The Channel Tunnel is a huge construction project, employing over 14,000 people at peak, and costing over <156>11 billion of private money. It has succeeded in spite of great financial, political and techncial difficulties, and a fundamentally flawed contract. This book tells the story of the project, based on the coverage in Construction News and with commentary taken from recent interviews with key project sources.

Chloride ingress in reinforced concrete induces corrosion and consequent spilling and structural weakness, and it occurs world-wide and imposes an enormous cost. Yet it can be resisted by using test methods and relevant models for service life prediction.

Resistance of Concrete to Chloride Ingress sets out current understanding of chloride transport mechanisms, test methods and prediction models. It describes basic mechanisms and theories, and classifies the commonly used parameters and their units which expressing chloride and its transport properties in concrete. Laboratory test methods and in-field applicable test methods, including precision results from inter-laboratory comparison tests, are then outlined. Some of the fundamentals of models are explained, and the different types of models are then analyzed theoretically and critically. Analytical and probabilistic approaches are used to analyze the sensitivity of various models and the results from a benchmarking evaluation of different models are presented and discussed. Guidelines for the practical use of test methods and models are given, including tests for in-situ applications, and test methods validated by the precision results are detailed.

The book draws to a large extent on the Chlortest project, which involved seventeen partners from ten European countries, and serves as an authoritative guide.

When a structure is put under an increasing compressive load, it becomes unstable and buckling occurs. Buckling is a particularly significant concern in designing shell structures such as aircraft, automobiles, ships, or bridges. This book discusses stability analysis and buckling problems and offers practical tools for dealing with uncertainties that exist in real systems. The techniques are based on two complementary theories which are developed in the text. First, the probabilistic theory of stability is presented, with particular emphasis on reliability. Both theoretical and computational issues are discussed. Secondly, the authors present the alternative to probability based on the notion of 'anti-optimization', a theory that is valid when the necessary information for probabilistic analysis is absent, that is, when only scant data are available. Design engineers, researchers, and graduate students in aerospace, mechanical, marine, and civil engineering who are concerned with issues of structural integrity will find this book a useful reference source.

The study of structural analysis and design is a central subject in civil, aeronautical, and mechanical engineering. This book presents a modern and unified introduction to structural analysis, with a strong emphasis on how structures actually behave. The unifying theme is the application of energy methods, developed without the formal mathematics of the calculus of variations. The energy approach makes it possible to articulate the logical relationship between equilibrium and compatibility; emphasize the unity of structural analysis, particularly for indeterminate structures; and identify the roles of idealization and discretization in structural modeling. Thus, energy methods also serve as a prelude to the main ideas behind modern computational approaches to structural analysis and design. As an aid to upper-level undergraduate students in mastering this material, the text includes numerous worked examples, as well as homework problems.

Composites are used extensively in engineering applications. A constant concern is the effect of foreign object impacts on composite structures because significant damage can occur and yet be undetectable by visual inspection. Such impacts can range from the most ordinary at low velocity - a tool dropped on a product - to the hypervelocity impact of space debris on a spacecraft. This book explains how damage develops during impact, the effect of impact-induced damage on the mechanical behavior of structures, and methods of damage prediction and detection. Numerous examples are included to illustrate these topics. Written for graduate students, as well as researchers and practising engineers working with composite materials, this book presents state-of-the-art knowledge on impact dynamics while requiring only basic understanding of the mechanics of composite materials.

