Integrating both theoretical and applied aspects of electrochemistry, this acclaimed monograph series presents a review of the latest advances in the field. The current volume covers ion and electron transfer across monolayers of organic surfactants, determination of current distributions governed by Laplace's equation, and three other subjects.

Spectroscopic Properties of Inorganic and Organometallic Compounds provides a unique source of information on an important area of chemistry. Divided into sections mainly according to the particular spectroscopic technique used, coverage in each volume includes: NMR (with reference to stereochemistry, dynamic systems, paramagnetic complexes, solid state NMR and Groups 13-18); nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy; vibrational spectroscopy of main group and transition element compounds and coordinated ligands; and electron diffraction. Reflecting the growing volume of published work in this field, researchers will find this Specialist Periodical Report an invaluable source of information on current methods and applications. Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage in major areas of chemical research. Compiled by teams of leading experts in their specialist fields, this series is designed to help the chemistry community keep current with the latest developments in their field. Each volume in the series is published either annually or biennially and is a superb reference point for researchers. www.rsc.org/spr

The proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Miniaturized Chemical and Biochemical Analysis Systems documents the exciting progress being made in this field of research and the continuing success of the conference series. The previous meetings have shown nearly 100% growth in abstract submissions and the fifth of the series continues this trend with nearly 400 abstracts submitted. Simultaneously the quality of the papers in this meeting remains high, as demonstrated in this publication. A broad array of topics is covered in this volume, as would be anticipated for such a highly multidisciplinary field as represented by muTotal Analysis Systems or Lab-on-a-Chip technology, the terms most commonly used to describe microfabricated devices for performing chemical and biochemical experimentation. The field remains heavily focused on microfluidic systems with only a few exceptions addressing gas phase studies. Device and system developments that address measurement problems associated with biotechnology continue to be an emphasis. The profile of electrokinetic-based separation devices for the analysis of DNA and proteins remains high and the interest in devices for cellular analysis is showing considerable growth. Further development of components and strategies for fluid transport, mixing, and dispensing are highlighted. Detection technologies that specifically address quantification issues in chemical and biochemical microsystems became a new emphasis for this meeting. Several new optical detection techniques relevant to microfluid systems are illustrated and microscale versions of NMR probes and mass spectrometers are discussed. New areas of development that are potentiallyemerging are nanofluidics- and microfluidics-based chemical synthesis. Clearly the field of miniaturized chemical and biochemical analysis systems is vibrant and continues to rapidly grow in depth, breadth, and maturity. This volume contains the proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Miniaturized Chemical and Biochemical Analysis Systems (&mgr;TAS 2001), held in Monterey, California, on October 21&endash;25, 2001. The collection of papers included in the proceedings represents the current state of the art in microsystems for chemical and biochemical experimentation. These proceedings will be a valuable tool for those wanting to become knowledgeable in an exciting field that may well change the way experimental problems in chemistry and biology are approached in the future.

David I.A. Millar's thesis explores the effects of extreme conditions on energetic materials. His study identifies and structurally characterises new polymorphs obtained at high pressures and/or temperatures. The performance of energetic materials (pyrotechnics, propellants and explosives) can depend on a number of factors including sensitivity to detonation, detonation velocity, and chemical and thermal stability. Polymorphism and solid-state phase transitions may therefore have significant consequences for the performance and safety of energetic materials. In order to model the behaviour of these important materials effectively under operational conditions it is essential to obtain detailed structural information at a range of temperatures and pressures.

In response to the growing use of mass spectrometry in the clinical and biomedical fields, this book collects recent research involving electrospray ionization, neuronal systems, and structural modifications of proteins. The significant advances in instrumentation, methodology, experimentation presented herein will serve to expand the current concept of clinical mass spectrometry.

In the broad field of supramolecular chemistry, the design and hence the use of chemosensors for ion and molecule recognition have developed at an extroardinary rate. This imaginative and creative area which involves the interface of different disciplines, e.g. organic and inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, biology, medicine, environmental science, is not only fundamental in nature. It is also clear that progress is most rewarding for several new sensor applications deriving from the specific signal delivered by the analyte-probe interaction. Indeed, if calcium sensing in real time for biological purposes is actually possible, owing to the emergence of efficient fluorescent receptors, other elements can also be specifically detected, identified and finally titrated using tailored chemosensors. Pollutants such as heavy metals or radionuclides are among the main targets since their detection and removal could be envisioned at very low concentrations with, in addition, sensors displaying specific and strong complexing abilities. Besides, various species of biological interest (or others, the list is large) including sugars and other micellaneous molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide can be actually probed with optodes and similar devices. The present volume in which the key lectures of the workshop are collected gives a survey of the main developments in the field. The success of the workshop mainly came from the high quality of the lectures, the invited short talks, the two posters sessions and the many very lively discussions which without doubt will produce positive outcomes.

