Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry traces the discovery and development of drugs in Japan and the UK both historically and sociologically. It includes sixteen case studies of major pharmaceutical developments in the twentieth century, encompassing, amongst others, beta-blockers, beta-stimulants, inhaled steroids and histamine H2-antagonists. The book illustrates that the four stages of drug development - namely compound, application, organisational authorisation and market - are interactively shaped by heterogeneous actors and institutions. The book also identifies three different types of pharmaceutical development - paradigmatic innovation, application innovation and modification-based innovation, all with distinguishable features in the drug development process. Finally, several historical, structural and cultural factors influencing the shaping of medicines are revealed by the comparison between British and Japanese drug innovation. Addressing a number of practical implications for the promotion of the pharmaceutical industry, this book will be of enormous interest to students, researchers and academics specialising in science and technology, and the management of technology and innovation. Practitioners, managers, and policy planners within the pharmaceutical industry will also deem this book invaluable.

The media is full of reference to failing schools, troublesome pupils, underperforming boys, disappearing childhood and a teaching profession in crisis as more and more teachers contemplate abandoning their careers. Key Questions in Education looks at the current and historical debates of each of these issues, examining how a multitude of stakeholders have viewed, and still view, childhood and schooling. In highlighting how these same or similar issues have persistently been debated throughout time, John T. Smith shows something of their complexity and the need to break apart these key enduring questions in education. Each chapter covers a key question such as: How far should the state interfere in education? Should schools feed their pupils? and Why do children misbehave? Analysing each key question, chapters discuss how such issues were viewed or defined in the past, what solutions and outcomes were envisaged and compare and contrast how this relates to where we are now. Clear links are made throughout between historical sources and current ideology, policy, practice and research. In opening up these debates through case studies and vignettes, students are encouraged to reflect on how these contentious issues might be resolved and how this affects them as future educators.

Booker T. Washington: The Architect of Progressive Education unveils Washington's contributions to the development and history of progressive education. It exposes the ignorance of his critics and the distortions that have defined his legacy. The book places Washington into the appropriate historical context, calling into question the misinformation associated with this great American. Says author Donald Generals Jr., "I believe it's an important story that needs to be told to correct an historical injustice." Donald Generals Jr. is a full-time college administrator. "I was born and have lived my entire life in Paterson, New Jersey. Paterson is the birthplace of American industrialism and was the first planned industrial city." He is the vice president for academic affairs at Mercer County Community College in West Windsor Township. New Jersey. "I write out of a sense of duty to my profession and personal joy." This book is an extension of his dissertation. Booker T. Washington has not been adequately or fairly portrayed, nor is he given an appropriate place in history. He is viewed as an accommodationist. Critics have portrayed him historically as the conservative compromiser, willing to appease whites at the expense of African American rights and social development. Viewed as an accommodator, he is pitted against W.E.B. Dubois, who is portrayed as the key figure in the promotion and advancement of African Americans. This negative image of Washington distorts his historical significance as an African American leader and American educator, and he has been ignored in the history of progressive education. John Dewey orchestrated American pragmatism into an experimentalist philosophy of problem-solving using the method of intelligence and scientific inquiry. His ideas are foundational to what is referred to as progressive education. Many philosophers and educators have been appropriately recognized for their contributions to the experimentalist transformation in education, while others have been massively ignored. Foremost among those ignored is Booker T. Washington. This book sets the record straight. Publisher's website: http: //sbpra.com/DonaldGeneralsJr