From the global to the cellular level, oxidants have provided the chemical dynamic for reactions both harmful and benign. As varied in type as in effect, oxidants include the oxides of nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon - implicated in the generation of smog - as well as oxidants useful in hypoxic cell-specific anticancer drugs and the treatment of contaminated waters. The complex nature of oxidants as well as their pervasiveness in the environment have made them keenly interesting to scientists monitoring environmental hazards and human health. Environmental Oxidants is a broad-based, multidisciplinary study of the environmental chemistry and toxicology of oxidants as well as their widening role in pollution control. Featuring up-to-date research from internationally renowned scientists, the book sheds light on such critical topics as the evolution, production, distribution, and fate of oxidants in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere; the influence of human activities on oxidative processes in the atmosphere; oxidative stress at the cellular, systemic, and ecosystem levels; and the use of oxidants to remediate polluted sites. Specific studies include photosynthetic oxygen evolution, oxidants in the unpolluted marine atmosphere, ozone formation in urban plumes, the impact of dynamics and transport on stratospheric ozone and other constituents, health effects and toxicology of ozone and nitrogen dioxide, and some hematological effects of oxidants. Reflecting current health concerns, the book also addresses such timely issues as oxidative stress and asbestos, the role of oxygen in lung toxicity induced by mineral fibers and particulates, as well as an alternative attainment criteria fora secondary federal standard for ozone. A selective and incisive look at the current state of research on oxidants, Environmental Oxidants provides environmental scientists and engineers with an informative, detailed discussion of just how and why oxidants have emerged as a key issue in human health and environmental integrity.

Now and in the future, the ever-growing demand for drinking water will lead many cities to implement indirect water reuse programs, where wastewater effluent becomes part of the drinking water sources. Pollution of those sources with emerging contaminants (micropollutants) such as endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceutically active compounds, pesticides and personal care products is a fact known worldwide. In this thesis, nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) are demonstrated to be appropriate technologies for removing a large number of micropollutants; however, the performance of NF and RO can be questioned because there are limited tools that optimise quantification of the removal of contaminants. Therefore, in this thesis, by means of the use of multivariate data analysis techniques, removal quantification is effectively determined and more understanding of the separation of micropollutants by membranes is achieved.

This is the ?fth volume in the Reviews in Fluorescence series. To date, four previous volumes have been both published and well received by the scienti?c community. Several book reviews in the last few years have also favorably remarked on the series. In this ?fth volume we continue the tradition of publishing leading edge and timely articles from authors around the world. With the recent Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2008 being awarded for the discovery and development of the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) to Shimomura, Chal?e, and Tsien, we have subsequently included several timely reviews on GFP in this volume. We thank the authors for their timely and exciting contributions. We hope you ?nd this volume as useful as past volumes, which promises to be just as diverse with regard to ?uorescence-based content. Finally, in closing, I would like to thank Caroleann Aitken for helping coordin- ing content with authors and Michael Weston at Springer for help in publishing this current volume. Baltimore, MD, USA Chris D. Geddes v . Contents Fluorescence Anisotropy to Study the Preferential Orientation of Fluorophores in Ordered Bi-Dimensional Systems: Rhodamine 6G/Laponite Layered Films ...1 F. Lopez Arbeloa, V. Martinez, T. Arbeloa, and I. Lopez Arbeloa Room Temperature Tryptophan Phosphorescence of Proteins in the Composition of Biological Membranes and Solutions ...37 Vladimir M. Mazhul', Alexander V. Timoshenko, Ekaterina M.

This is the second volume in a series which presents the state of the art in chosen sectors of oil and fat chemistry, including its relevance to the food and pharmaceutical industries. The text in this book aims to provide an authoritative account of the use of a wide range of spectroscopic methods in the analysis of lipids, with an emphasis on topics that have attracted special attention.

No. 28 of this highly regarded series explores the fundamental and applied aspects of electrochemical science. This volume features two detailed studies on the rapidly developing field of electrochemical surface science.

This book discusses capital separation processes of industrial interest and explores the potential for substantial improvement offered by a promising class of substances: ionic liquids. These low melting point salts, with their unique characteristics, have been gaining relevance in the field of separation through a variety of approaches. The chapters are structured from an application perspective, and cover the utilisation of ionic liquids in different unit operation contexts (distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, and solid-liquid extraction), giving an idea of their remarkable versatility. The final chapters focus on the use of ionic liquids in analytical applications based on separation procedures. This volume combines the review of the main advances to date with the analysis of the potential future use of ionic liquids in separation processes across a variety of fields, ranging from enhancement of state-of-the-art technologies to a revolution in the technological bases currently in use. It provides a valuable resource for engineers and scientists working in the field of separation, as well as for all readers generally interested in ionic liquids, in particular from an application standpoint. Hector Rodriguez is a faculty member of the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.