This is Volume 5 of a Handbook that has been well-received by the thermal analysis and calorimetry community. All chapters in all five volumes are written by international experts in the subject. The fifth volume covers recent advances in techniques and applications that complement the earlier volumes. The chapters refer wherever possible to earlier volumes, but each is complete in itself. The latest recommendations on Nomenclature are also included. Amongst the important new techniques that are covered are micro-thermal analysis, pulsed thermal analysis, fast-scanning calorimetery and the use of quartz-crystal microbalances. There are detailed reviews of heating - stage spectroscopy, the range of electrical techniques available, applications in rheology, catalysis and the study of nanoparticles. The development and application of isoconversional methods of kinetic analysis are described and there are comprehensive chapters on the many facets of thermochemistry and of measuring thermophysical properties. Applications to inorganic and coordination chemistry are reviewed, as are the latest applications in medical and dental sciences, including the importance of polymorphism. The volume concludes with a review of the use and importance of thermal analysis and calorimetry in quality control.
* Updates and complements previous volumes
* Internationally recognized experts as authors
* Each chapter complete in itself

Multivariate data analysis is a central tool whenever several variables need to be considered at the same time. The present book explains a powerful and versatile way to analyse data tables, suitable also for researchers without formal training in statistics.

This method for extracting useful information from data is demonstrated for various types of quality assessment, ranging from human quality perception via industrial quality monitoring to health quality and its molecular basis.

Key features include:

• Minimum mathematics; all technical details in appendix form
• Very accessible style with cartoons, self assessment questions and wide range of practical examples
• All data sets available FREE online on Chemometrics World (http://www.wiley.co.uk/wileychi/chemometrics).

The book is written with ISO certified businesses and laboratories in mind, to enhance Total Quality Management (TQM). As yet there are no clear guidelines for realistic data analysis of quality in complex systems - this volume bridges the gap.

The current volume covers research advances in nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and optical spectroscopy with emphasis on computer-assisted interpretation methodologies.

Natural and Laboratory-Simulated Thermal Geochemical Processes compares a series of thermal natural geochemical events with thermally laboratory-simulated processes. The emphasis is on the geothermal events occurring in nature compared with those simulated in the laboratory, thus furnishing important information at the molecular level for such processes. The book covers the following topics:

-Generation of petroleum and its thermal cracking;
-Pyrolysis of oil-shales;
-Formation of coal and its gasification and liquification;
-Thermal liquification of biomass;
-Geothermal energy;
-Thermal generation of fullerenes;
-Thermal formation of diamonds;
-Thermal analysis of organo-clay complexes;
-Geochemical conditions for life emergence.

Experts from both academia and industry provide an overview of current research in computer-assisted analytical spectroscopy and chemometrics.

Basic Training in Chemistry is unique in that it gathers into one source the essential information that is usually widely dispersed. This book can be used as a quick reference guide to the different disciplines of Chemistry: the areas covered are General, Inorganic, Organic, and Instrumental Analysis. Although comprehensive in nature, Basic Training in Chemistry is not meant to replace any standard textbook but rather to be a supplement or additional source of information, or even a comprehensive review guide. Basic Training in Chemistry is a useful addition to any academic or commercial laboratory setting where access to a wide variety of information is needed. The book can be an exceptional source of information for the undergraduate or graduate student as well as for the experienced chemist. Anyone needing a single source of information covering several different disciplines will find this book to be an excellent addition to their usual references.

