Chinese grammar is characterized by its simple structure, lack of inflections, and wide use of monosyllabic morphemes. With the increased popularity of learning Chinese as a second language, there is a demand for a guide to Chinese grammar that's targeted at second language learners. This four-volume set is one of the earliest and most influential works of Chinese grammar, with a special focus on teaching and learning Chinese as a second language. Drawing on rich teaching experience, the authors analyze a myriad of real world examples to describe Chinese grammatical phenomena and rules while introducing the general grammar system of Chinese. This volume introduces sentence constituents in modern Chinese grammar, including subjects, objects, attributes, adverbials, complements, double references, and parentheses. Since the first edition came out in 1983, this set has been revised twice and remained one of the best sellers in the field. Practitioners and scholars of teaching Chinese as a second language, as well as students with a basic knowledge of Chinese, will find it to be a handy reference.

Chinese grammar is characterized by its simple structure, lack of inflections, and wide use of monosyllabic morphemes. With the increased popularity of learning Chinese as a second language, there is a demand for a guide to Chinese grammar that's targeted at second language learners. This four-volume set is one of the earliest and most influential works of Chinese grammar, with a special focus on teaching and learning Chinese as a second language. Drawing on rich teaching experience, the authors analyze a myriad of real-world examples to describe Chinese grammatical phenomena and rules while introducing the general grammar system of Chinese. This volume introduces several simple sentence and compound sentence structures of modern Chinese grammar. In addition, the authors examine discourse and other larger units of sentences in use. Since the first edition came out in 1983, this set has been revised twice and remained one of the best sellers in the field. Practitioners and scholars of teaching Chinese as a second language, as well as students with a basic knowledge of Chinese, will find it to be a handy reference.

The Routledge Course on Media, Legal and Technical Translation: English-Arabic-English is an indispensable and engaging coursebook for university students wishing to develop their English-Arabic-English translation skills in these three text types. Taking a practical approach, the book introduces Arab translation students to common translation strategies in addition to the linguistic, syntactic, and stylistic features of media, legal, and technical texts. This book features texts carefully selected for their technical relevance. The key features include: * comprehensive four chapters covering media, legal, and technical texts, which are of immense importance to Arab translation students; * detailed and clear explanations of the lexical, syntactic, and stylistic features of English and Arabic media, legal, and technical texts; * up-to-date and practical translation examples in both directions offering students actual experiences of professional translators; * authentic texts extracted from various sources to promote students' familiarity with language features and use; * extensive range of exercises following each section of the book to enable students to test and practice the knowledge and skills they developed from reading previous sections; * glossaries following most exercises containing the translation of difficult words; and * a list of recommended readings following each chapter. The easy, practical, and comprehensive approach adopted in the book makes it a must-have coursebook for intermediate and advanced students studying translation between English and Arabic. University instructors and professional translators working on translation between English and Arabic will find this book particularly useful.

The Routledge Course on Media, Legal and Technical Translation: English-Arabic-English is an indispensable and engaging coursebook for university students wishing to develop their English-Arabic-English translation skills in these three text types. Taking a practical approach, the book introduces Arab translation students to common translation strategies in addition to the linguistic, syntactic, and stylistic features of media, legal, and technical texts. This book features texts carefully selected for their technical relevance. The key features include: * comprehensive four chapters covering media, legal, and technical texts, which are of immense importance to Arab translation students; * detailed and clear explanations of the lexical, syntactic, and stylistic features of English and Arabic media, legal, and technical texts; * up-to-date and practical translation examples in both directions offering students actual experiences of professional translators; * authentic texts extracted from various sources to promote students' familiarity with language features and use; * extensive range of exercises following each section of the book to enable students to test and practice the knowledge and skills they developed from reading previous sections; * glossaries following most exercises containing the translation of difficult words; and * a list of recommended readings following each chapter. The easy, practical, and comprehensive approach adopted in the book makes it a must-have coursebook for intermediate and advanced students studying translation between English and Arabic. University instructors and professional translators working on translation between English and Arabic will find this book particularly useful.