CONTENTS - Introduction - I. Mechanism of Electrodeposition - 2. Laws and Characteristics of Plating Baths - 3. The Deposit - 4. Preparatory Steps of Plating - 5. Preparation of the Surface - 6. Cleaning - 7. Pickling - 8. Strike Plating - 9. Rinsing - 10. Anodizing - 1 I. Brass Plating - 12. Bronze Plating - 13. Cadmium Plating - 14. Chromate Coatings - 15. Chromium Plating - 16. Acid Copper Plating - 17. Copper Cyanide Baths - 18. Iron Plating - 19. Lead Plating - 20. Lead-Tin - 21. Nickel Plating - 22. Electroless Nickel - 23. Phosphate Coatings - 24. Silver Plating - 25. Acid Tin Plating - 26. Alkaline Tin Plating - 27. Tin-Nickel - 28. Tin-Zinc - 29. Acid Zinc Baths - 30. Zinc Cyanide Baths - 31. Control of a Plating Bath - 32. Plating Tests - 33. Gravity, Conductivity, and Voltage - 34. Electroplated Alloys - 35. Layer Plating - 36. Applications of Electroplating - 37. Plating Bath Troubles - 38. Continuous Plating - 39. Plating on Plastics - 40. Preparation of Metals for Painting - 41. Analytical Methods for Plating Baths - Appendix - Conversion Factors - Electrochemical Yields - Electrochemical Formulas - Electrochemical Equivalents - Single Electrode Potentials - Stripping Chart - Glossary - Index -

This volume provides an overview of the determinants of the release of and exposure to airborne nanoparticles. Whether intentionally manufactured or unintentionally generated during industrial processes, the release of nanoparticles can result in significant worker exposure, which must be dealt with adequately by means of dedicated risk assessments to ensure workplace health and safety. The book extensively discusses a number of measurement and modelling strategies available for this purpose. It also reviews the health hazardous potential of nano-sized particles and fibres, and follows the flow of engineered nanomaterials from production and use to disposal and the environment. It appeals to a wide readership, from specialists already working in the field to newcomers aiming to gain insights into this topic.

Spectrophotometry enables one to determine, with good precision and sensitivity, almost all the elements present in small and trace quantities of any material. The method is particularly useful in the determination of non-metals and allows the determination elements in a large range of concentrations (from single % to low ppm levels) in various materials.

In "Separation, Preconcentration and Spectrophotometry in Inorganic Analysis," much attention has been paid to separation and preconcentration methods, since they play an essential role in increasing the selectivity and sensitivity of spectrophotometric methods. Separation and preconcentration methods have also been utilised in other determination techniques.

Spectrophotometric methods which are widely used for the determination of the elements in a large variety of inorganic materials are presented in the book whilst separation and preconcentration procedures combined with spectrophotometry are also described.

This book contains recent advances in spectrophotometry, detailed discussion of the instrumentation, and the techniques and reagents used for spectrophotometric determination of elements in a wide range of materials as well as a detailed discussion of separation and preconcentration procedures that precede the spectrophotometric detection.

For the first time, distinguished scientists from key institutions worldwide provide a comprehensive approach to optical sensing techniques employing the phenomenon of guided wave propagation for chemical and biosensors. This includes both state-of the-art fundamentals and innovative applications of these techniques. The authors present a deep analysis of their particular subjects in a way to address the needs of novice researchers such as graduate students and post-doctoral scholars as well as of established researchers seeking new avenues. Researchers and practitioners who need a solid foundation or reference will find this work invaluable.

This second of two volumes covers the incorporation of periodic structures in waveguides to exploit the Bragg phenomenon, optical fiber sensors, hollow waveguides and micro-resonators as well as a review of the tremendous expansion of terahertz technology for sensing applications.

Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) is a powerful method for the characterization of polymers, biopolymers, polyelectrolytes, nanoparticles, dispersions, and other colloidal systems. The method is able to determine the molar mass, the particle size, the particle density and interaction parameters like virial coefficients and association constants. Because AUC is also a fractionation method, the determination of the molar mass distribution, the particle size distribution, and the particle density distribution is possible. A special technique, the density gradient method, allows fractionating heterogeneous samples according to their chemical nature that means being able to detect chemical heterogeneity. The book is divided into chapters concerning instrumentation, sedimentation velocity runs, density gradient runs, application examples and future developments. In particular, the detailed application chapter demonstrates the versatility and power of AUC by means of many interesting and important industrial examples. Thus the book concentrates on practical aspects rather than details of centrifugation theory.

Both authors have many years of experience in an industrial AUC research laboratory of a world leading chemical company.

