This book is a comprehensive grammar of Hausa, one of the largest and most important languages of Africa. Hausa is spoken by some 35 million people as a first language and approximately 15 million more as a second language. Paul Newman, a world authority on the Hausa language, draws on two centuries of Hausa linguistic scholarship to provide the most authoritative and detailed grammar of the language ever written.

Unlike other grammars, this book is organized alphabetically. Readers will appreciate the ease with which they can find the specific individual topics that interest them. The grammar covers such expected topics as tonology, noun plurals, and verbal tense/aspect as well as often neglected topics, including verbal idioms, proper names, and language games. Newman also incorporates historical linguistic notes that explain and explicate current Hausa phenomena, especially puzzling anomalies, in terms of their Chadic and Afroasiatic origins.

Aspiration is derived upon the breath of hope. This is the message that Lamont Z. Brown conveys in this new collection of stories and poetry. We all face challenges in life; Between the Gates of Heaven and Hell is meant to inspire and motivate its readers to face those challenges. There are days when life is hard, and things don't always go our way; there are times when we have great days and forget about the bad times in a second. Aimed at a diverse audience, Between the Gates of Heaven and Hell speaks about love, life, and even death-all experiences humans face at one time or another. Brown's work represents a realistic reflection of the distorted reality that we call existence. He presents stories and poetry that relate the challenges and mysteries of life. From a damaged relationship between a husband and wife that ends in a car crash to the lyrical poetry that explores life, he captures the true essence of our emotions. He takes you along on a journey with each of his characters, discovering who they are and what makes their worlds complete.

"Pell-Mell ... So We Live!" shares a collection of brief, often poignant anecdotes that provide a whimsical glimpse into how people live in the Caribbean, West Indies, and the Virgin Islands. In "Pell-Mell, " justice and nature fuse into one, parenting is skittish, a fugitive blue mongoose is caught red-handed, and the stork learns that delivering babies is safer. Afro-Caribbean Virgin Islander Gilbert Sprauve continues where he left off in his previous collection, "Soundings over Cultural Shoals." Sprauve holds the magnifying glass that peers into a fascinating local culture and offers reflections about a world in and about the Virgin Islands, where a crane dozes in pain, a handy popgun saves a groom-son, and serial eulogies crack frail ribs. "Pell-Mell ... So We Live!" offers a memorable look into the variations of life-from the heart, mind, and soul of a beautiful people-the Virgin Islanders.

Teaching and Learning Language Arts from a Diverse Perspective: An Anthology introduces future educators to theories, instructional strategies, and student activities to help them effectively prepare to teach English Language Arts. With a focus on inclusivity, the author introduces readers to specific populations of learners and provides them with teaching approaches that support special and exceptional groups of students. Throughout 10 chapters, readers learn how to create a culture of learning within a classroom, how to successfully work with English Language Learners, foundational knowledge about spectrum disorders, and how to serve students with emotional disturbances. Additional chapters address how to facilitate academic and social achievement for students with hearing loss, speech and language impairments, and mild or moderate intellectual disabilities. The book closes with a chapter dedicated to the successful instruction of gifted and talented students. Through engaging activities and informative passages, readers are challenged to define their teaching philosophy and connect instructional theory to practice. Teaching and Learning Language Arts from a Diverse Perspective is an enlightening and engaging anthology for courses in language arts education.