Prof. Jerzy Sobkowski starts off this 31st volume of Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry with a far-ranging discussion of experimental results from the past 10 years of interfacial studies. It forms a good background for the two succeeding chapters. The second chapter is by S. U. M. Khan on quantum mechanical treatment of electrode processes. Dr. Khan's experience in this area is a good basis for this chapter, the contents of which will surprise some, but which as been well refereed. Molecular dynamic simulation is now a much-used technique in physical electrochemistry and in the third chapter Ilan Benjamin has written an account that brings together information from many recent publications, sometimes confirming earlier modeling approaches and sometimes breaking new territory. In Chapter 4, Akiko Aramata's experience in researching single crystals is put to good advantage in her authoritative article on under- tential deposition. Finally, in Chapter 5, the applied side of electrochemistry is served by Bech-Neilsen et al. in the review of recent techniques for automated measurement of corrosion. J. O'M. Bockris, Texas A&M University B. E. Conway, University of Ottawa R. E. White, University of South Carolina Contents Chapter 1 METAL/SOLUTION INTERFACE: AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Jerzy Sobkowski and Maria Jurkiewicz-Herbich I. Introduction.............................................. 1 II. Molecular Approach to the Metal/Solution Interface............. 3 1. Double-Layer Structure: General Considerations .......... 3 2. Solid Metal/Electrolyte Interface.......................... 8 3. Methods Used to Study Properties ofthe Metal/Solution Interface: Role of the Solvent and the Metal............. 15 The Thermodynamic Approach to the Metal/Solution Interface 35 III.

The Ebro is a typical Mediterranean river characterized by seasonal low flows and extreme flush effects, with important agricultural and industrial activity that has caused heavy contamination problems. This volume deals with soil-sediment-groundwater related issues in the Ebro river basin and summarizes the results generated within the European Union-funded project "AquaTerra." The following topics are highlighted: Hydrology and sediment transport and their alterations due to climate change, aquatic and riparian biodiversity in the Ebro watershed, occurrence and distribution of a wide range of priority and emerging contaminants, effects of chemical pollution on biota and integration of climate change scenarios with several aspects of the Ebro s hydrology and potential impacts of climate change on pollution.

The primary objective of the book is to lay the foundation for a better understanding of the behavior of environmental pollutants and their fluxes with respect to climate and land use changes."

Biological membranes play a central role in cell structure, shape and functions. However, investigating the membrane bilayer has proved to be difficult due to its highly dynamic and anisotropic structure, which generates steep gradients at the nanometer scale. Due to the decisive impact of recently developed fluorescence-based techniques, tremendous advances have been made in the last few years in our understanding of membrane characteristics and functions. In this context, the present book illustrates some of these major advances by collecting review articles written by highly respected experts. The book is organized in three parts, the first of which deals with membrane probes and model membranes. The second part describes the use of advanced quantitative and high-resolution techniques to explore the properties of biological membranes, illustrating the key progress made regarding membrane organization, dynamics and interactions. The third part is focused on the investigation of membrane proteins using the same techniques, and notably on the membrane receptors that play a central role in signaling pathways and therapeutic strategies. All chapters provide comprehensive information on membranes and their exploration for beginners in the field and advanced researchers alike.

'There is no higher or lower knowledge, but only one, flowing out of experimen tation. ' (Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519) Food materials are complex in terms of composition, structure and mechanical properties. In order to understand the relationship between these different kinds of complexity, the experimental food scientist has a wide range of physico-chemical techniques at his or her disposal. But, in practice, of course, there are often severe limitations on the techniques which are available for any particular investigation. Apart from obvious constraints associated with instrument cost and accessibility, one com mon problem is a lack of knowledge by the non-expert about the capabilities and limitations of every new advance in instrumentation. No individual worker in the field of food science can become expert in more than a very small number of experimental techniques. On the other hand, most of us wish to know enough about the major emerging experimental technologies to enable us to make a realistic assessment of what they may have to contribute towards any new problems that we may meet. This book collects together in a single volume an up-to-date set of introductory articles describing a range of new physico-chemical tech niques which can be used to probe food structure at the molecular, colloidal and microscopic levels. Each individual chapter is written by an acknowledged expert in his field.

Immunoassay procedures (isotopic and non-isotopic) have become one of the single most important techniques in present-day diagnostic medicine. This book is designed as an introductory test for the staff of clinical research laboratories who conduct or intend to conduct such techniques, and will be of great value to the clinicians who make use of such services. The volume takes a three-pronged approach in it's in-depth presentation: explanation of the basic principles and applications of radioimmunoassays and non-isotopic immunoassays; practical illustrations of the various steps involved in immunoassays; discussion of the problems and pitfalls in immunoassays and how to avoid them. This fifth revised edition is a worthy successor to it's predecessors in this famous "Laboratory Techniques" series.

