This book is the first systematic treatment of this area so far scattered in a vast number of articles. As in classical topology, concrete problems require restricting the (generalized point-free) spaces by various conditions playing the roles of classical separation axioms. These are typically formulated in the language of points; but in the point-free context one has either suitable translations, parallels, or satisfactory replacements. The interrelations of separation type conditions, their merits, advantages and disadvantages, and consequences are discussed. Highlights of the book include a treatment of the merits and consequences of subfitness, various approaches to the Hausdorff's axiom, and normality type axioms. Global treatment of the separation conditions put them in a new perspective, and, a.o., gave some of them unexpected importance. The text contains a lot of quite recent results; the reader will see the directions the area is taking, and may find inspiration for her/his further work. The book will be of use for researchers already active in the area, but also for those interested in this growing field (sometimes even penetrating into some parts of theoretical computer science), for graduate and PhD students, and others. For the reader's convenience, the text is supplemented with an Appendix containing necessary background on posets, frames and locales.

The theory of geometric structures on manifolds which are locally modeled on a homogeneous space of a Lie group traces back to Charles Ehresmann in the 1930s, although many examples had been studied previously. Such locally homogeneous geometric structures are special cases of Cartan connections where the associated curvature vanishes. This theory received a big boost in the 1970s when W. Thurston put his geometrization program for 3-manifolds in this context. The subject of this book is more ambitious in scope. Unlike Thurston's eight 3-dimensional geometries, it covers structures which are not metric structures, such as affine and projective structures. This book describes the known examples in dimensions one, two and three. Each geometry has its own special features, which provide special tools in its study. Emphasis is given to the inter-relationships between different geometries and how one kind of geometric structure induces structures modeled on a different geometry. Up to now, much of the literature has been somewhat inaccessible and the book collects many of the pieces into one unified work. This book focuses on several successful classification problems. Namely, fix a geometry in the sense of Klein and a topological manifold. Then the different ways of locally putting the geometry on the manifold lead to a ""moduli space"". Often the moduli space carries a rich geometry of its own reflecting the model geometry. The book is self-contained and accessible to students who have taken first-year graduate courses in topology, smooth manifolds, differential geometry and Lie groups.

Mathematics is a concise introduction to six selected areas of 20th century mathematics providing numerous modern mathematical tools used in contemporary research in computer science, engineering, and other fields. The areas are: measure theory, high-dimensional geometry, Fourier analysis, representations of groups, multivariate polynomials, and topology. For each of the areas, the authors introduce basic notions, examples, and results. The presentation is clear and accessible, stressing intuitive understanding, and it includes carefully selected exercises as an integral part. Theory is complemented by applications-some quite surprising-in theoretical computer science and discrete mathematics. The chapters are independent of one another and can be studied in any order. It is assumed that the reader has gone through the basic mathematics courses. Although the book was conceived while the authors were teaching Ph.D. students in theoretical computer science and discrete mathematics, it will be useful for a much wider audience, such as mathematicians specializing in other areas, mathematics students deciding what specialization to pursue, or experts in engineering or other fields.

This book consists of 16 surveys on Thurston's work and its later development. The authors are mathematicians who were strongly influenced by Thurston's publications and ideas. The subjects discussed include, among others, knot theory, the topology of 3-manifolds, circle packings, complex projective structures, hyperbolic geometry, Kleinian groups, foliations, mapping class groups, Teichmuller theory, anti-de Sitter geometry, and co-Minkowski geometry. The book is addressed to researchers and students who want to learn about Thurston's wide-ranging mathematical ideas and their impact. At the same time, it is a tribute to Thurston, one of the greatest geometers of all time, whose work extended over many fields in mathematics and who had a unique way of perceiving forms and patterns, and of communicating and writing mathematics.

