This proceedings volume contains 38 papers presented at the 4th Working Conference on "Rel iability* and Optimization of Structural Systems", held at the Technical University of Munich, Germany, September 11- 13, 1991. The Working Conference was organised by the IFIP (Interna tional Federation for Information Processing) Working Group 7.5 of Technical Committee 7 and was the fourth in a series, following similar conferences held at the University of Aalborg, Den mark, May 1987, at the Imperial College, London, UK, September 1988 and at the University of California, Berkeley, California, USA, March 1990. The Working Conference was attended by 54 participants from 16 countries. The objectives of Working Group 7.5 are: * to promote modern structural systems optimization and reliability theory, * to advance international cooperation in the field of structural system optimization and reliability theory, * to stimulate research, development and application of structural system optimization and reli ability theory, * to further the dissemination and exchange of information on reliability and optimization of structural systems * to encourage education in structural system optimization and reliability theory. At present the members of the Working Group are: A. H.-S. Ang, U.S.A. M. Grimmelt, FRG G. A ugwti, Italy N. C. Lind, Canada M. J. Baker, UK H. O. Mad&en, Denmark P. Bjerager, Norway R. E. Melcher~, Australia C. A. Cornell, U.S.A. F. Mo~e~, U.S.A.

This book presents a method which is capable of evaluating the deformation characteristics of thin shell structures A free vibration analysis is chosen as a convenient means of studying the displacement behaviour of the shell, enabling it to deform naturally without imposing any particular loading conditions. The strain-displacement equations for thin shells of arbitrary geometry are developed. These relationships are expressed in general curvilinear coordinates and are formulated entirely in the framework of tensor calculus. The resulting theory is not restricted to shell structures characterized by any particular geometric form, loading or boundary conditions. The complete displacement and strain equations developed by Flugge are approximated by the curvilinear finite difference method and are applied to computing the natural frequencies and mode shapes of general thin shells. This approach enables both the displacement components and geometric properties of the shell to be approximated numerically and accurately. The selection of an appropriate displacement field to approximate the deformation of the shell within each finite difference mesh is discussed in detail. In addition, comparisons are made between the use of second and third-order finite difference interpolation meshes.

1. 1 Introduction As offshore oil production moves into deeper water, compliant structural systems are becoming increasingly important. Examples of this type of structure are tension leg platfonns (TLP's), guyed tower platfonns, compliant tower platfonns, and floating production systems. The common feature of these systems, which distinguishes them from conventional jacket platfonns, is that dynamic amplification is minimized by designing the surge and sway natural frequencies to be lower than the predominant frequencies of the wave spectrum. Conventional jacket platfonns, on the other hand, are designed to have high stiffness so that the natural frequencies are higher than the wave frequencies. At deeper water depths, however, it becomes uneconomical to build a platfonn with high enough stiffness. Thus, the switch is made to the other side of the wave spectrum. The low natural frequency of a compliant platfonn is achieved by designing systems which inherently have low stiffness. Consequently, the maximum horizontal excursions of these systems can be quite large. The low natural frequency characteristic of compliant systems creates new analytical challenges for engineers. This is because geometric stiffness and hydrodynamic force nonlinearities can cause significant resonance responses in the surge and sway modes, even though the natural frequencies of these modes are outside the wave spectrum frequencies. High frequency resonance responses in other modes, such as the pitch mode of a TLP, are also possible.

The field of structural optimization is still a relatively new field undergoing rapid changes in methods and focus. Until recently there was a severe imbalance between the enormous amount of literature on the subject, and the paucity of applications to practical design problems. This imbalance is being gradually redressed. There is still no shortage of new publications, but there are also exciting applications of the methods of structural optimizations in the automotive, aerospace, civil engineering, machine design and other engineering fields. As a result of the growing pace of applications, research into structural optimization methods is increasingly driven by real-life problems. t-.Jost engineers who design structures employ complex general-purpose software packages for structural analysis. Often they do not have any access to the source program, and even more frequently they have only scant knowledge of the details of the structural analysis algorithms used in this software packages. Therefore the major challenge faced by researchers in structural optimization is to develop methods that are suitable for use with such software packages. Another major challenge is the high computational cost associated with the analysis of many complex real-life problems. In many cases the engineer who has the task of designing a structure cannot afford to analyze it more than a handful of times.