Lycopodium Alkaloids: Isolation and Asymmetric Synthesis, by Mariko Kitajima and Hiromitsu Takayama.- Synthesis of Morphine Alkaloids and Derivatives, by Uwe Rinner and Tomas Hudlicky.- Indole Prenylation in Alkaloid Synthesis, by Thomas Lindel, Nils Marsch and Santosh Kumar Adla.- Marine Pyrroloiminoquinone Alkaloids, by Yasuyuki Kita and Hiromichi Fujioka.- Synthetic Studies on Amaryllidaceae and Other Terrestrially Derived Alkaloids, by Martin G. Banwell, Nadia Yuqian Gao, Brett D. Schwartz and Lorenzo V. White.- Synthesis of Pyrrole and Carbazole Alkaloids, by Ingmar Bauer and Hans-Joachim Knolker.-"

Take any combination of the following features: supramolecular structures with a specific fluorescent probe localized as you would like; nanoscale spatial reso- tion; tailor-made molecular and/or solid-state fluorescing nanostructures; us- friendly and/or high- throughput fluorescence techniques; the ability to do wh- ever you wish with just one single (supra)molecule; utilization of non-linear optical processes; and,last but not least,physical understanding of the processes resu- ing in a (biological) functionality at the single molecule level. What you will then have is some recent progress in physics,chemistry,and the life sciences leading to the development of a new tool for research and application. This was amply demonstrated at the 8th Conference on Methods and Applications of Fluorescence: Probes,Imaging,and Spectroscopy held in Prague,the Czech Republic on August 24th-28th, 2003. This formed a crossroad of ideas from a variety of natural science and technical research fields and biomedical applications in particular. This volume - the third book in the Springer-Verlag Series on Fluorescence - reviews some of the most characteristic topics of the multidisciplinary area of fluorescence applications in life sciences either presendted directly at th 8th MAF Conference or considered to be a cruical development in the field. In the initial contribution in Part 1 - Basics and Advanced Approaches,the - itors explain the basics of fluorescence and illustrate the relationship between some modern fluorescence techniques and classical approaches. The second contrigution by B.

A Practical Guide to Understanding the NMR of Polymers presents an introduction to the theory and practice of NMR, and includes sections on the fundamental principles of NMR and the applications to polymers. This book will help readers understand how these methods can be used to determine the chemical structure of polymers that influences the macroscopic properties. Solid state NMR methods are introduced to enable the readers to measure the structure of polymers on longer length scales. It is also shown how NMR is used to measure the molecular dynamics that can be related to the mechanical properties of polymers.

Stability constants are fundamental to understanding the behavior of metal ions in aqueous solution. Such understanding is important in a wide variety of areas, such as metal ions in biology, biomedical applications, metal ions in the environment, extraction metallurgy, food chemistry, and metal ions in many industrial processes. In spite of this importance, it appears that many inorganic chemists have lost an appreciation for the importance of stability constants, and the thermodynamic aspects of complex formation, with attention focused over the last thirty years on newer areas, such as organometallic chemistry. This book is an attempt to show the richness of chemistry that can be revealed by stability constants, when measured as part of an overall strategy aimed at understanding the complexing properties of a particular ligand or metal ion. Thus, for example, there are numerous crystal structures of the Li+ ion with crown ethers. What do these indicate to us about the chemistry of Li+ with crown ethers? In fact, most of these crystal structures are in a sense misleading, in that the Li+ ion forms no complexes, or at best very weak complexes, with familiar crown ethers such as l2-crown-4, in any known solvent. Thus, without the stability constants, our understanding of the chemistry of a metal ion with any particular ligand must be regarded as incomplete. In this book we attempt to show how stability constants can reveal factors in ligand design which could not readily be deduced from any other physical technique.

This book offers an overview of state-of-the-art in non amplified DNA detection methods and provides chemists, biochemists, biotechnologists and material scientists with an introduction to these methods. In fact all these fields have dedicated resources to the problem of nucleic acid detection, each contributing with their own specific methods and concepts. This book will explain the basic principles of the different non amplified DNA detection methods available, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. Non-amplified DNA detection can be achieved by adopting different techniques. Such techniques have allowed the commercialization of innovative platforms for DNA detection that are expected to break into the DNA diagnostics market. The enhanced sensitivity required for the detection of non amplified genomic DNA has prompted new strategies that can achieve ultrasensitivity by combining specific materials with specific detection tools. Advanced materials play multiple roles in ultrasensitive detection. Optical and electrochemical detection tools are among the most widely investigated to analyze non amplified nucleic acids. Biosensors based on piezoelectric crystal have been also used to detect unamplified genomic DNA. The main scientific topics related to DNA diagnostics are discussed by an outstanding set of authors with proven experience in this field.