Text extracted from opening pages of book: HANDBOOK ofthe MALAY LANGUAGE CONTAINING Phrases * Grammar and Dictionary WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION TO Military and Vocational Requirements EDUARD F. WINCKEL Lecturer, at the University of Southern California Distributed By DAVID McKAT COMPANY WASHINGTON SQUARE, PHILADELPHIA 1944 P. D. AND IONE PERKINS SOUTH PASADENA, CALIFORNIA DEDICATED TO Indonesia, my native land. May this book help in the early liberation from the usurpers. Salam dan Bahagia! EDUARD F. WINCKEL. FOREWORD The purpose of this handbook is to supply a guide for the acquisi tion of a practical knowledge of Malay. The Malay language, as spoken in every-day life by some eighty million people in the Netherlands East Indies, the Malayan Peninsula, and adjacent territories, is essentially simple. It is possible, therefore, to acquire in a few weeks a basic working knowledge of this language which will enable those who intend to go there to get along very adequately, not only with the Indonesians, but with most of the other settled inhabitants of the extensive areas in the Far East. The more advanced student will soon perceive that there exist minor differences in the vernaculars of the various sections of Malay sia, and he will adapt himself easily to the special words, expressions, and slight variations of pronunciation in the localities which he may visit. Malaysia is a term used to designate the Malay Peninsula and all the islands of the Indian Ocean, including Indonesia. These variations are due to the fact that the indigenous population consists of many diversified tribes, each preserving its own dialect for home use but also interjecting a few words of its private lingo into theMalay, which is the lingua franca that serves them all in common. Thus, in a few cases, different words are found in various localities to express the same idea. An intelligent Indonesian, however, will never fail to understand a word from some other region, even though he would not ever use that word himself or the pronunciation might vary from his own. In order to save the newcomer any perplexity on this point, such special words have been indicated in the DICTIONARY of this book by noting in parentheses the locality where the words are likely to be heard. Abbreviations used for this and other purposes have been listed on page 185. It should be understood, of course, that this handbook deals pri marily with the conversational language which is in common use throughout the thousands of islands of the Netherlands East Indies, the Malayan Peninsula, parts of Siam, Burma, Indo-China, and the Philippine Islands. Without a knowledge of this language, it is prac tically impossible to conduct any kind of business or vocation in Indonesia. The influence of foreign traders and successive invaders has strongly colored this Bngtta franca. Words and phrases of Sanscrit, Arabic, Persian, Chinese and later of Portuguese, English, and Dutch origin have, through the ages, been introduced. These terms* altered vii by the natives to suit the peculiar twist of the Malay tongue, have become an intrinsic part of the colloquial Malay which is taught in this book. High Malay, the purer but far more difficult language of literature, is a mixture of the original Malay of Sumatra, Sanscrit and Arabic, and has been kept fairly free from further foreign infiltrations. That rich and flowery language, however, isused only in highly cultured forms of expression which fall outside the scope of the practical work here presented. Attention must be called to a peculiarity of Malay speech. Certain words are used by the natives only when addressing their superiors, such as their chiefs, or white people never vice versa. In this hand book, these words which will be heard, but seldom used by the Westerner are designated polite. There are also some words which the natives use only when speak ing to a subordinate or close relative. The Occidental might use them occasionally to a cooli

This book examines the evidence for the development of adnominal genitives (the knight's sword, the nun's priest's tale, etc.) in English. During the Middle English period the genitive inflection -es developed into the more clitic-like 's, but how, when, why, and over how long a time are unclear, and have been subject to considerable research and discussion. Cynthia L. Allen draws together her own and others' findings in areas such as case marking, the nature of syntactic and morphological change, and the role of processing and pragmatics in the construction of grammars and grammatical change.
Using evidence derived from a systematic examination of a wide range of texts, Dr Allen reviews the evidence for the nature of the possessive inflection in earlier stages of English and the relationship of the -es possessive to the 'his genitive. In doing so she shows that Middle English texts are more reliable witnesses to the grammar of Middle English than has sometimes been assumed. The texts may have been conservative, but their language, the author argues, is reasonable reflection of the spoken language, and where the written evidence runs counter to typological generalization about syntactic change it may be the latter, not the former, which is in need of qualification. While the book focuses on Middle English it also contains discussions of linguistic change before and since, and draws on comparative evidence from other languages, particularly Germanic languages such as Swedish and Dutch. This ground-breaking book will be of great interest to scholars and students of Middle English in particular and the history of English in general.

This book offers several insights into cross-cultural and multilingual learning, drawing upon recent research within two main areas: Language Studies and Multilingual Language Learning/Teaching. It places particular emphasis on the Polish learning environment and Poles abroad. Today's world is an increasingly complex network of cross-cultural and multilingual influences, forcing us to redefine our Selves to include a much broader perspective than ever before. The first part of the book explores attitudes toward multiculturalism in British political speeches, joking behaviour in multicultural working settings, culture-dependent aspects of taboos and swearing, and expressive language of the imprisoned, adding a diachronic perspective by means of a linguistic study of The Canterbury Tales. In turn, the studies in the second part focus on visible shifts in contemporary multilingualism research, learners' attitudes towards multiple languages they acquire, teachers' perspectives on the changing requirements related to multiculturalism, and immigrant brokers' professional experience in the UK.

Are you looking for witty inspiration to help you get started making change in your local community? Sooner or later every one of us needs to write a Letter to the Editor. Making Ripples in Wilder's Town provides tips and advice about getting involved, about creating constructive, civil debate and about writing effective Letters to the Editor. This book provides a humorous look at New England small town life and politics. In addition to providing insights into life in Peterborough, New Hampshire, this book shines some light on the changes that have taken place since Thornton Wilder first wrote the play, Our Town. Author has made hundreds and hundreds of written contributions to newspapers throughout his life. This book is a resource for people struggling to make democracy work. Print may be dead, but it is alive and kicking in this collection of small town Letters to the Editor.

Many of the earliest books, particularly those dating back to the 1900s and before, are now extremely scarce and increasingly expensive. We are republishing these classic works in affordable, high quality, modern editions, using the original text and artwork.