This proceedings volume contains 33 papers presented at the 3rd Working Conference on "Rel- iability and Optimization of Structural Systems", held at the University of California, Berkeley, California, USA, March 26 -28, 1990. The Working Conference was organised by the IFIP (Inter- national Federation for Information Processing) Working Group 7.5 of Technical Committee 7 and was the third in a series, following similar conferences held at the University of Aalborg, Denmark, May 1987 and at the Imperial College, London, UK, September 1988. The Working Conference was attended by 48 participants from 12 countries. The objectives of Working Group 7.5 are: * to promote modern structural systems optimization and reliability theory, * to advance international cooperation in the field of structural system optimization and reliability theory, * to stimulate research, development and application of structural system optimization and reli- ability theory, * to further the dissemination and exchange of information on reliability and optimization of structural systems * to encourage education in structural system optimization and reliability theory. At present the members of the Working Group are: A. H.-S. Ang, U.S.A. G. A ugusti, Italy M. J. Baker, United Kingdom P. Bjerager, Norway R. B. Corotis, U.S.A. C. A. Cornell, U.S.A. M. Grigoriu, U.S.A. A. Der Kiureghian, U.S.A. O. Ditlevsen, Denmark D. M. Frangopol, U.S.A. S. Garribba, Italy H. Furuta, Japan M. R. Gorman, U.S.A. M. Grimmelt, Germany, F. R.

Structural safety of industrial systems and components raises a steadily growing public, scientific and engineering interest, and causes permanent development of methods and techniques used for its assessment. In addition to the well established engineering methods, applied in the field, several new methods and tools have emerged recently. Among them, the most novel ones are probably those related to expert system applica tions, appearing as an important possible improvement of the current engineering practice. The issue has been addressed by the international course EXPERT SYSTEMS IN STRUCTURAL SAFETY ASSESSMENT organized by MPA Stuttgart and JRC Ispra (Stuttgart, October 2-4, 1989), and the proceedings of the course are contained in this volume of the Lecture Notes ill Engineering. The contributions (invited lectures) tackle the issues usually confronting developers and users of expert systems applied in structural engineering, i.e. in structural safety and integrity assessment. Both the book and the course are a combination of a tutorial and of presentation of the current achievements in the field. Starting from the basic elements of expert systems (knowledge based systems), the book should "guide" the reader up to the applications in various particular sub-domains.

Slope stability is dependant on climatic, geological, morphological, structural geotechnical and seismatic factors. This volume draws on the experience and extensive research of an international authorship to bring together material of importance to ground engineers. It covers factors contributing to slope stability, causes of landslides, their prevention, new techniques for assessing and predicting stability, new methods for stabilising slopes and the special considerations for coastal situations.

The Construction Sector Is Increasingly Focused On Repair As concrete structures are maintained longer for both environmental and financial reasons, the diagnosis, design, and selection of products, and repair work all depend on the individual condition of the buildings and require specialist knowledge from everyone involved. Concrete Repair to EN 1504: Diagnosis, Design, Principles and Practice provides relevant background and practical guidance on concrete repair. This book is based on the new European Standard EN 1504, which is used as the actual basis for concrete repair works, in Europe and beyond. Offers a Systematic and Thorough Approach It includes both practice and theory, and provides an ideal basis for understanding and designing repair works. It addresses building materials, deterioration mechanisms, diagnosis, load-bearing capacity and safety, repair principles and methods, repair materials, execution of repair works, quality control, inspections, monitoring, and maintenance and building management systems right through to building regulations and standards. It also covers deterioration mechanisms of concrete and steel reinforcement, diagnosis methods, principles of repair and protection, properties and fields of application of repair materials, as well as methods of execution, including quality control to EN 1504. Describes the theoretical background of corrosion and diagnosis methods (which are not covered by the EN 1504 series) Provides the systematics of principles and methods in detail Includes dedicated comprehensions which enables the reader to quickly access the knowledge The text provides a complete overview and is a practical resource for owners, designers, product suppliers, testing institutes, and consulting engineers, as well as for students in civil engineering.