This book delivers stimulating input for a broad range of researchers, from geographers and ecologists to psychologists interested in spatial perception and physicists researching in complex systems. How can one decide whether one surface or spatial object is more complex than another? What does it require to measure the spatial complexity of small maps, and why does this matter for nature, science and technology? Drawing from algorithmics, geometry, topology, probability and informatics, and with examples from everyday life, the reader is invited to cross the borders into the bewildering realm of spatial complexity, as it emerges from the study of geographic maps, landscapes, surfaces, knots, 3D and 4D objects. The mathematical and cartographic experiments described in this book lead to hypotheses and enigmas with ramifications in aesthetics and epistemology.

This volume consists of ten articles which provide an in-depth and reader-friendly survey of some of the foundational aspects of singularity theory. Authored by world experts, the various contributions deal with both classical material and modern developments, covering a wide range of topics which are linked to each other in fundamental ways. Singularities are ubiquitous in mathematics and science in general. Singularity theory interacts energetically with the rest of mathematics, acting as a crucible where different types of mathematical problems interact, surprising connections are born and simple questions lead to ideas which resonate in other parts of the subject. This is the first volume in a series which aims to provide an accessible account of the state-of-the-art of the subject, its frontiers, and its interactions with other areas of research. The book is addressed to graduate students and newcomers to the theory, as well as to specialists who can use it as a guidebook.

Presents hyperspace fundamentals, offering a basic overview and a foundation for further study. Topics include the topology for hyperspaces, examples of geometric models for hyperspaces, 2x and C(X) for Peano continua X, arcs in hyperspaces, the shape and contractability of hyperspaces, hyperspaces and the fixed point property, and Whitney maps. The text contains examples and exercises throughout, and provides proofs for most results.

In this extensive work, the authors give a complete self-contained exposition on the subject of classic function theory and the most recent developments in transcendental iteration. They clearly present the theory of iteration of transcendental functions and their analytic and geometric aspects. Attention is concentrated for the first time on the dynamics of transcendental functions to compliment the growing body of work on rational functions. The subjects covered in detail include the fixed point theory, basic properties of Fatou and Julia sets, components of Fatou sets, the geometry of Julia sets, and the Hausdorff dimension of the Julia set.

This book discusses basic topics in the spectral theory of dynamical systems. It also includes two advanced theorems, one by H. Helson and W. Parry, and another by B. Host. Moreover, Ornstein's family of mixing rank-one automorphisms is given with construction and proof. Systems of imprimitivity and their relevance to ergodic theory are also examined. Baire category theorems of ergodic theory, scattered in literature, are discussed in a unified way in the book. Riesz products are introduced and applied to describe the spectral types and eigenvalues of rank-one automorphisms. Lastly, the second edition includes a new chapter "Calculus of Generalized Riesz Products", which discusses the recent work connecting generalized Riesz products, Hardy classes, Banach's problem of simple Lebesgue spectrum in ergodic theory and flat polynomials.

This book presents few novel Discrete-time Sliding Mode (DSM) protocols for leader-following consensus of Discrete Multi-Agent Systems (DMASs). The protocols intend to achieve the consensus in finite time steps and also tackle the corresponding uncertainties. Based on the communication graph topology of multi-agent systems, the protocols are divided into two groups, namely (i) Fixed graph topology and (ii) Switching graph topology. The coverage begins with the design of Discrete-time Sliding Mode (DSM) protocols using Gao's reaching law and power rate reaching law for the synchronization of linear DMASs by using the exchange of information between the agents and the leader to achieve a common goal. Then, in a subsequent chapter, analysis for no. of fixed-time steps required for the leader-following consensus is presented. The book also includes chapters on the design of Discrete-time Higher-order Sliding Mode (DHSM) protocols, Event-triggered DSM protocols for the leader-following consensus of DMASs. A chapter is also included on the design of DHSM protocols for leader-following consensus of heterogeneous DMASs. Special emphasis is given to the practical implementation of each proposed DSM protocol for achieving leader-following consensus of helicopter systems, flexible joint robotic arms, and rigid joint robotic arms. This book offers a ready reference guide for graduate students and researchers working in the areas of control, automation, and communication engineering, and in particular the cooperative control of multi-agent systems. It will also benefit professional engineers working to design and implement robust controllers for power systems, autonomous vehicles, military surveillance, smartgrids/microgrids, vehicle traffic management, robotic teams, and aerial robots.

