly enhanced stability and different selectivity, has d- matically widened the scope of their application to the organic synthesis. Another great attraction of using organic solvents rather than water as a reaction solvent is the ability to perform synthetic transformations with re- tively inexpensive hydrolytic enzymes. It is worth reminding the reader that in vivo, the synthetic and hydrolytic pathways are catalyzed by different enzymes. However, elimination of water from the reaction mixture enables the "reversal" of hydrolytic enzymes and thus avoids the use of the expensive cofactors or activated substrates that are required for their synthetic count- parts.

The suppression of apoptosis by the IGF system is critical for normal cell development, proliferation, differentiation and motility. Aberrations in IGF signalling mechanisms contribute to cell transformation, tumour progression and metastasis. Many questions remain to be answered as to how exactly the IGF system mediates its effects both in normal and tumour cells and how the IGF-1R interacting proteins and downstream signalling cascades are regulated. The importance of the IGF system is underscored by the significant interest in the development of anti-IGF therapies for IGF sensitive cancers. Future developments in cancer therapy are likely to focus on methods to target these therapies to diseased but not normal cells. 14. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Kurt Tidmore for preparing the illustrations. The Health Research Board of Ireland and Science Foundation Ireland are grateful acknowledged for funding. 15. References Adamo M., Roberts C. T., Jr. and LeRoith D. (1992) How distinct are the insulin and insul- like growth factor I signalling systems? Biofactors 3, 151-7. Adams T. E., Epa V. C., Garrett T. P. and Ward C. W. (2000) Structure and function of the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor. Cell Mol Life Sci 57, 1050-93. Adler V., Polotskaya A., Wagner F. and Kraft A. S. (1992) Affinity-purified c-Jun ami- terminal protein kinase requires serine/threonine phosphorylation for activity. J Biol Chem 267, 17001-5.

This book is the first to view the effects of development, aging, and practice on the control of human voluntary movement from a contemporary context. Emphasis is on the links between progress in basic motor control research and applied areas such as motor disorders and motor rehabilitation. Relevant to both professionals in the areas of motor control, movement disorders, and motor rehabilitation, and to students starting their careers in one of these actively developed areas.

This textbook and reference fills a critical gap in literature on the comprehensive environmental impacts of industrial organizations. Nineteen chapters examine individual industrial sectors inherent "potential to pollute." The text goes on to analyze new technologies and practices for transforming environmentally degrading effects of industry, and shows how managers can navigate these changes and move their organizations towards long-term environmental sustainability.

The next article includes the description of the rich chemistry of phosphinines, including azaphosphinines. The sixth article deals with synthetic approaches to different types of 1- heterophosphacyclanes, including four-, five-, and six-membered P-heterocycles. The next two articles cover the chemistry of phosphorus containing mac- cycles. The phosphorus containing calixarenes have attracted much attention in recent years due to their various functions such as metal cations binding, catalysis, molecular recogination, and bioactivity. Likewise, other phosphorus-containing macrocycles, cryptands, and dendrimers find various uses in analytical chemistry and biochemistry. We hope to include the following articles in the second volume on phosphorous heterocycles: Diazaphospholes Selected phosphorous heterocycles containing a stereogenic phosphorus Heterophenes carrying phosphorus functional groups as key structures The synthesis and chemistry of the phospholane ring system Synthesis and bioactivity of 2,5-dihydro-1,2-oxaphosphole-2-oxide derivatives Recent developments in the chemistry of N-heterocyclic phosphines. I would be failing in my duty if I do not express my sincere thanks to the people at Springer, particularly Ms. Birgit Kollmar-Thoni and Ms. Ingrid Samide, for coordinating the project with great dedication.

Biofuel is a renewable energy source produced from natural materials. The benefits of biofuels over traditional petroleum fuels include greater energy security, reduced environmental impact, foreign exchange savings, and socioeconomic issues related to the rural sector. The most common biofuels are produced from classic food crops that require high-quality agricultural land for growth. However, bioethanol can be produced from plentiful, domestic, cellulosic biomass resources such as herbaceous and woody plants, agricultural and forestry residues, and a large portion of municipal and industrial solid waste streams. There is also a growing interest in the use of vegetable oils for making biodiesel. "Biofuels: Securing the Planet's Future Energy Needs" discusses the production of transportation fuels from biomass (such as wood, straw and even household waste) by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The book is an important text for students and researchers in energy engineering, as well as professional fuel engineers.

The application of microbiological methods to the extraction of metals from minerals has definitely gained a prominent role and is supported by the several bioleaching and biooxidation processes operating in different sites over the world. In recent years new techniques and new results about proteomic and bioinformatics are bringing a new perspective on the microbial processes.

This book focuses on the basic aspects of the process with special emphasis on recent contributions regarding the chemical and microbial aspects of the bioleaching process and the use of microorganisms in the treatment of complex ores and concentrates.

It has been written by recognized researchers in order to introduce the main subjects of microbial processing to undergraduate and postgraduate students, scientists working in this field as well as interested industrialists.