This book presents a series of integrated computer programs in Fortran-90 for the dynamic analysis of structures, using the finite element method. Two dimensional continuum structures such as walls are covered along with skeletal structures such as rigid jointed frames and plane grids. Response to general dynamic loading of single degree freedom systems is calculated, and the author also examines multi degree of freedom systems (including earthquake analysis). Each chapter covers a different aspect of analytic theory and the corresponding program segments. It will be an essential tool for practising structural and civil engineers, whilst also being of interest to academics and postgraduate students.

This book brings together, in a concise format, the key elements of the loads produced from explosive sources, and how they interact with structures. Explosive sources include gas, high explosives, dust and nuclear materials. It presents quantitative information and design methods in a useable form without recourse to extensive mathematical analysis. The authors, Peter Smith and John Hetherington, are staff members at the Royal Military College of Science in Shrivenham and have been instrumental in establishing an active team studying the response of structures to blast and ballistic loading.

In recent years, the Finite Element Methods FEM were more and more employed in development and design departments as very fast working tools in order to determine stresses, deformations, eigenfrequencies etc. for all kinds of constructions under complex loading conditions. Meanwhile. very effective software systems have been developed by various research teams although some mathematical problems (e. g. convergence) have not been solved satisfac torily yet. In order to make further advances and to find a common language between mathe maticians and mechanicians the "Society for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics" (GAMM) agreed on the foundation of a special Committee: "Discretization Methods in Solid Mechanics" focussing on the following problems: - Structuring of various methods (displacement functions, hybrid and mixed approaches, etc. >, - Survey of approach functions (Lagrange-/Hermite-polynominals, Spline-functions), - Description of singularities, - Convergence and stability, - Practical and theoretical optimality to all mentioned issues (single and interacting). One of the basic aims of the GAMM-Committee is the interdisciplinary cooperation between mechanicians, mathematicians, and users which shall be intensified. Thus, on September 22, 1985 the committee decided to hold a seminar on "Structural Optimization" in order to allow an exchange of experiences and thoughts between the experts of finite element methods and those of structural optimization. A GAMM-seminar entitled "Discretization Methods and Structural Optimization - Procedures and Applications" was hold on October 5-7, 1988 at the Unversity of Siegen."

Civil engineering structures tend to be fabricated from materials that respond elastically at normal levels of loading. Most such materials, however, would exhibit a marked and ductile inelasticity if the structure were overloaded by accident or by some improbable but naturally occuring phenomeon. Indeed, the very presence of such ductility constitutes an important safety provision for large-scale constructions where human life is at risk. In the comprehensive evaluation of safety in structural design, it is therefore unrealistic not to consider the effects of ductility. This book sets out to show that the bringing together of the theory and methods of mathematical programming with the mathematical theory of plasticity furnishes a model which has a unifying theoretical nature and is entirely representative of observed structural behaviour. The contents of the book provide a review of the relevant aspects of mathematical programming and plasticity theory, together with a detailed presentation of the most interesting and potentially useful applications in both framed and continuum structures: ultimate strength and elastoplastic deformability; shakedown and practical upper bounds on deformation measures; evolutive dynamic response; large displacements and instability; stochastic and fuzzy programming for representing uncertainty in ultimate strength calculations. Besides providing a ready fund of computational algorithms, mathematical programming invests applications in mechanics with a refined mathematical formalism, rich in fundamental theorems, which often gives addi- tional insight into known results and occasionally lead to new ones. In addition to its obvious practical utility, the educational value of the material thoroughly befits a university discipline.

This volume constitutes an important addition in our "Lecture Notes in Engineering" Series. The search for optimal structural shapes is at the fourtdation of all engineering analysis. Furthermore el)gineering as a whole can be seen as a process of looking for optimum solutions. The importance of Dr Chibani's work is that it deals with the integrated process of analysing and designing the optimum structure in a single operation. The design shape as well as the usual structural constraints are incQr.porated into the mathematical problem. This approach which is more suitable to computer applications has the difficulty of introducing a large number of variables and constraints equations. To overcome this problcm Dr Chibani proposes to apply a multilevel optimization technique which rcduces the dimensionaiity of a large scalc structural problem. The hook exp.I.111ns how a large optimization problem can be divided into Hcvcral partH of .1 smaller dimension which can then be solved eithcr scquentially or in parallel to obtain the solution of the original problem. Applicationsto these type structures provide a demonstration of the effectiveness of the procedure.