In our world of seemingly unlimited computing, numerous analytical approaches to the estimation of stress, strain, and displacement, including analytical, numerical, physical, and analog techniques, have greatly advanced the practice of engineering. Combining theory and experimentation, computer simulation has emerged as a third path for engineering design and performance evaluation. As a result, structural engineers working in the practical world of engineering must apply, and ideally, thrive, on these idealizations of science-based theories. Analyzing the major achievements in the field, Understanding Structural Engineering demonstrates how to bring science to engineering design. This book illustrates: * Key conceptual breakthroughs in structural engineering in the 20th century * The science of structural engineering from basic mechanics and computing to the ultimate process of engineering design * How engineers implement theory to practice through idealizations and simplifications * Covers current and future trends in structural engineering Developments and advancements in structural engineering hinge on a few key breakthroughs in concepts, simplifications and idealizations. Simplification, the art of structural engineering, is a key theme throughout this book. But the authors go further--their clear explanations of the role and impact of new, science-based developments shows you how to put them into practice.

The book introduces all the aspects needed for the safe and economic design and analysis of connections in modern steel structures. This is not treated according to any specific standard but making comparison among the different norms and methodologies used in the engineering practice, e.g. Eurocode, AISC, DIN, BS. Several examples are solved and illustrated in detail, giving the reader all the tools necessary to tackle also complex connection design problems. The book is introductory but also very helpful to advanced and specialist audiences because it covers a large variety of practice demands for connection design. Parts that are not taken to an advanced level are seismic design, welds, interaction with other materials (concrete, wood), and cold formed connections.

This book is based on the author's 34 years of experience as a teacher/researcher of coastal engineering and management and on recent reflections on newly relevant issues, such as consequences of failure, impacts of rising sea levels, aging infrastructure, real estate development, and contemporary decision making, design and education.This textbook for undergraduate students, postgraduate students and practicing engineers covers waves, structures, sediment movement, coastal management, and contemporary coastal design and decision making, presenting both basic principles and engineering solutions. It discusses the traditional methods of analysis and synthesis (design), but also contemporary design taking into account environmental impacts, consequences of failure, and current concerns such as global warming, aging infrastructure, working with stakeholder groups, regulators, etc.This second edition expands greatly on the topics of failure and resilience that surfaced as a result of recent disasters from hurricane surges and tsunamis. It updates the discussion of design and decision making in the 21st century, with many new examples presented.

Groundbreaking and comprizing articles by expert contributors, this volume provides a comprehensive treatment of VLFSs and their relationship with the sea, marine habitats, the pollution of costal waters and tidal and natural current flow. It looks in-depth at: VLFS and the colonization of ocean space with their appearance in the waters off developed coastal cities wave properties, which is essential for estimating the loading on the VLFS as well as for modelling structure-fluid interactions hydroelastic and structural analysis of VLFS at an overall level and the cell level the analysis and design of breakwaters simulation models to understand the actual flow of water through the VLFS and to determine the drift forces for the mooring systems anti-corrosion and maintenance systems new research and developments, with emphasis on the Mega-Float, a 1 km long floating test runway. Well-illustrated with photographs, drawings, equations for mathematical modelling and analysis and extensively referenced, Very Large Floating Structures is ideal for professionals, academics and students of civil and structural engineering.

Building on the author's Structural Mechanics Fundamentals, this text presents a complete and uniform treatment of the more advanced topics in structural mechanics, ranging from beam frames to shell structures, from dynamics to buckling analysis, from plasticity to fracture mechanics, from long-span to high-rise civil structures. Plane frames Statically indeterminate beam systems: Method of displacements Plates and shells Finite element method Dynamics of discrete systems Dynamics of continuous elastic systems Buckling instability Long-span structures High-rise structures Theory of plasticity Plane stress and plane strain conditions Mechanics of fracture This book serves as a text for graduate students in structural engineering, as well as a reference for practising engineers and researchers.

This volume contains invited contributions from eight of the Gold Medal winners of the Institution of Structural Engineers, presented at the seminar held to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the granting of the Royal Charter to the Institution. The authors are among the pre-eminent engineers of the latter half of the twentieth century, and are of international renown.