Bordered Floer homology assigns invariants to 3-manifolds with boundary, such that the Heegaard Floer homology of a closed 3-manifold, split into two pieces, can be recovered as a tensor product of the bordered invariants of the pieces. The authors construct cornered Floer homology invariants of 3-manifolds with codimension-2 corners and prove that the bordered Floer homology of a 3-manifold with boundary, split into two pieces with corners, can be recovered as a tensor product of the cornered invariants of the pieces.

Based on the conference/workshop on Continuum Theory and Dynamical Systems held in Lafayette, Louisiana, this reference illustrates the current expansion of knowledge on the relationship between these subjects. It presents new problems in hyperspaces, induced maps, universal maps, fixed-point sets, disconnected numbers and quotient maps.;Explaining the definitions and techniques used in the two fields and providing results from both areas, this volume: examines prime end (accessible) rotation numbers for chaotic sets and Henon maps; discussed the connection between the rotation shadowing property and the structure of the rotation set for annulus homeomorphisms; offers a Nielson-type theorum concerning the minimum number of fixed points for an area preserving homeomorphism of the two disc; constructs a closed unit disc that admits many inequivalent homeomorphisms that are Denjoy on the boundary and distinct irrational rotations on the interior; gives a geometric description of a horseshoe-type mapping of a plane disc into itself whose attracting set is not chainable; and considers semigroups generated by maps topologically conjugate to contractions.;Written by experts who provide a cross-disciplinary perspective, this volume is intended for applied mathematicians, topologists, geomesters, physicists and graduate-level students in these disciplines.

Based on the lecture notes of a graduate course given at MIT, this sophisticated treatment leads to a variety of current research topics and will undoubtedly serve as a guide to further studies.

At the present time, the average undergraduate mathematics major finds mathematics heavily compartmentalized. After the calculus, he takes a course in analysis and a course in algebra. Depending upon his interests (or those of his department), he takes courses in special topics. Ifhe is exposed to topology, it is usually straightforward point set topology; if he is exposed to geom etry, it is usually classical differential geometry. The exciting revelations that there is some unity in mathematics, that fields overlap, that techniques of one field have applications in another, are denied the undergraduate. He must wait until he is well into graduate work to see interconnections, presumably because earlier he doesn't know enough. These notes are an attempt to break up this compartmentalization, at least in topology-geometry. What the student has learned in algebra and advanced calculus are used to prove some fairly deep results relating geometry, topol ogy, and group theory. (De Rham's theorem, the Gauss-Bonnet theorem for surfaces, the functorial relation of fundamental group to covering space, and surfaces of constant curvature as homogeneous spaces are the most note worthy examples.) In the first two chapters the bare essentials of elementary point set topology are set forth with some hint ofthe subject's application to functional analysis."

This book is devoted to computing the index of elliptic PDEs on non-compact Riemannian manifolds in the presence of local singularities and zeros, as well as polynomial growth at infinity. The classical Riemann-Roch theorem and its generalizations to elliptic equations on bounded domains and compact manifolds, due to Maz'ya, Plameneskii, Nadirashvilli, Gromov and Shubin, account for the contribution to the index due to a divisor of zeros and singularities. On the other hand, the Liouville theorems of Avellaneda, Lin, Li, Moser, Struwe, Kuchment and Pinchover provide the index of periodic elliptic equations on abelian coverings of compact manifolds with polynomial growth at infinity, i.e. in the presence of a "divisor" at infinity. A natural question is whether one can combine the Riemann-Roch and Liouville type results. This monograph shows that this can indeed be done, however the answers are more intricate than one might initially expect. Namely, the interaction between the finite divisor and the point at infinity is non-trivial. The text is targeted towards researchers in PDEs, geometric analysis, and mathematical physics.