Kanji Clues: A Mnemonic Approach to Mastering Japanese Characters introduces a novel approach to character acquisition that combines the ancient practice of memory enhancement with a modern appreciation for active learning. By placing phonology at the center of the reading-writing process, the learner establishes an essential link between sound and meaning before addressing each character's orthography, much in the way native speakers do. Another prominent feature of these volumes is that the lessons are organized thematically according to components in order to enhance their retention and to distinguish between similar looking kanji. As a result, character order is determined by the frequency of their primary elements or components. Once a character is learned, it retains the same meaning when it appears as an element in other characters. There is thus an internal recycling of components and characters throughout the course that serves as an additional aid to their retrieval. Proceeding from components and characters, each lesson then introduces ten new compounds, half of which appear in sentences. Here again, the learner actively forges meaningful links by responding to the clues provided. Indeed, the entire learning sequence is based upon mnemonic principles, such as attention, association, and elaboration, which, when employed together, comprise a memory-enhancing network that facilitates accurate recall and retention. Designed for students who wish to master the Japanese reading/writing system, each volume is comprised of a year's worth of lessons, which can be used alongside a primary textbook, as well as for self-study, reference, or review. Upon completion of the course, the learner will have not only mastered all the 2,136 everyday use characters, but also be familiar with more than 1,200 kanji compounds and the most common sentence patterns in the Japanese language, thereby providing a deep understanding of the inner workings of the language and the tools to decipher new words. Volume 2 is an ideal supplementary resource for students throughout their second year of Japanese-language study.

Kanji Clues: A Mnemonic Approach to Mastering Japanese Characters introduces a novel approach to character acquisition that combines the ancient practice of memory enhancement with a modern appreciation for active learning. By placing phonology at the center of the reading-writing process, the learner establishes an essential link between sound and meaning before addressing each character's orthography, much in the way native speakers do. Another prominent feature of these volumes is that the lessons are organized thematically according to components in order to enhance their retention and to distinguish between similar looking kanji. As a result, character order is determined by the frequency of their primary elements or components. Once a character is learned, it retains the same meaning when it appears as an element in other characters. There is thus an internal recycling of components and characters throughout the course that serves as an additional aid to their retrieval. Proceeding from components and characters, each lesson then introduces ten new compounds, half of which appear in sentences. Here again, the learner actively forges meaningful links by responding to the clues provided. Indeed, the entire learning sequence is based upon mnemonic principles, such as attention, association, and elaboration, which, when employed together, comprise a memory-enhancing network that facilitates accurate recall and retention. Designed for students who wish to master the Japanese reading/writing system, each volume is comprised of a year's worth of lessons, which can be used alongside a primary textbook, as well as for self-study, reference, or review. Upon completion of the course, the learner will have not only mastered all the 2,136 everyday use characters, but also be familiar with more than 1,200 kanji compounds and the most common sentence patterns in the Japanese language, thereby providing a deep understanding of the inner workings of the language and the tools to decipher new words. Volume 2 is an ideal supplementary resource for students throughout their second year of Japanese-language study.

Teaching Korean as a Foreign Language: Theories and Practices is designed for prospective or in-service Korean as a Foreign Language (KFL) teachers. With contributions from leading experts in the field, readers will gain an understanding of the theoretical framework and practical applications of KFL education in the context of Second Language Acquisition (SLA). The eight chapters explore the history of and current issues in language education, the practicalities of being a classroom teacher, and teaching and evaluation techniques for developing language and cultural proficiency. This comprehensive volume also includes an annotated bibliography which lists over 500 of the most recent and pertinent research articles and doctoral dissertations in the area. This bibliography will be of great service to students, teachers, and any researchers in applied linguistics and second language acquisition interested in Korean language education.

Teaching Korean as a Foreign Language: Theories and Practices is designed for prospective or in-service Korean as a Foreign Language (KFL) teachers. With contributions from leading experts in the field, readers will gain an understanding of the theoretical framework and practical applications of KFL education in the context of Second Language Acquisition (SLA). The eight chapters explore the history of and current issues in language education, the practicalities of being a classroom teacher, and teaching and evaluation techniques for developing language and cultural proficiency. This comprehensive volume also includes an annotated bibliography which lists over 500 of the most recent and pertinent research articles and doctoral dissertations in the area. This bibliography will be of great service to students, teachers, and any researchers in applied linguistics and second language acquisition interested in Korean language education.