High strength fibre composites (FRPs) have been used with civil structures since the 1980s, mostly in the repair, strengthening and retrofitting of concrete structures. This has attracted considerable research, and the industry has expanded exponentially in the last decade. Design guidelines have been developed by professional organizations in a number of countries including USA, Japan, Europe and China, but until now designers have had no publication which provides practical guidance or accessible coverage of the fundamentals. This book fills this void. It deals with the fundamentals of composites, and basic design principles, and provides step-by-step guidelines for design. Its main theme is the repair and retrofit of un-reinforced, reinforced and prestressed concrete structures using carbon, glass and other high strength fibre composites. In the case of beams, the focus is on their strengthening for flexure and shear or their stiffening. The main interest with columns is the improvement of their ductility; and both strengthening and ductility improvement of un-reinforced structures are covered. Methods for evaluating the strengthened structures are presented. Step by step procedures are set out, including flow charts, for the various structural components, and design examples and practice problems are used to illustrate. As infrastructure ages worldwide, and its demolition and replacement becomes less of an option, the need for repair and retrofit of existing facilities will increase. Besides its audience of design professionals, this book suits graduate and advanced undergraduate students.

This book details the latest methods available for the in-service assessment of buildings and other structures. Written by a team of international experts, it provides detailed information and practical advice on key issues such as safety assessment and performance monitoring and evaluation. All the leading methodologies are covered, including photogrammetry, laser-based survey methods, and dynamic monitoring. Visual inspection, the most common assessment technique, is also covered. New techniques and methodologies to minimise repair and maintenance costs, and extend a structure's service life, are described in detail. With numerous case studies, practical examples, and reference to the key international standards, Monitoring and Assessment of Structures is a vital handbook for surveyors, civil and structural engineers, and all those involved in property management.

An important new state-of-the-art report prepared by RILEM Technical Committee 108 ICC. It has been written by a team of leading international experts from the UK, USA, Canada, Israel, Germany, Denmark, South Africa, Italy and France. Research studies over recent years in the field of cement science have focused on the behaviour of the interfaces between the components of cement-based materials. The techniques used in other areas of materials science are being applied to the complex materials found in cements and concretes, and this book provides a significant survey of the present state of the art.

The Encyclopedia of American Gospel Music is a comprehensive reference source covering all aspects of both African American and white gospel from history and performers to recording techniques and styles, as well as the influence of gospel on different musical genres and cultural trends. Now available in paperback, this work is a valuable reference for both scholars and the general reader.

Organized alphabetically to facilitate searching, this encyclopedia also contains many reference tools to aid the user such as bibliographic and references at the end of entries, a thorough and analytical index, and black-and-white illustrations.

Entries include:

• biographical profiles of numerous performers, such as Andrae Crouch, and influential figures in the development of gospel music, such as Isaac Watts
• important events in the history of gospel such as the Azusa Street Revival
• broadcasting outlets, such as radio station WLAC AM, and record companies, such as Canaan Records, that were prominent in gospel s history
• publications, such as The Singing News, significant songbooks, such as Gospel Pearls, and noteworthy publishing companies, such as Lillenas, all of which helped popularize some of the best-known gospel songs
• topics ranging from instruments frequently used by gospel performers to types of performing groups, such as gospel quartets and gospel choirs, to the unique qualities of gospel as it is composed and performed in different regions around the United States, to the globalization of gospel.

During the last decade, the state of the art in Earthquake Engineering Design and Analysis has made significant steps towards a more rationale analysis of structures. Scientists have long recognized that earthquake design is guided by displacements and deformations rather than forces. However due to the historical background of structural engineers in static analyses, effects of earthquake on structures have been viewed as forces acting on the structures. All presently available design building codes are developed along these lines. Our knowledge of ground motion characteristics, earthquake geotechnical engineering, structural behaviour (design and numerical analyses) and model tests have advanced to a point where it is possible to anticipate a significant move from force based design approaches to displacements based design approaches. Although displacement based analyses constitute the kernel of most research programs, they have not yet been incorporated in the state of practice.

