This is the first description of Goemai, a West Chadic language of Nigeria. Goemai is spoken in a language contact area, and this contact has shaped Goemai grammar to the extent that it can be considered a fairly untypical Chadic language. The grammar presents the structure of the present-day language, relates it to its diachronic sources, and adds a semantic perspective to the description.

Edexcel GCSE French Foundation Student Book has been written to prepare students for the latest Edexcel GCSE specification. It has been written by an experience team of authors and reviewed by Edexcel examiners. With a strong focus on controlled assessment and exam preparation throughout the course, students can confidently aim for up to grades C. Graded examples and examiner tips in ResultsPlus show students how to aim for the best possible grade through perfecting key language skills.

These Edexcel GCE English Language resources support the new specification and are written by an expert team including senior examiners. Develop students' critical approaches to language in a practical way through stimulating sources and activities, supporting student success in examination and coursework units. Provides a range of engaging extracts allowing students to experience a wide variety of texts, and encouraging them to think more widely about what constitutes a text. Develop students' understanding of key concepts that they will use throughout their course through an essential 'toolkit' for language which is integrated into Unit 1. Clearly explains the assessment requirements for each unit and offers guidance, so students understand how they can achieve their best.

This Grammar of Vaeakau-Taumako is the most comprehensive grammar of any Polynesian Outlier to date, and the first full-length grammar of any language of Temotu Province. Based on extensive fieldwork, it is structured as a reference grammar dealing with all aspects of language structure, from phonology to discourse organization, and including a selection of glossed texts.

NihonGO NOW! is a beginning-level courseware package that takes a performed-culture approach to learning Japanese. This innovative approach balances the need for an intellectual understanding of structural elements with multiple opportunities to experience the language within its cultural context. From the outset, learners are presented with samples of authentic language that are context-sensitive and culturally coherent. Instructional time is used primarily to rehearse interactions that learners of Japanese are likely to encounter in the future, whether they involve speaking, listening, writing, or reading. Level 1 comprises two textbooks with accompanying activity books. These four books in combination with audio files allow instructors to adapt a beginning-level course, such as the first year of college Japanese, to their students' needs. They focus on language and modeled behavior, providing opportunities for learners to acquire language through performance templates. Online resources provide additional support for both students and instructors. Audio files, videos, supplementary exercises, and a teachers' manual are available at www.routledge.com/9781138304147. NihonGO NOW! Level 1 Volume 2 Textbook is ideally accompanied by the Level 1 Volume 2 Activity Book, which provides core texts and additional practice for beginning-level students.

IB Prepared resources are developed directly with the IB to provide the most up-to-date, authentic and authoritative guidance on DP assessment. IB Prepared: English A Language and Literature combines a concise review of course content with strategic guidance, past paper material and exam-style practice opportunities, allowing learners to consolidate the knowledge and skills that are essential to success.

Language in academic settings, also referred to academic language, has gained attention in the field of second language learning owing to new understandings of the complexities of language inherent in learning academic content, and new efforts to assess English learners' language proficiency in the context of school learning. The concept of academic language as distinct from social language has been in the academic literature since the mid-1950s, and surfaced as a major construct in the field of bilingual education in the 1980s. Many readers will be familiar with the ideas of BICS and CALP, first introduced by Jim Cummins in the 1980s. This book presents a critique of academic language as a separable construct from social language, and introduces current research efforts to understand how English learners interact, interpret, and show understanding of language in academic contexts in ways that re-think and go beyond the distinction between social and academic language. The book is organized into three main sections, each with a range of chapters that consider how academic language plays into how children and youth learn academic content as emergent bilingual students in school settings. A Foreward and Afterward offer commentary on the book and its contents. The intended audience for this book is graduate students, teacher educators, and researchers interested in issues of language and content learning for English learners, the new mainstream of schools across the nation. There is something for a wide range of readers and students of second language acquisition in this volume.

The first textbook that systematically links syntax and exegesis of the New Testament-perfect for students of Greek who are "second-year" or at an intermediate level. For seminary students, the goal of studying Greek grammar in the first place is to ultimately get beyond the grammar itself and understand it well enough to use it in the accurate exegesis of biblical texts. Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics-the most up-to-date Greek grammar available-integrates the technical requirements for proper Greek interpretation with the actual interests and needs of Bible students. It explores numerous syntactical categories, some of which have not previously been dealt with in print, and has a number of distinguishing features, including: Exegetically significant illustrations, discussed in depth. Semantic situations-or contexts for simple semantics-are developed and analyzed. Expanded definitions and numerous examples and syntactical categories. Grammatical statistics listed at the beginning of major sections. Scores of charts, tables, and graphs. Sound exegesis requires that the exegete consider grammar within a larger framework that includes context, lexeme, and other linguistic features. This textbook faithfully equips intermediate Greek students with the skills they need to do exegesis of biblical texts in a way that is faithful to their intended meaning. The expanded edition contains a subject index, a Greek word index, and page numbers in the Syntax Summary section.