Linguistica textual y ensenanza del espanol LE/L2 ofrece una vision de conjunto teorico-practica y actualizada de la Linguistica textual aplicada a la ensenanza del espanol como lengua extranjera y/o segunda, destinada especialmente a estudiantes graduados y a profesores en formacion nativos y no nativos. El volumen, escrito por un elenco internacional de profesores-investigadores, presenta una vision actualizada y practica de los generos textuales mas frecuentes en programaciones universitarias. Enmarcado por una sintesis actualizada de estudios e investigaciones en linguistica aplicada que recorre distintas perspectivas teoricas y metodologicas, recoge datos y propuestas procedentes de aulas de aprendizaje de espanol de distintos contextos internacionales. Su principal proposito es suscitar la reflexion teorico-practica sobre los generos discursivos y su papel en el aula, y ofrecer una descripcion pormenorizada de los mismos para proporcionar al profesorado en formacion, nativo y no nativo, recursos practicos y propuestas didacticas que ejemplifican y guian de manera razonada como llevar al aula los distintos generos textuales. Caracteristicas principales: * Amplitud de aspectos de la linguistica textual y generos discursivos abordados enteramente para el espanol LE/L2 y en espanol. * Estructuracion homogenea de los capitulos que facilita la lectura y da coherencia al conjunto. Atencion a generos escritos y orales desde una perspectiva teorico-practica que puede inspirar nuevas investigaciones. Atencion a la diversidad geolectal del espanol, a los contextos en que este es L2 (Europa, EEUU) y a la de sus aprendices (hablantes de herencia, L2, LE). Orientado a la aplicacion practica y docente en la clase de L2/LE, cada capitulo dedicado a un genero incluye consejos, pautas o actividades para el aula. Incluye tematica actual en linguistica textual y aprendizaje de lenguas: escritura academica, divulgacion cientifica, textos juridicos, aprendizaje mediado por ordenador o el lenguaje de las redes. Capitulos bien fundamentados teorica y bibliograficamente, con solido respaldo de datos empiricos procedentes de corpus, bien contextualizados. Aborda los aspectos teoricos tradicionales relativos al estudio de la tipologia textual y los desafios metodologicos que afronta el profesor al llevar al aula los distintos generos discursivos. La presente obra presenta, en un solo volumen, una vision actualizada y practica de los tipos textuales y generos discursivos de uso mas frecuente desde una perspectiva teorico-practica: presentacion, descripcion y puesta en practica es un esquema de trabajo directo y enormemente util para su aplicacion en el aula. El ambito internacional en el que se mueven los autores le da una amplitud nunca antes recogida en una obra de linguistica textual. Todo ello hace de Linguistica textual y ensenanza del espanol LE/L2 una obra de consulta obligada para docentes de espanol como LE/L2, para estudiantes graduados y formadores de profesores, asi como para cualquier persona que desee adquirir una perspectiva actual sobre linguistica textual, generos discursivos y ensenanza e investigacion en espanol nativo y no nativo.