This handbook collects over 800 infrared spectra of rubbers, plastics and thermoplastics elastometers. It contains five different libraries: rubbers in transmission spectroscopy, rubbers in pyrolysate spectroscopy, plastics in transmission spectroscopy, plastics in pyrolysate spectroscopy, and rubbers and plastics in single-bounce ATR spectroscopy. This is an invaluable reference for the rubbers and plastics industry.

In important branches of manufacturing industries, especially those producing chemicals, polymers, semiconductors, ceramics, metals and alloys, analytical process control is already an integral part of the company. Far reaching decisions with respect to quality, ecology and economy are based on the respective analytical data. The goal of this practice-oriented book is to introduce chemists, engineers and technicians to the strategies, techniques and efficiency of modern process analytical chemistry. The author is especially aiming at those professionals in small and medium enterprises who have to carry out process control tasks in a "solo-run".

Microemulsions and gels are well-known systems, which play a major role in colloidal and interfacial science. In contrast, the concept of gel microemulsions is still quite new. Gelled microemulsions are highly promising for microemulsion applications in which low viscosity is undesirable, such as administering a drug-delivering microemulsion to a certain area of the skin. It is essential to understand the properties of and structures formed in a system combining microemulsion components and a gelator. This PhD thesis by Michaela Laupheimer provides an in-depth discussion of the phase behavior and sol-gel transition of a microemulsion gelled by a low molecular weight gelator as well as the rheological behavior of a gelled bicontinuous microemulsion. Moreover, the microstructure of the gelled bicontinuous system is fully clarified using techniques like self-diffusion NMR and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). By comparing gelled bicontinuous microemulsions with corresponding non-gelled microemulsions and binary gels, it is demonstrated that bicontinuous microemulsion domains coexist with a gelator network and that the coexisting structures possess no fundamental mutual influence. Hence, gelled bicontinuous microemulsions have been identified as a new type of orthogonal self-assembled system.

Lanthanides have fascinated scientists for more than two centuries now, and since efficient separation techniques were established roughly 50 years ago, they have increasingly found their way into industrial exploitation and our everyday lives. Numerous applications are based on their unique luminescent properties, which are highlighted in this volume. It presents established knowledge about the photophysical basics, relevant lanthanide probes or materials, and describes instrumentation-related aspects including chemical and physical sensors. The uses of lanthanides in bioanalysis and medicine are outlined, such as assays for in vitro diagnostics and research. All chapters were compiled by renowned scientists with a broad audience in mind, providing both beginners in the field and advanced researchers with comprehensive information on on the given subject.

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This, the fourth volume in the Springer series on fluorescence, focuses on the fluorescence of nanosystems, polymers and supermolecules, as well as the development and application of fluorescent probes. Aimed at researchers in organic and physical chemistry and in material sciences, emphasis is placed on the fluorescence of artificial and biological nanosystems; single molecule fluorescence and the luminescence of polymers; and micro- and nanoparticles and nanotubes.

This book focuses on environmental aspects of Boka Kotorska Bay in Montenegro (South Adriatic Sea), an area that has been shaped by seasonal tourism, and explores the use and limitations of its natural resources. The individual chapters highlight its geographic and oceanographic characteristics, climate, history and development, biology, fisheries, agriculture, coastal zones, shipping, marine tourism and pollution. Above all, the environmental impact of tourism on marine, coastal and shoreline areas and the resulting conflicts are discussed in detail. The volume is intended for specialists working in various fields of environmental sciences and ecology, water resources and management, land reclamation and agriculture, and regional climate change.

From forensics and security to pharmaceuticals and environmental applications, spectroscopic detection is one of the most cost-effective methods for identifying chemical compounds in a wide range of disciplines. For spectroscopic information, correlation charts are far more easily used than tables, especially for scientists and students whose own areas of specialization may lie elsewhere. The CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts provides a collection of spectroscopic information and unique correlation charts for use in the interpretation of spectroscopic measurements. The handbook presents useful analysis and assignment of spectra and structural elucidation of organic and organometallic molecules. The correlation charts are compiled from an extensive search of spectroscopic literature and contain current, detailed information that includes new results for many compounds. The handbook includes graphical data charts for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the most useful nuclei, as well as infrared and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Because mass spectrometry data is not best represented graphically, the data are presented in tabular form, where mass spectrometry can be used for analyses and structural determinations in tandem with other techniques. In addition to presenting absorption bands and intensities for a variety of important functional groups and chemical families, the book also discusses instrument calibration, diagnostics, common solvents, fragmentation patterns, several practical conversion tables, and laboratory safety. Not intended to replace reference works that provide exhaustive spectral charts on specific compound classes, this book fillsthe need for fundamental charts that are needed on a general, day-to-day basis. The CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts is an ideal laboratory companion for students and professionals in academic, industrial, and government labs.