This volume assembles scholars working on cuneiform texts from different periods, genres, and areas to examine the range of social, cultural, and historical contexts in which specific types of texts circulated. Using different methodologies and sources of evidence, these articles reconstruct the contexts in which various cuneiform texts circulated, providing a critical framework to determine how they functioned.

Linguistic complexity is one of the currently most hotly debated notions in linguistics. The essays in this volume reflect the intricacies of thinking about the complexity of languages and language varieties (here: of English) in three major contact-related fields of (and schools in) linguistics: creolistics, indigenization and nativization studies (i.e. in the realm of English linguistics, the "World Englishes" community), and Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research: How can we adequately assess linguistic complexity? Should we be interested in absolute complexity or rather relative complexity? What is the extent to which language contact and/or (adult) language learning might lead to morphosyntactic simplification? The authors in this volume are all leading linguists in different areas of specialization, and they were asked to elaborate on those facets of linguistic complexity which are most relevant in their area of specialization, and/or which strike them as being most intriguing. The result is a collection of papers that is unique in bringing together leading representatives of three often disjunct fields of linguistic scholarship in which linguistic complexity is seen as a dynamic and inherently variable parameter.

This book assumes no prior knowledge of the language and begins with the teaching of the Persian alphabet. Grammar and vocabulary are each covered in full. The course has not adopted any method of transliteration and expects the student to read and write in Persian script from the start. It places equal emphasis on reading, writing and speaking. It aims to provide the student with the necessary skills for social interaction, as well as a basis for the study of modern literature.
The course consists of 48 units and favors teaching by communicative and contextual learning. Most units begin with a reading exercise used to introduce an item of grammar and new vocabulary, followed by explanations and drill exercises aimed at consolidating the student's understanding.
Each unit also contains a strong oral communication element which helps the student assimilate the theory through interaction with the teacher and other students, at first concentrating on transactional language, then moving increasingly towards more idiomatic Persian.
Complete with a Persian-English and English-Persian vocabulary list key to all the exercises and tape recordings, this is an up-to-date textbook which can be used both by teachers or individuals wishing to learn Persian independently.

This dictionary is written for three audiences: first, native speakers of Ojibwa, Chippewa, and Ottawa who would like to have a consistent way to write their language, especially those who are engaged in teaching their language to others; second, students of the Ojibwa, Chippewa, and Ottawa language who need a reference work they can turn to; and finally, the scholarly world in general, particularly Algonquianists and linguists.

This Chinese-English dictionary of proverbs (yanyu) consists of approximately 4,000 Chinese proverbs alphabetically arranged by the first word(s) (ci) of the proverb according to the Hanyu Pinyin transcription and Chinese characters (standard simplified), followed by a literal (and when necessary also a figurative) English translation. Additional data such as brief usage notes, sources, parallel expressions, cross-references, and famous instances of use are provided where available. The proverbs are supplemented by an index of key words (both Chinese and English) found in all entries and of all topics addressed. The author has provided a scholarly introduction analyzing the definition, structure, usage, and history of these yanyu in traditional and contemporary China as well as a bibliography of collections and relevant scholarly studies of yanyu.

This work, the first such scholarly collection to appear since the Reverend Scarborough's 1926 collection, will be of use not only to sinologists in a wide variety of fields, including anthropology, literature, sociology, psychology, and history, but also to non-Chinese readers interested in Chinese culture or comparative ethno-linguistic and paremiological research.

Reading is all about understanding. Many English language learners simply do not understand what they are reading, whether it's a picture book, a literature selection, or a science textbook. Juli Kendall and Outey Khuon believe that small group comprehension lessons have a key role to play in advancing students' understanding of texts."Making Sense" provides answers to many common questions asked by teachers of English language learners: How do we organize small-group comprehension instruction? How do we select books to teach strategies? How do we know our kids are getting it--and what do we do when they don't get it? It is an easy-to-use, practical resource for ELD, ESL, and ESOL pull-out teachers, and for push-in teachers working "in-class" to support English language learners.The book's five main sections are geared to the stages of language proficiency, and lessons are divided into 'younger' and 'older' students, spanning kindergarten through grade 8. The authors outline fifty-two lessons that teach students how to make connections, ask questions, visualize (make mental images), infer, determine importance, and synthesize. Each lesson follows a four-part teaching framework: Start Up/Connection--helping students build background and use prior knowledge to connect to the lesson;Give Information--explicitly telling students what they are going to learn and why they are learning it, and then teaching them;Active Involvement--often occurs during the teaching as students practice what they are learning while the teacher checks for understanding and monitors and adjusts instruction;Off-You-Go --opportunities for students to practice what they learned with peers or independently."Making Sense" also explores the stages of language proficiency through descriptions of ten English language learners of different ages. A chart of student characteristics for each stage shows how students demonstrate understanding and outlines the implications for planning instruction. This book will appeal to experienced teachers seeking to expand their repertoire of lessons, as well as new teachers just beginning the adventure of teaching comprehension to English language learners.