The aim of these lecture notes is to propose a systematic framework for geometry and analysis on metric spaces. The central notion is a partition (an iterated decomposition) of a compact metric space. Via a partition, a compact metric space is associated with an infinite graph whose boundary is the original space. Metrics and measures on the space are then studied from an integrated point of view as weights of the partition. In the course of the text: It is shown that a weight corresponds to a metric if and only if the associated weighted graph is Gromov hyperbolic. Various relations between metrics and measures such as bilipschitz equivalence, quasisymmetry, Ahlfors regularity, and the volume doubling property are translated to relations between weights. In particular, it is shown that the volume doubling property between a metric and a measure corresponds to a quasisymmetry between two metrics in the language of weights. The Ahlfors regular conformal dimension of a compact metric space is characterized as the critical index of p-energies associated with the partition and the weight function corresponding to the metric. These notes should interest researchers and PhD students working in conformal geometry, analysis on metric spaces, and related areas.

This book is an outcome of two Conferences on Ulam Type Stability (CUTS) organized in 2016 (July 4-9, Cluj-Napoca, Romania) and in 2018 (October 8-13, 2018, Timisoara, Romania). It presents up-to-date insightful perspective and very resent research results on Ulam type stability of various classes of linear and nonlinear operators; in particular on the stability of many functional equations in a single and several variables (also in the lattice environments, Orlicz spaces, quasi-b-Banach spaces, and 2-Banach spaces) and some orthogonality relations (e.g., of Birkhoff-James). A variety of approaches are presented, but a particular emphasis is given to that of fixed points, with some new fixed point results and their applications provided. Besides these several other topics are considered that are somehow related to the Ulam stability such as: invariant means, geometry of Banach function modules, queueing systems, semi-inner products and parapreseminorms, subdominant eigenvalue location of a bordered diagonal matrix and optimal forward contract design for inventory. New directions and several open problems regarding stability and non-stability concepts are included. Ideal for use as a reference or in a seminar, this book is aimed toward graduate students, scientists and engineers working in functional equations, difference equations, operator theory, functional analysis, approximation theory, optimization theory, and fixed point theory who wish to be introduced to a wide spectrum of relevant theories, methods and applications leading to interdisciplinary research. It advances the possibilities for future research through an extensive bibliography and a large spectrum of techniques, methods and applications.

The first half of the book provides an introduction to general topology, with ample space given to exercises and carefully selected applications. The second half of the text includes topics in asymmetric topology, a field motivated by applications in computer science. Recurring themes include the interactions of topology with order theory and mathematics designed to model loss-of-resolution situations.

This volume provides a broad and uniform introduction of PDE-constrained optimization as well as to document a number of interesting and challenging applications. Many science and engineering applications necessitate the solution of optimization problems constrained by physical laws that are described by systems of partial differential equations (PDEs) . As a result, PDE-constrained optimization problems arise in a variety of disciplines including geophysics, earth and climate science, material science, chemical and mechanical engineering, medical imaging and physics. This volume is divided into two parts. The first part provides a comprehensive treatment of PDE-constrained optimization including discussions of problems constrained by PDEs with uncertain inputs and problems constrained by variational inequalities. Special emphasis is placed on algorithm development and numerical computation. In addition, a comprehensive treatment of inverse problems arising in the oil and gas industry is provided. The second part of this volume focuses on the application of PDE-constrained optimization, including problems in optimal control, optimal design, and inverse problems, among other topics.