The thesis by Merce Pacios exploits properties of carbon nanotubes to design novel nanodevices. The prominent electrochemical properties of carbon nanotubes are used to design diverse electrode configurations. In combination with the chemical properties and (bio)functionalization versatility, these materials prove to be very appropriate for the development of electrochemical biosensors. Furthermore, this work also evaluates the semiconductor character of carbon nanotubes (CNT) for sensor technology by using a field effect transistor configuration (FET). The CNT-FET device has been optimized for operating in liquid environments. These electrochemical and electronic CNT devices are highly promising for biomolecule sensing and for the monitoring of biological processes, which can in the future lead to applications for rapid and simple diagnostics in fields such as biotechnology, clinical and environmental research.

'Analysis of Food Contaminants' was published in 1984 by Elsevier Applied Science Publishers and 10 years later I was asked to consider producing an updated second edition. Surprisingly little has really changed in a decade in terms of the public interest in food safety and the continued vigilance of Government in monitoring the food supply for contaminants. This means that food contamination in itself is still a very relevant topic. However, much has changed in terms of the techniques now employed in trace analysis. The 1984 book used a combination of an analytical technique and a specific food contaminant problem area per chapter (each written by a specialist) which resulted in a multi-authored text which was mostly application based but provided a good introduction to the 'how' in terms of applying techniques to real problems. Rather than producing a second edition of this text, it seemed on reflection more sensible to produce a new and complementary book, using the same formula as before of application plus technique, but to concentrate on contaminant areas of current interest and to highlight recent advances in techniques. Thus, the present book 'Progress in Food Contaminant Analysis' has originated as a follow-up to 'Analysis of Food Contaminants'.

The contributions in this volume were first presented at a symposium organized by the editors and held at the 214th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Las Vegas in September, 1997. The symposium was sponsored by the ACS Division of Agricultural and Food Chemistry and covered recent developments of interest in food analysis. Many changes have occurred since the standard textbooks on food analysis were published: E. coli 0 157: H7 has leaped into prominence, requiring new and rapid methods of detection; MALDI-MS was developed and used in food analysis for the first time; elec tron microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and electrorheology have been applied to cheese, bread, meat, and chocolate, new methods for monitoring and predicting shelf life have been introduced; new techniques for determining the composition of food have evolved. This book includes many emerging approaches which food scientists may find useful and probably will not find in a textbook. The editors thank the authors whose work is presented in these chapters, the Divi sion of Agricultural and Food Chemistry for agreeing to hold the symposium, and our edi tors at Kluwer Academic I Plenum Publishers whose assistance made our task easier. Michael H. Tunick Samuel A. Palumbo Pina M. Fratamico v CONTENTS Physical Properties I. Transmission Electron Microscopic Imaging of Casein Submicelle Distribution in Mozzarella Cheese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michael H. Tunick, Peter H. Cooke, Edyth L. Malin, Philip W. Smith, and V. H. Holsinger 9 2. Confocal Microscopy of Bread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."

Process analytical chemistry (PAC) can be defined as the technology of obtaining quantitative and qualitative information about a chemical process in order to control or optimise its performance. This highly practical book provides an up-to-date introduction to the field with a special emphasis placed on industrial processes. Edited by representatives from one of the world's leading chemical companies and centres of excellence for research into the subject, the book is written by a transatlantic team of authors who provide a global perspective.

While it is not possible to predict - or necessarily prevent - terrorist incidents in which chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) are deployed, correctly chosen, fast, and reliable detection equipment will allow prepared rescue workers to respond quickly and minimize potential casualties.

Detection Technologies for Chemical Warfare Agents and Toxic Vapors discusses the principles, instrumentation, and context for applying technologies such as ion mobility spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, colorimetric chemistry, and flame ionization to the detection of TICs and lethal CWAs. It conveys techniques - some of which have been patented by the authors - developed for generating vapors and closely imitating potential environmental effects in a laboratory setting, specifically for the testing and evaluation of hand-held, portable, and remote devices. This book also provides a comprehensive list of toxic industrial chemicals classified in terms of hazardousness and their physical, chemical, and toxicological properties. Following a brief historical overview, the text also includes a review of federal detection requirements and the government's rationale for preparedness and response.

By providing insight on the behavior of toxic chemicals, the authors hope to minimize the fear and chaotic effect in a potential event involving chemical agents. Well written and accessible to technical and non-technical audiences, no other book focuses on analytical methods and explains current detection devices for chemical warfare agents.

This will be a must-have work for scientists and practitioners in any field related to modern chemical research. It will also be highly useful for many workers in industry who are required to keep up-to-date with the latest news in chemistry and applied chemistry. So much is covered here in critical review, from the present position of developing research to future trends, that this book will still be an indispensable text ten years from now.