Since its publication in 1995, the German Technical Dictionary has established itself as the definitive resource for anyone who needs to translate technical documents between German and English.
This new edition has been substantially revised to reflect the technological environment of the twenty-first century. The revised edition contains over 75,000 entries, of which over 5,000 are new, with many new entries in the areas of:
* the Internet and telecommunications
* bio-technology and the new genetics
* new developments in health technology.
Throughout, this dictionary continues to benefit from the features that made the first edition so valuable, including accurate translations in British and American English and an attractive, durable and easy to use layout.

"Read the words they risked everything for!"
This landmark volume collects more than a hundred years of the most important public rhetoric on gay and lesbian subjects. In the days when homosexuality was mentioned only in whispers, a few brave souls stood up to speak for the rights of sexual minorities. In Speaking for Our Lives: Historic Speeches and Rhetoric for Gay and Lesbian Rights (1892-2000), their stirring words have finally been gathered together, along with the political manifestoes, broadsheets, and performance pieces of the gay and lesbian liberation movement.
Speaking for Our Lives comprises speeches and manifestoes prompted by events ranging from demonstrations to funerals. Scholars and researchers will appreciate the brief commentary introducing each piece, which discusses the author, the occasion, and the political and social contexts in which it first appeared.
You'll find the words of a broad variety of individuals and groups, including: the Victorian humanist and crusader Robert Ingersoll key groups such as the Mattachine Society, Homosexual Law Reform Society, Gay Activists Alliance, and International Gay Association activists and educators Robin Morgan, Joseph Bean, and Dr. Franklin Kameny, artists and journalists of the movement, such as John Eric Larsen, Joan Nestle, Barbara Grier, and Jim Kepner elected officials, including Bella Abzug, Ed Koch, Eleanor Holmes Norton, Gerry Studds, Tammy Baldwin, and Bill Clinton Many of these documents have long been out of print. Speaking for Our Lives makes these noteworthy texts readily available to the broader public they deserve. This book preserves an essential part of twentieth-century history.

In this brisk and accessible history, sinologist Thomas O. Hollmann explains the development of the Chinese writing system and its importance in literature, religion, art, and other aspects of culture. Spanning the earliest epigraphs and oracle bones to writing and texting on computers and mobile phones today, Chinese Script is a wide-ranging and versatile introduction to the complexity and beauty of written text and calligraphy in the Chinese world. Hollmann delves into the origins of Chinese script and its social and political meanings across millennia of history. He recounts the social history of the writing system; written and printed texts; and the use of writing materials such as paper, silk, ink, brush, and printing techniques. The book sheds light on the changing role of literacy and education; the politics of orthographic reform; and the relationship of Chinese writing to non-Han Chinese languages and cultures. Hollmann explains the inherent complexity of Chinese script, demonstrating why written Chinese expresses meaning differently than oral language and the subtleties of the relationship between spoken word and written text. He explores calligraphy as an art, the early letter press, and other ways of visually representing Chinese languages. Chinese Script also provides handy illustrations of the concepts discussed, showing how ideographs function and ways to decipher them visually.

The Selected Speeches of Dr.Swaminathan cover a wide range of disciplines ranging from sociocultural development to the tools of economic development like higher education, technical education, environment, science and engineering, and technology. The first part covers higher and technical education, value education, engineering and technology, environment, and science. The second part covers the disciplines of development studies, economy, finance, planning, rural development, urban development, tribal development, nongovernmental organisations, and general areas. Independent India wanted to build a modern, strong, dynamic, and self-reliant nation and embarked on the path of planned economic development. Growth, modernisation, self-reliance, and social justice are the basic objectives governing Indian planning. Dr. D. Swaminathan's lecturers presented a clear view about India's planning process. In the context of globalization, reforms in higher and technical education have been set in motion in India. The need for effective cooperation between universities, industries, R&D national laboratories, and the national scientific and engineering associations and bodies has been well recognised for bringing relevance in higher and technical education and for indigenous technology development and sharing of resources. In this context, "Swaminathan Model for University-Industry- National R&D Laboratories-Professional Bodies and Academies Interaction for Country's Economic Development" plays an important role.

This essential Functional Skills English book for City & Guilds has everything students need to succeed in the Entry Level 3 English tests! It covers every topic and skill from the latest EL3 Functional Skills Reading and Writing specifications. Everything's explained in CGP's easy-to-understand style, with examples and notes galore. Every topic is followed by a page of practice questions, so you can learn then test yourself as you go. This Entry Level 3 book also contains plenty of pages on Spelling, Punctuation and Grammar, to help you hone your skills for those all-important SPaG marks. We've included exam-style practice papers for Reading and Writing with full answers - so you'll know what to expect on the big day. Smashing!