Linguistica textual y ensenanza del espanol LE/L2 ofrece una vision de conjunto teorico-practica y actualizada de la Linguistica textual aplicada a la ensenanza del espanol como lengua extranjera y/o segunda, destinada especialmente a estudiantes graduados y a profesores en formacion nativos y no nativos. El volumen, escrito por un elenco internacional de profesores-investigadores, presenta una vision actualizada y practica de los generos textuales mas frecuentes en programaciones universitarias. Enmarcado por una sintesis actualizada de estudios e investigaciones en linguistica aplicada que recorre distintas perspectivas teoricas y metodologicas, recoge datos y propuestas procedentes de aulas de aprendizaje de espanol de distintos contextos internacionales. Su principal proposito es suscitar la reflexion teorico-practica sobre los generos discursivos y su papel en el aula, y ofrecer una descripcion pormenorizada de los mismos para proporcionar al profesorado en formacion, nativo y no nativo, recursos practicos y propuestas didacticas que ejemplifican y guian de manera razonada como llevar al aula los distintos generos textuales. Caracteristicas principales: * Amplitud de aspectos de la linguistica textual y generos discursivos abordados enteramente para el espanol LE/L2 y en espanol. * Estructuracion homogenea de los capitulos que facilita la lectura y da coherencia al conjunto. Atencion a generos escritos y orales desde una perspectiva teorico-practica que puede inspirar nuevas investigaciones. Atencion a la diversidad geolectal del espanol, a los contextos en que este es L2 (Europa, EEUU) y a la de sus aprendices (hablantes de herencia, L2, LE). Orientado a la aplicacion practica y docente en la clase de L2/LE, cada capitulo dedicado a un genero incluye consejos, pautas o actividades para el aula. Incluye tematica actual en linguistica textual y aprendizaje de lenguas: escritura academica, divulgacion cientifica, textos juridicos, aprendizaje mediado por ordenador o el lenguaje de las redes. Capitulos bien fundamentados teorica y bibliograficamente, con solido respaldo de datos empiricos procedentes de corpus, bien contextualizados. Aborda los aspectos teoricos tradicionales relativos al estudio de la tipologia textual y los desafios metodologicos que afronta el profesor al llevar al aula los distintos generos discursivos. La presente obra presenta, en un solo volumen, una vision actualizada y practica de los tipos textuales y generos discursivos de uso mas frecuente desde una perspectiva teorico-practica: presentacion, descripcion y puesta en practica es un esquema de trabajo directo y enormemente util para su aplicacion en el aula. El ambito internacional en el que se mueven los autores le da una amplitud nunca antes recogida en una obra de linguistica textual. Todo ello hace de Linguistica textual y ensenanza del espanol LE/L2 una obra de consulta obligada para docentes de espanol como LE/L2, para estudiantes graduados y formadores de profesores, asi como para cualquier persona que desee adquirir una perspectiva actual sobre linguistica textual, generos discursivos y ensenanza e investigacion en espanol nativo y no nativo.

Nantong Chinese is an in-depth account of an interesting and endangered Sinitic language spoken in Nantong, China, in an area in the Northern Yangtze River Delta about 800 square kilometers in size and 105 kilometers northwest of the city of Shanghai. The Chinese language consists of several hundred local varieties known as Sinitic languages or Chinese dialects, each representing a unique linguistic system. This book offers a comprehensive and systematic insight into one such system that is even more complex and more interesting than standard Mandarin. The unique vocalization and other linguistic features of Nantong Chinese make it unintelligible to most Chinese people. All the important linguistic aspects of Nantong Chinese are covered, including its phonetic, lexical, morphological and syntactic subsystems. Nantong Chinese will be of interest to professionals and students in linguistics worldwide.

The scholarly articles included in this volume represent significant contributions to the fields of formal and descriptive syntax, conversational analysis and speech act theory, as well as language development and bilingualism. Taken together, these studies adopt a variety of methodological techniques-ranging from grammaticality judgments to corpus-based analysis to experimental approaches-to offer rich insights into different aspects of Ibero-Romance grammar. The volume consists of three parts, organized in accordance with the topics treated in the chapters they comprise. Part I focuses on structural patterns, Part II analyzes pragmatic ones, and Part III investigates the acquisition of linguistic aspects found in the speech of L1, L2 and heritage speakers. The authors address these issues by relying on empirically rooted linguistic approaches to data collection, which are coupled with current theoretical assumptions on the nature of sentence structure, discourse dynamics and language acquisition. The volume will be of interest to anyone researching or studying Hispanic and Ibero-Romance linguistics.

This comprehensive and contemporary two-way dictionary is ideal for Dutch language learners and users at all levels. Key features of the dictionary include: * Over 33,000 Dutch entries * The use of colloquial and idiomatic language * Useful contextual information within glosses * Phonetic transcription for all Dutch headwords, aiding pronunciation * Gender markers for all Dutch nouns * Appendix of Dutch irregular verbs * A clear layout and format for easy referencing This third edition has been systematically revised and updated throughout to provide: * 2,000 new headwords and definitions, supported by 4,500 translations and helpful pronunciation aid * Expanded and updated information for a number of the previously existing headwords, including the addition of 2,200 new examples

Chinese grammar is characterized by its simple structure, lack of inflections, and wide use of monosyllabic morphemes. With the increased popularity of learning Chinese as a second language, there is a demand for a guide to Chinese grammar that's targeted at second language learners. This four-volume set is one of the earliest and most influential works of Chinese grammar, with a special focus on teaching and learning Chinese as a second language. Drawing on rich teaching experience, the authors analyze a myriad of real-world examples to describe Chinese grammatical phenomena and rules while introducing the general grammar system of Chinese. In addition, the use of notional words in modern Chinese grammar is demonstrated, including nouns, pronouns, numerals, quantifiers, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Since the first edition came out in 1983, this set has been revised twice and has remained one of the best sellers in the field. Practitioners and scholars of teaching Chinese as a second language, as well as students with a basic knowledge of Chinese, will find it to be a handy reference.