All important aspects of thermophilic moulds such as systematics, ecology, physiology and biochemistry, production of extracellular and intracellular enzymes, their role in spoilage of stores products and solid and liquid waste management, and general and molecular genetics have been dealt with comprehensively by experts in this book which covers progress in the field over the last 30 years since the seminal book Thermophilic Fungi published by Cooney and Emerson in 1964. The experts have reviewed extensive literature on all aspects of thermophilic moulds in a very comprehensive manner. This book will be useful for graduates as well as post-graduate students of life sciences, mycology, microbiology and biotechnology, and as a reference book for researchers.

Site-specific mutagenesis of DNA, developed some thirty years ago, has proven to be one of the most important advances in biology. By allowing the site-specific replacement of any amino acid in a protein with one of the other nineteen amino acids, it ushered in the new era of "Protein Engineering". The field of protein engineering has, however, evolved rapidly since then and the last fifteen years have witnessed remarkable advances through the use of new chemical, biochemical and molecular biological tools towards the synthesis and manipulation of proteins. The chapters included in this book reflect the rapid evolution of protein engineering and its many applications in basic research, biotechnology, material sciences and therapy. This book will provide the reader with an introduction to state-of the-art concepts and methods and will be of use to anyone interested in the study of proteins, in academia as well as in industry.

Recently, there have been significant developments in robust control of time-delay systems. This volume presents a systematic treatment of robust control for such systems in the frequency domain. The emphasis is on systems with a single input or output delay, although the delay-free part of the plant can be multi-input-multi-output, in which case the delays in different channels should be the same.

The author covers the whole range of H-infinity control of time-delay systems: from controller parameterization implementation; from the Nehari problem to the four-block problem; from theoretical developments to practical issues. The major tools used are similarity transformation, the chain-scattering approach and J-spectral factorization.

Self-contained, "Robust Control of Time-delay Systems" will interest control theorists and mathematicians working with time-delay systems. Its methodical approach will be of value to graduates studying general robust control theory or its applications in time-delay systems.

A recently established technique termed pharming uses genetically modified plants and animals for the production of biopharmaceuticals. The present interdisciplinary study comprises an extended overview of the state of the art of pharming, as well as in depth analyses of the environmental risks and other ethical and legal issues of pharming. Public attitudes to pharming are investigated on the basis of an original survey in 15 countries worldwide. The study concludes with specific recommendations addressed towards science, industry and politics.

This concise professional reference provides a fundamental framework for the design and operation of solid-state fermentation bioreactors, enabling researchers currently working at laboratory scale to scale up their processes. The authors survey bioreactor types in common use, and describe in depth how to plan a project, and model heat transfer phenomena. The book includes case studies, and a review of practical issues involved in bioreactor performance.

This volume contains an archival record of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Microfluidics Based Microsystems - Fundamentals and App- cations held in Ce ?me-Izmir, Turkey, August 23-September 4, 2009. ASIs are intended to be high-level teaching activity in scientific and technical areas of current concern. In this volume, the reader may find interesting chapters and various microsystems fundamentals and applications. As the world becomes increasingly concerned with terrorism, early - spot detection of terrorist's weapons, particularly bio-weapons agents such as bacteria and viruses are extremely important. NATO Public Diplomacy division, Science for Peace and Security section support research, Advanced Study Institutes and workshops related to security. Keeping this policy of NATO in mind, we made such a proposal on Microsystems for security. We are very happy that leading experts agreed to come and lecture in this important NATO ASI. We will see many examples that will show us Microfluidics usefulness for rapid diagnostics following a bioterrorism attack. For the applications in national security and anti-terrorism, microfluidic system technology must meet the challenges. To develop microsystems for security and to provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art assessment of the existing research and applications by treating the subject in considerable depth through lectures from eminent professionals in the field, through discussions and panel sessions are very beneficial for young scientists in the field."

Biodiesel: A Realistic Fuel Alternative for Diesel Engines describes the production and characterization of biodiesel. The book also presents current experimental research work in the field, including techniques to reduce biodiesel's high viscosity. Researchers in renewable energy, as well as fuel engineers, will discover a myriad of new ideas and promising possibilities.

Biomimetic sensor technology is based on the use of biomaterials and information processing of a type used in biological systems. This book explores biomimetic sensors that can quantify taste--the electronic tongue--and smell, the electronic nose. The development of these sensors contribute to our understanding of the reception mechanisms in gustatory and olfactory systems. The author, a pioneer in the development of this new technology, begins by describing the principles of measurement and multivariate analysis. He details reception mechanisms in biological systems and several types of biosensors, including enzyme-immobilized membranes, SPR, the quartz resonance oscillator and IC technologies. Dedicated to the development of intelligent sensors and systems, this original volume is an essential resource for engineers working in this vital research area.