The Proceedings contain 30 papers presented at the 2nd Working Conference on "Relia.bility and Optimization of Structural Systems" , London, UK, September 26 - 28, 1988. The Working conference was organized by the IFIP Working Group 7.5. The Proceedings also include 3 papers which were submitted, but for various reasons not presented at the Working Conference. The Working Conference was attended by 47 participants from 15 countries. The Conference was the second scientific meeting of a new IFIP Working Group 7.5 on "Reliability and Optimization of Structural Systems". The purpose of the Working Group 7.5 is * to promote modern structural system optimization and reliability theory, * to advance international cooperation in the field of structural system opti- mization and reliability theory, * to stimulate research, development and application of structural system op- timization and reliability theory, * to further the dissemination and exchange of information on reliability and optimization of structural system optimization and reliability theory, * to encourage education in structural system optimization and reliability the- ory. At present the members of the Working Group are: A. H. S. Ang, USA M. R. Gorman, USA G. Augmti, Italy M. Grimmelt, Germany, F. R. M. J. Baker, United Kingdom N. C. Lind, Canada P. Bjerager, Norway H. O. Mad"en, Denmark A. Der Kiureghian, USA F. MO$e$, USA o. Ditlev"en, Denmark Y. Murol$u, Japan D. M. Frangopol, USA R. Rac/cwitz, Germany F. R.

In our world of seemingly unlimited computing, numerous analytical approaches to the estimation of stress, strain, and displacement-including analytical, numerical, physical, and analog techniques-have greatly advanced the practice of engineering. Combining theory and experimentation, computer simulation has emerged as a third path for engineering design and performance evaluation. As a result, structural engineers working in the practical world of engineering must apply and, ideally, thrive on these idealizations of science-based theories. Analyzing the major achievements in the field, Understanding Structural Engineering demonstrates how to bring science to engineering design. This book illustrates: Key conceptual breakthroughs in structural engineering in the twentieth century The science of structural engineering from basic mechanics and computing to the ultimate process of engineering design How engineers implement theory to practice through idealizations and simplifications Current and future trends in structural engineering Developments and advancements in structural engineering hinge on a few key breakthroughs in concepts, simplifications and idealizations. Simplification, inherent in the art of structural engineering, is a key theme throughout this book. But the authors go further. Their clear explanations of the role and impact of new, science-based developments shows you how to put them into practice.

Design of Welded Steel Structures: Principles and Practice provides a solid foundation of theoretical and practical knowledge necessary for the design of welded steel structures. The book begins by explaining the basics of arc welding, describing the salient features of modern arc welding processes as well as the types and characteristics of welded joints, their common defects, and recommended remedial measures. The text then: Addresses the analysis and design of welded structures Explores the design of joints in respect to common welded steel structures Identifies the cost factors involved in welded steelwork Design of Welded Steel Structures: Principles and Practice draws not only from the author's own experience, but also from the vast pool of research conducted by distinguished engineers around the globe. Detailed bibliographies are included at the end of each chapter.

From the Preface: This book constitutes an up to date presentation and development of stability theory in the Liapunov sense with various extensions and applications. Precise definitions of well known and new stability properties are given by the authors who present general results on the Liapunov stability properties of non-stationary systems which are out of the classical stability theory framework. The study involves the use of time varying sets and is broadened to time varying Lur'e-Postnikov systems and singularly perturbed systems... According to the amount and importance of definitions and stability criteria presented I consider that this book, initially published in Russian, represents the most complete one on stability theory proposed at this date. It interests all people concerned with stability problems in the largest sense and with security, reliability and robustness. "Professor Pierre Borne, Lille, France" #1