This book contains thoughts and emotions as observed by the author over a twenty month period of self-discovery. Not only of himself but more of seeing how people really are. Also contained within are 15 acrostics that serve as a surprise to complete the sonnets where they exist. Can you find them all? The reader will find 6 series sonnets as well, such as the wedding vow sonnets, 7 deadly sins and 7 virtues. As stated in the preface, enjoy.

This volume is a textbook for aspiring translators of Japanese into English, as well as a reference work for professional Japanese-English translators and for translator educators. Underpinned by sound theoretical principles, it provides a solid foundation in the practice of Japanese-English translation, then extends this to more advanced levels. Features include: 13 thematic chapters, with subsections that explore common pitfalls and challenges facing Japanese-English translators and the pros and cons of different procedures exercises after many of these subsections abundant examples drawn from a variety of text types and genres and translated by many different translators This is an essential resource for postgraduate students of Japanese-English translation and Japanese language, professional Japanese-English translators and translator educators. It will also be of use and interest to advanced undergraduates studying Japanese.

The 700-year history of the novel in English defies straightforward telling. Geographically and culturally boundless, with contributions from Great Britain, Ireland, America, Canada, Australia, India, the Caribbean, and Southern Africa; influenced by great novelists working in other languages; and encompassing a range of genres, the story of the novel in English unfolds like a richly varied landscape that invites exploration rather than a linear journey. In The Novel: A Biography, Michael Schmidt does full justice to its complexity. Like his hero Ford Madox Ford in The March of Literature, Schmidt chooses as his traveling companions not critics or theorists but "artist practitioners," men and women who feel "hot love" for the books they admire, and fulminate against those they dislike. It is their insights Schmidt cares about. Quoting from the letters, diaries, reviews, and essays of novelists and drawing on their biographies, Schmidt invites us into the creative dialogues between authors and between books, and suggests how these dialogues have shaped the development of the novel in English. Schmidt believes there is something fundamentally subversive about art: he portrays the novel as a liberalizing force and a revolutionary stimulus. But whatever purpose the novel serves in a given era, a work endures not because of its subject, themes, political stance, or social aims but because of its language, its sheer invention, and its resistance to cliche--some irreducible quality that keeps readers coming back to its pages.

"Are you more likely .. ."

to take the bull by the horns or beat around the bush? Don't let anyone call you on the carpet for failing to put your best foot forward. That would be a bitter pill to swallow. In the long run, it's easier to just bite the bullet and get your ducks in a row. After all, nobody likes the taste of humble pie.""

You've likely uttered at least one of these adages within the last week, but have you ever stopped to consider where such conversational staples originated? "Why You Say It "reveals the backstory of more than six hundred words and phrases that pepper our everyday dialogue. This catalog of our language's most colorful expressions delivers an illuminating read for anyone curious about the evolution of words.

The Routledge Hispanic Studies Companion to Nineteenth-Century Spain brings together an international team of expert contributors in this critical and innovative volume that redefines nineteenth-century Spain in a multi-national, multi-lingual, and transnational way. This interdisciplinary volume examines questions moving beyond the traditional concept of Spain as a singular, homogenous entity to a new understanding of Spain as an unstable set of multipolar and multilinguistic relations that can be inscribed in different translational ways. This invaluable resource will be of interest to advanced students and scholars in Hispanic Studies.