The purpose of the book is to review the fundamentals of displacement based methods, starting from engineering seismology, earthquake geotechnical engineering, to focus on design, analysis and testing of structures with emphasis on buildings and bridges.

There is a pressing need for rationalization and standardization of test procedures for metals for use in all types of structure. This book brings together the latest international research developments, presented at a RILEM workshop held in Naples in May 1990.

This book includes examinations of the role of full-scale buildings in the development of structural design methods and recommendations on improved construction practice and safety of building occupants in the event of fire and explosion.

This book forms the proceedings of the international workshop to be held in Essen, Germany. This workshop summarises the conclusion of the technical committee's investigations into the resistance of concrete to freeze-thaw attack, specific in this to resistance with or without de-icing chemicals. It presents the RILEM recommendations on testing the freeze-thaw and de-icing salt resistance of concrete.

This book contains the invited contributions to the 1993 Henderson Colloquium organised by the British Group of IABSE (International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering). It provides an international review of new techniques of designing and constructing joint-free bridges - an approach which is rapidly being developed and used in many parts of the world.

Linking theory to practice, this book provides a better fundamental understanding of Portland cement and hydraulic binders which is necessary to make better concrete. It has been clearly demonstrated that concrete durability is closely linked to its water/binder ratio and proper curing during the first week after casting. In this rigorously presented work, Pierre-Claude Aitcin explains the complexity of the hydration reaction and how to make, use and cure durable and sustainable concrete. This book also details the problems with Portland cement composition at present and outlines the concept of an ideal hydraulic binder which is technically and ecologically efficient, as well as being long-lasting and robust. Binders for Durable and Sustainable Concrete is a practical and innovative reference text which will be particularly relevant to engineers and chemists working in the Portland cement, concrete and admixture industries. This book will also be of interest to academics and graduate-level students in Civil Engineering departments who specialize in Portland cement and concrete technology.

This book provides better inputs for improvement of the buckling load predictions of stiffened cylindrical shells subjected to combined loading. It is based on the International Colloquium Buckling of shell structures, on land, in the sea and in the air, Lyon, France, 17 September 1991.

Deterioration of cement-based materials is a continuing problem, as it results in the substantial shortening of the lives of conventional concrete structures. The main costs result from poor performance and the need for early repair. With more advanced applications, where very long service lives are essential, such as the storage of nuclear waste, an understanding of the degradation processes in order to predict long term performance is very important. this book forms the proceedings of the latest Symposia at the Materials Research Society Autumn meeting in Boston.

Corrosion-resistant, electromagnetic transparent and lightweight fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) are accepted as valid alternatives to steel in concrete reinforcement. Reinforced Concrete with FRP Bars: Mechanics and Design, a technical guide based on the authors' more than 30 years of collective experience, provides principles, algorithms, and practical examples. Well-illustrated with case studies on flexural and column-type members, the book covers internal, non-prestressed FRP reinforcement. It assumes some familiarity with reinforced concrete, and excludes prestressing and near-surface mounted reinforcement applications. The text discusses FRP materials properties, and addresses testing and quality control, durability, and serviceability. It provides a historical overview, and emphasizes the ACI technical literature along with other research worldwide. Includes an explanation of the key physical mechanical properties of FRP bars and their production methods Provides algorithms that govern design and detailing, including a new formulation for the use of FRP bars in columns Offers a justification for the development of strength reduction factors based on reliability considerations Uses a two -story building solved in Mathcad (R) that can become a template for real projects This book is mainly intended for practitioners and focuses on the fundamentals of performance and design of concrete members with FRP reinforcement and reinforcement detailing. Graduate students and researchers can use it as a valuable resource. Antonio Nanni is a professor at the University of Miami and the University of Naples Federico II. Antonio De Luca and Hany Zadeh are consultant design engineers.

Provides a thorough review of properties, durability and use of high performance concrete, derived from recent research and experience. This book contains contributions from the leading French, Canadian and Swiss researchers, designers and material specialists, translated into English for the first time.