As is known, classical theories of vibration of the most fre quently encountered structural elements (e. g., beams, plates and shells) disregard the effects of the shear deformation and rotary inertia. Refined theories, with these effects taken into account, have been pioneered by Bresse, Lord Rayleigh, Timoshenko, Eric Reissner, Mindlin and others. These refined theories have been fruitfully applied in recent decades in both theoretical and prac tical solid mechanics problems. The European Mechanics Committee approved holding EURO illCH Colloquium 219 on "Refined Dynamical Theories of Beams, Plates and Shells and Their Applications" for reviewing the recent devel opments, providing guidelines for future investigations and presenting a forum for current work of younger researchers. The Colloquium was held during September 23 - 26, 1986, at the Uni versitat-Gesamthochschule Kassel, in the city of Kassel, Federal Republic of Germany. 45 Representatives of academia and industry, from nine European countries, as well as from Israel, USA and India participated in this Colloquium. IV 36 lectures were presented during the five sessions: Session A: Theory of Vibrations of Plates and Shells Session B: Various Approaches for Dynamical Problems of Beams Session C: Random Vibrations and Dynamic Stability Session D: Vibrations of Composite Structures Session E: Special Dynamical Problems of Beams, Plates and Shells The papers in this volums were divided into two parts: papers of invited keynote lectures and those of the invited contributed lectures."

This book provides an up-to-date survey of durability issues, with a particular focus on specification and design, and how to achieve durability in actual concrete construction. It is aimed at the practising engineer, but is also a valuable resource for graduate-level programs in universities. Along with background to current philosophies it gathers together in one useful reference a summary of current knowledge on concrete durability, includes information on modern concrete materials, and shows how these materials can be combined to produce durable concrete. The approach is consistent with the increasing focus on sustainability that is being addressed by the concrete industry, with the current emphasis on 'design for durability'.

A good grasp of the theory of structures - the theoretical basis by which the strength, stiffness and stability of a building can be understood - is fundamental to structural engineers and architects. Yet most modern structural analysis and design is carried out by computer, with the user isolated from the processes in action. Plastic Design of Frames; Volume 1. Fundamentals provides a broad introduction to the mathematics behind a range of structural processes. The basic structural equations have been known for at least 150 years, but modern plastic theory has opened up a fundamentally new way of advancing structural theory. Paradoxically, the powerful plastic theorems can be used to examine classic elastic design activity, and strong mathematical relationships exist between these two approaches. Some of the techniques used in this book may be familiar to the reader, and some may not, but each of the topics examined will give the structural engineer valuable insight into the basis of the subject. This companion book Plastic Design of Frames; Volume 2. Applications provides additional advanced topics and case studies. This lucid volume provides a valuable read for structural engineers and others who wish to deepen their knowledge of the structural analysis and design of buildings.

Insights and Innovations in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation comprises 360 papers that were presented at the Sixth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation (SEMC 2016, Cape Town, South Africa, 5-7 September 2016). The papers reflect the broad scope of the SEMC conferences, and cover a wide range of engineering structures (buildings, bridges, towers, roofs, foundations, offshore structures, tunnels, dams, vessels, vehicles and machinery) and engineering materials (steel, aluminium, concrete, masonry, timber, glass, polymers, composites, laminates, smart materials).

Gives clear explanations of the logical design sequence for structural elements. The Structural Engineer says: `The book explains, in simple terms, and with many examples, Code of Practice methods for sizing structural sections in timber, concrete, masonry and steel. It is the combination into one book of section sizing methods in each of these materials that makes this text so useful....Students will find this an essential support text to the Codes of Practice in their study of element sizing'.

The book aims to provide an overview of the state of the art on the mechanics of arches and masonry structures. It is addressed to an international audience, arising from the international context in which the Associazione Edoardo Benvenuto has carried out its activities in recent years, under the honorary presidency of Jacques Heyman. The book belongs to the collection Between Mechanics and Architecture, born in 1995 from the collaboration of several renowned scholars, including Edoardo Benvenuto (P. Radelet-de Grave, E. Benvenuto (eds.), Entre Mecanique et Architecture / Between Mechanics and Architecture, Birkhauser, Basel 1995).

"Die beiden ersten Auflagen dieses Buches, erscheinen 1937 und 1985, sind zweifellos zu den Klassikern der Elastizit tstheorie zu z hlen...
Das mathematisch anspruchsvolle Buch wendet sich haupts chlich an theoretisch interessierte Ingenieure und Physiker. Die zahlreichen, beinahe handbuchartig pr sentierten L sungen k nnen aber auch einem Konstrukteur oder Berechnungsingenieur in vielen praktischen F llen dienlich sein..."
"Rezension zur 3. Auflage, ZAMP 1986"