Lexical Borrowing and Deborrowing in Spanish in New York City provides a sociodemographic portrait of lexical borrowing in Spanish in New York City. The volume offers new and important insights into research on lexical borrowing. In particular, it presents empirical data obtained through quantitative analysis to answer the question of who is most likely to use English lexical borrowings while speaking Spanish, to address the impact that English has on Spanish as spoken in the city and to identify the social factors that contribute to language change. The book also provides an empirical, corpus-based-approach to distinguishing between borrowing and other contact phenomena, such as codeswitching, which will be of interest to scholars of language contact and bilingualism.

This volume illustrates how language revival movements in Russia and elsewhere have often followed a specific pattern of literacy bias in the promotion of a minority's heritage language, partly neglecting the social and relational aspects of orality. Using the Vepsian Renaissance as an example, this volume brings to the surface a literacy-orality dualism new to the discussion around revival movements. In addition to the more-theoretically oriented scopes, this book addresses all the actors involved in revival movements including activists, scholars and policy-makers, and opens a discussion on literacy and orality, and power and agency in the multiple relational aspects of written and oral practices. This study addresses issues common to language revival movements worldwide and will appeal to researchers of linguistic anthropology, sociolinguistics, education and language policy, and culture studies.

The Semantics of Chinese Classifiers and Linguistic Relativity focuses on the semantic structure of Chinese classifiers under the cognitive linguistics framework, and the implications thereof on linguistic relativity and language acquisition. It examines the semantic correlation between a given classifier and its associated nouns. Nouns in Chinese, which are assigned specific classifiers according to their selected characteristics, reflect the process of human categorization. The concrete categories formed by the relationship between nouns and classifiers may serve to explain the conceptual structure of the Chinese language and certain underlying aspects of culture and human cognition. Song Jiang is Assistant Professor of Chinese for the Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures at university of Hawai'i at Manoa.

The Routledge Handbook of Arabic and Identity offers a comprehensive and up-to-date account of studies that relate the Arabic language in its entirety to identity. This handbook offers new trajectories in understanding language and identity more generally and Arabic and identity in particular. Split into three parts, covering 'Identity and Variation', 'Identity and Politics' and 'Identity Globalisation and Diversity', it is the first of its kind to offer such a perspective on identity, linking the social world to identity construction and including issues pertaining to our current political and social context, including Arabic in the diaspora, Arabic as a minority language, pidgin and creoles, Arabic in the global age, Arabic and new media, Arabic and political discourse. Scholars and students will find essential theories and methods that relate language to identity in this handbook. It is particularly of interest to scholars and students whose work is related to the Arab world, political science, modern political thought, Islam and social sciences including: general linguistics, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, anthropological linguistics, anthropology, political science, sociology, psychology, literature media studies and Islamic studies.

Speaking Out: Issues and Controversies is an advanced Chinese language textbook that explores topics such as human nature, moral values, mass consumption, Western influences, and technological innovation. In presenting subjects that reflect major concerns in contemporary China, the book invites students to reflect upon the forces shaping modern Chinese society. This textbook presents ten lessons in five units entitled "Constancy and Change," "Joy and Sorrow," "Right and Wrong," "Chinese Tradition and Western Influence," and "New and Old." These pairs of opposites conjure up an ever-changing world of ebb and flow, a world that stimulates learners' imaginations and arouses their enthusiasm for open dialogue and lively discussion. Concise in language and with lessons in both simplified and traditional characters, the textbook is a valuable aid for university students interested in passing the HSK Level VI or attaining ACTFL advanced-level proficiency. Accompanying audio recordings can be found online at www.routledge.com/9780367902704.

Speaking Out: Issues and Controversies is an advanced Chinese language textbook that explores topics such as human nature, moral values, mass consumption, Western influences, and technological innovation. In presenting subjects that reflect major concerns in contemporary China, the book invites students to reflect upon the forces shaping modern Chinese society. This textbook presents ten lessons in five units entitled "Constancy and Change," "Joy and Sorrow," "Right and Wrong," "Chinese Tradition and Western Influence," and "New and Old." These pairs of opposites conjure up an ever-changing world of ebb and flow, a world that stimulates learners' imaginations and arouses their enthusiasm for open dialogue and lively discussion. Concise in language and with lessons in both simplified and traditional characters, the textbook is a valuable aid for university students interested in passing the HSK Level VI or attaining ACTFL advanced-level proficiency. Accompanying audio recordings can be found online at www.routledge.com/9780367902704.