Combining theoretical and practical aspects of topology, this book provides a comprehensive and self-contained introduction to topological methods for the analysis and visualization of scientific data. Theoretical concepts are presented in a painstaking but intuitive manner, with numerous high-quality color illustrations. Key algorithms for the computation and simplification of topological data representations are described in detail, and their application is carefully demonstrated in a chapter dedicated to concrete use cases. With its fine balance between theory and practice, "Topological Data Analysis for Scientific Visualization" constitutes an appealing introduction to the increasingly important topic of topological data analysis for lecturers, students and researchers.

The second edition of this book updates and expands upon a historically important collection of mathematical problems first published in the United States by Birkhauser in 1981. These problems serve as a record of the informal discussions held by a group of mathematicians at the Scottish Cafe in Lwow, Poland, between the two world wars. Many of them were leaders in the development of such areas as functional and real analysis, group theory, measure and set theory, probability, and topology. Finding solutions to the problems they proposed has been ongoing since World War II, with prizes offered in many cases to those who are successful. In the 35 years since the first edition published, several more problems have been fully or partially solved, but even today many still remain unsolved and several prizes remain unclaimed. In view of this, the editor has gathered new and updated commentaries on the original 193 problems. Some problems are solved for the first time in this edition. Included again in full are transcripts of lectures given by Stanislaw Ulam, Mark Kac, Antoni Zygmund, Paul Erdoes, and Andrzej Granas that provide amazing insights into the mathematical environment of Lwow before World War II and the development of The Scottish Book. Also new in this edition are a brief history of the University of Wroclaw's New Scottish Book, created to revive the tradition of the original, and some selected problems from it. The Scottish Book offers a unique opportunity to communicate with the people and ideas of a time and place that had an enormous influence on the development of mathematics and try their hand on the unsolved problems. Anyone in the general mathematical community with an interest in the history of modern mathematics will find this to be an insightful and fascinating read.

A consistent and near complete survey of the important progress made in the field over the last few years, with the main emphasis on the rigidity method and its applications. Among others, this monograph presents the most successful existence theorems known and construction methods for Galois extensions as well as solutions for embedding problems combined with a collection of the existing Galois realizations.

This book, intended for postgraduate students and researchers, presents many results of historical importance on pseudocompact spaces. In 1948, E. Hewitt introduced the concept of pseudocompactness which generalizes a property of compact subsets of the real line. A topological space is pseudocompact if the range of any real-valued, continuous function defined on the space is a bounded subset of the real line. Pseudocompact spaces constitute a natural and fundamental class of objects in General Topology and research into their properties has important repercussions in diverse branches of Mathematics, such as Functional Analysis, Dynamical Systems, Set Theory and Topological-Algebraic structures. The collection of authors of this volume include pioneers in their fields who have written a comprehensive explanation on this subject. In addition, the text examines new lines of research that have been at the forefront of mathematics. There is, as yet, no text that systematically compiles and develops the extensive theory of pseudocompact spaces, making this book an essential asset for anyone in the field of topology.

Topological surgery is a mathematical technique used for creating new manifolds out of known ones. In this book the authors observe that it also occurs in natural phenomena of all scales: 1-dimensional surgery happens during DNA recombination and when cosmic magnetic lines reconnect; 2-dimensional surgery happens during tornado formation and cell mitosis; and they conjecture that 3-dimensional surgery happens during the formation of black holes from cosmic strings, offering an explanation for the existence of a black hole's singularity. Inspired by such phenomena, the authors present a new topological model that extends the formal definition to a continuous process caused by local forces. Lastly, they describe an intrinsic connection between topological surgery and a chaotic dynamical system exhibiting a "hole drilling" behavior. The authors' model indicates where to look for the forces causing surgery and what deformations should be observed in the local submanifolds involved. These predictions are significant for the study of phenomena exhibiting surgery and they also open new research directions. This novel study enables readers to gain a better understanding of the topology and dynamics of various natural phenomena, as well as topological surgery itself and serves as a basis for many more insightful observations and new physical implications.