Distillation Theory and Its Application to Optimal Design of Separation Units presents a clear, multidimensional geometric representation of distillation theory that is valid for all distillation column types, splits, and mixtures. This representation answers such fundamental questions as: - What are the feasible separation products for a given mixture? - What minimum power is required to separate a given mixture? - What minimum number of trays is necessary to separate a given mixture at a fixed power input? Concepts are reinforced by chapter exercises using free DistillDesigner software, which provides quick and reliable solutions to problems of flowsheet synthesis and to optimal design calculations. This software allows refinement and confirmation of the algorithms of optimal design. This book is intended for students and specialists in the design and operation of separation units in the chemical, pharmaceutical, food, wood, petrochemical, oil-refining, and natural gas industries and for software designers.

Recognising the critical need for bringing a handy reference work that deals with the most popular reagents in synthesis to the laboratory of practising organic chemists, the Editors of the acclaimed Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (EROS) have selected the most important and useful reagents employed in contemporary organic synthesis. Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis: Acidic and Basic Reagents, presents a selection of articles on the most fundamental and versatile reagents for effecting organic transformations that were originally included in EROS. In selecting candidate entries for inclusion in this particular collection, the editors adopted a broad set of criteria for defining what exactly constitutes an acidic or basic reagent. Each article contains all of the information found in EROS as well as expanded related reagents listings. Additional new listings of recently published review articles and monographs are included, as well as relevant Organic Syntheses procedures that deal with either the preparations or reactions of the featured reagents. This thorough and comprehensive handbook will prove of widespread appeal.

The catalytic epoxidation of olefins plays an important role in the industrial production of several commodity compounds, as well as in the synthesis of many intermediates, fine chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. The scale of production ranges from millions of tons per year to a few grams per year. The diversity of catalysts is large and encompasses all the known categories of catalyst type: homogeneous, heterogeneous, and biological. This book summarizes the current status in these fields concentrating on rates, kinetics, and reaction mechanisms, but also covers broad topics including modeling, computational simulation, process concepts, spectroscopy and new catalyst development. The similarities and distinctions between the different reaction systems are compared, and the latest advances are described.
* Comprehensive listing of epoxide products
* Broad comparison of turnover frequencies of homogeneous, hetergeneous, main-group, biomimetic and biological catalysts
* Analysis of the general strengths and weaknesses of varied catalytic systems
* Detailed description of the mechanisms of reaction for classical and emerging catalysts

This book gives a comprehensive account of the principles and practical methods applicable to transient temperature measurements in engineering and science. Transient temperatures are taken to be in the range from about 200K to 6000K and with timescales from tenths of nanoseconds to tens of seconds. Within these limits is a very large field of combustion and gas dynamics and these are the principle areas which are addressed. Several new experimental and theoretical techniques are introduced and various modes of thermal failure are described. The chapters move from undergraduate material to the latest methods and are designed to be of use to the widest possible range of engineers, scientists, and students working in universities or in chemical or mechanical engineering. Many applications are described. This book is intended for engineers and scientists concerned with measurement of transient temperatures (rapidly changing heating conditions). Mechanical and chemical engineers experimental physicists chemists.

Catalysts are increasingly used by chemists engaged in fine chemical synthesis within both industry and academia. Today, there exists a huge choice of high-tech catalysts, which add enormously to the repertoire of synthetic possibilities. However, catalysts are occasionally capricious, sometimes difficult to use and almost always require both skill and experience in order to achieve optimal results. This series aims to be a practical help for advanced undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students, as well as experienced chemists in industry and academia working in organic and organometallic synthesis.

The series features:

• Tested and validated procedures.

• Authoritative reviews on classes of catalysts.

• Assessments of all types of catalysts.

• Expertise from the Leverhulme Centre for Innovative Catalysis, Liverpool, UK.

The procedure section contains a wide variety of synthetic protocols, such as epoxidations of unsaturated ketones and esters, asymmetric reductions of carbon-oxygen double bonds, asymmetric hydrogenations of carbon-carbon double bonds and other types of reaction. The featured catalysts include a wide range of different materials such as poly-D-leucine, D-fructose-based dioxiranes, oxaborolidine borane, some important titanium and ruthenium complexes as well as baker's yeast. For each reaction there are one or several detailed protocols on how to prepare and employ the various catalysts.

Here is a comprehensive introduction to the highly practical and diverse applications of surfactants within the petroleum industry, detailing their nature, occurrence, physical properties, propagation, and uses. The focus is on the knowledge and practices needed to successfully deal with surfactants in the petroleum production process: in reservoirs, in oil and gas wells, in surface processing operations, and in environmental, health and safety applications. Throughout, important applications of colloid and interface science principles are emphasized and real-world processes and problems are clearly illustrated. The book also includes a comprehensive glossary.

This is the first book to present the fundamentals of nonlinear and mixed-integer optimization. It includes their applications in the important area of process synthesis in chemical engineering. Topics that are unique include the theory and methods for mixed-integer nonlinear optimization. introduction to modelling issues in process synthesis and optimization based approaches in the synthesis and of heat recovery of systems, distillation-based systems, and reactor-based systems. As well as an ideal graduate text this book is designed as a reference for any engineering student or researcher.