This book brings together 13 original research papers that address emerging issues in the assessment of Chinese as a Second Language (CSL) in five major areas, including standards in CSL assessment; development of CSL tests; assessment of diverse knowledge and skills; computer-supported assessment; and CSL assessment in relation to instruction and teachers' assessment competence. It goes beyond the psychometric testing of Chinese and provides cutting-edge examinations of the interfaces of assessment with sociology of language, acquisition, pedagogy, and modern technologies, as well as teacher education. Given its unique features and broad range of topics, the book offers an intriguing and valuable resource, not only for scholars and researchers but also teacher educators and assessment practitioners who are directly or indirectly involved in CSL assessment.

A lexicon of Smyrneika, the Greek dialect that functioned as a lingua franca amongst the Levantine merchant communities of the Mediterranean. Rediscovering Turkey's Ottoman past, including lost minority cultures... a study by three amateur lexicographers. The vocabulary is followed by a collection of proverbs and a series of dialogues illustrating the language and customs ... " Peter Mackridge www.oxford.academia.edu/PeterMackridge

Among teenagers Romeo and Juliet appears to be the most popular of the Shakespeare tragedies. Perhaps this is because of the age of the protagonists. I suspect it is something far deeper than that, however. The depth of passion evinced by both Romeo and Juliet is familiar to most adolescents, and their isolation from the world of adults is also recognized by contemporary teens. Capulet's ranting when dealing with Juliet's nascent independence is no doubt familiar to today's sons and daughters. Thus, it seems Shakespeare continues to speak a universal language; this, I believe, accounts for the continued popularity of the work.

"... very helpful for its intended audience of both librarians and end users. Academic and large public libraries that provide or encourage electronic information retrieval will want this helpful aid". -- Booklist/Reference Books Bulletin

This reference helps users find meaningful words for natural language computer searching of bibliographic and textual databases in the social and behavioral sciences.

This book presents the latest research in various areas of cross-linguistic influence (CLI), providing educators with insights into how previously learned languages influence the learning of an additional language at different levels, such as phonetics/phonology, morphosyntax, vocabulary, pragmatics, writing style and learning context. While the majority of the chapters have English as the target language, one investigates the acquisition of French. The L1s of the learners include Arabic, Basque, Catalan, Chinese, Czech, Danish, Finnish, Galician, Georgian, German, Norwegian, Polish, Russian, Spanish and Swedish. Each chapter ends with a reflection on possible pedagogical implications of the findings and offers recommendations on how to make the most of cross-linguistic influence in the classroom.

"Contains more than 1,500 contemporary, enlightening, humorous cryptic acronyms for text messaging"--Dust jkt.

This book is a four-volume study on modern Chinese complex sentences, giving an overview and detailed analysis on the key attributes and three major types of this linguistic unit. Complex sentences in modern Chinese are unique in formation and meaning. The author proposes a tripartite classification of Chinese complex sentences according to the semantic relationships between the clauses, i.e., coordinate, causal, and adversative. The first volume defines Chinese complex sentences and makes detailed comparisons between the tripartite and dichotomous systems for the classification of complex sentences. It then thoroughly investigates causal complex sentences in their eight typical forms. The second volume analyses the coordinated type in the broad sense and the relevant forms, while the third focuses on adversative type, examining the major forms and implications for research and language teaching. The final volume looks into attributes of Chinese complex sentences as a whole, discussing the constituents, related sentence forms, and semantic and pragmatic relevance of complex sentences. The book will be a useful reference for scholars and learners of the Chinese language interested in Chinese grammar and language information processing.

This book provides a step-by-step journey to giving a successful academic conference presentation, taking readers through all of the potential steps along the way-from the initial idea and the abstract submission all the way up to the presentation itself. Drawing on the author's own experiences, the book highlights good and bad practices while explaining each introduced feature in a very accessible style. It provides tips on a wide range of issues such as writing up an abstract, choosing the right conference, negotiating group presentations, giving a poster presentation, what to include in a good presentation, conference proceedings and presenting at virtual or hybrid events. This book will be of particular interest to graduate students, early-career researchers and non-native speakers of English, as well as students and scholars who are interested in English for Academic Purposes, Applied Linguistics, Communication Studies and generally speaking, most of the Social Sciences. With that said, because of the book's theme, many of the principles included within will appeal to broad spectrum of academic disciplines.

Set around the events of the succession struggle of 1142 in medieval Bohemia the main character, Witiko, the traditional founder of the Rosenberg Family, searches for the Right, finds it and his beloved, while never losing touch with the common folk. His quest is amid the panoramic backdrop of national Bohemian politics and history, with his fate paralleling that of the acknowledged rightful duke, Wladislaw, who is also seeking the path of justice. Witiko is considered one of the most significant German historical novels of the Nineteenth Century.