As society comes to rely increasingly on software for its welfare and prosperity there is an urgent need to create systems in which it can trust. Experience has shown that confidence can only come from a more profound understanding of the issues, which in turn can come only if it is based on logically sound foundations.
This volume contains contributions from leading researchers in the critical disciplines of computing and information science, mathematics, logic, and complexity. All contributions are self-contained, aiming at comprehensibility as well as comprehensiveness. The volume also contains introductory hints to technical issues, concise surveys, introductions, and various fresh results and new perspectives.

Automata Theory and its Applications is a uniform treatment of the theory of finite state machines on finite and infinite strings and trees. Many books deal with automata on finite strings, but there are very few expositions that prove the fundamental results of automata on infinite strings and trees. These results have important applications to modeling parallel computation and concurrency, the specification and verification of sequential and concurrent programs, databases, operating systems, computational complexity, and decision methods in logic and algebra. Thus, this textbook fills an important gap in the literature by exposing early fundamental results in automata theory and its applications.

Beginning with coverage of all standard fundamental results regarding finite automata, the book deals in great detail with BA1/4chi and Rabin automata and their applications to various logical theories such as S1S and S2S, and describes game-theoretic models of concurrent operating and communication systems.

The book is self-contained with numerous examples, illustrations, exercises, and is suitable for a two-semester undergraduate course for computer science or mathematics majors, or for a one-semester graduate course/seminar. Since no advanced mathematical background is required, the text is also useful for self-study by computer science professionals who wish to understand the foundations of modern formal approaches to software development, validation, and verification.

Introduces the GUHA method of mechanizing hypothesis formation as a data mining tool. Presents examples of data mining with enhanced association rules, histograms, contingency tables and action rules. Provides examples of data mining for exception rules and examples of subgroups discovery. Outlines possibilities of GUHA in business intelligence and big data. Overviews related theoretical results and challenges related to mechanizing hypothesis formation.

Since their inception, the Perspectives in Logic and Lecture Notes in Logic series have published seminal works by leading logicians. Many of the original books in the series have been unavailable for years, but they are now in print once again. In this volume, the seventh publication in the Lecture Notes in Logic series, Font and Jansana develop a very general approach to the algebraization of sentential logics and present its results on a number of particular logics. The authors compare their approach, which uses abstract logics, to the classical approach based on logical matrices and the equational consequence developed by Blok, Czelakowski, Pigozzi and others. This monograph presents a systematized account of some of the work on the algebraic study of sentential logics carried out by the logic group in Barcelona in the 1970s.

Since their inception, the Perspectives in Logic and Lecture Notes in Logic series have published seminal works by leading logicians. Many of the original books in the series have been unavailable for years, but they are now in print once again. In this volume, the ninth publication in the Lecture Notes in Logic series, Martin Otto gives an introduction to finite model theory that indicates the main ideas and lines of inquiry that motivate research in this area. Particular attention is paid to bounded variable infinitary logics, with and without counting quantifiers, related fixed-point logics, and the corresponding fragments of Ptime. The relations with Ptime exhibit the fruitful exchange between ideas from logic and from complexity theory that is characteristic of finite model theory.

The present book aims to provide systematic and reliable techniques, called the global solution, for Sudoku puzzles. Any proper Sudoku puzzle, which has one and only one solution of Sudoku, can be solved by anyone following the techniques provided in this book. Specific symbols are introduced to express the 6 basic rules of the Sudoku global solution, as the results, those Sudoku solving techniques are presented similar to the annotations in chess. Finnish mathematician Arto Inkala proposed 'the most difficult Sudoku puzzle' in 2007. Then, he designed another difficult Sudoku puzzle in 2012, named 'the thing Everest'. In the present book the solving process of those two difficult Sudoku puzzles are illustrated reliably by the specific symbols of the global solution step by step.

This is a systematic and well-paced introduction to mathematical logic. Excellent as a course text, the book presupposes only elementary background and can be used also for self-study by more ambitious students.Starting with the basics of set theory, induction and computability, it covers propositional and first order logic - their syntax, reasoning systems and semantics. Soundness and completeness results for Hilbert's and Gentzen's systems are presented, along with simple decidability arguments. The general applicability of various concepts and techniques is demonstrated by highlighting their consistent reuse in different contexts.Unlike in most comparable texts, presentation of syntactic reasoning systems precedes the semantic explanations. The simplicity of syntactic constructions and rules - of a high, though often neglected, pedagogical value - aids students in approaching more complex semantic issues. This order of presentation also brings forth the relative independence of syntax from the semantics, helping to appreciate the importance of the purely symbolic systems, like those underlying computers.An overview of the history of logic precedes the main text, while informal analogies precede introduction of most central concepts. These informal aspects are kept clearly apart from the technical ones. Together, they form a unique text which may be appreciated equally by lecturers and students occupied with mathematical precision, as well as those interested in the relations of logical formalisms to the problems of computability and the philosophy of logic.This revised edition contains also, besides many new exercises, a new chapter on semantic paradoxes. An equivalence of logical and graphical representations allows us to see vicious circularity as the odd cycles in the graphical representation and can be used as a simple tool for diagnosing paradoxes in natural discourse.

This book focuses on one of the major challenges of the newly created scientific domain known as data science: turning data into actionable knowledge in order to exploit increasing data volumes and deal with their inherent complexity. Actionable knowledge has been qualitatively and intensively studied in management, business, and the social sciences but in computer science and engineering, its connection has only recently been established to data mining and its evolution, 'Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining' (KDD). Data mining seeks to extract interesting patterns from data, but, until now, the patterns discovered from data have not always been 'actionable' for decision-makers in Socio-Technical Organizations (STO). With the evolution of the Internet and connectivity, STOs have evolved into Cyber-Physical and Social Systems (CPSS) that are known to describe our world today. In such complex and dynamic environments, the conventional KDD process is insufficient, and additional processes are required to transform complex data into actionable knowledge. Readers are presented with advanced knowledge concepts and the analytics and information fusion (AIF) processes aimed at delivering actionable knowledge. The authors provide an understanding of the concept of 'relation' and its exploitation, relational calculus, as well as the formalization of specific dimensions of knowledge that achieve a semantic growth along the AIF processes. This book serves as an important technical presentation of relational calculus and its application to processing chains in order to generate actionable knowledge. It is ideal for graduate students, researchers, or industry professionals interested in decision science and knowledge engineering.

Digital forensics plays a crucial role in identifying, analysing, and presenting cyber threats as evidence in a court of law. Artificial intelligence, particularly machine learning and deep learning, enables automation of the digital investigation process. This book provides an in-depth look at the fundamental and advanced methods in digital forensics. It also discusses how machine learning and deep learning algorithms can be used to detect and investigate cybercrimes. This book demonstrates digital forensics and cyber-investigating techniques with real-world applications. It examines hard disk analytics and style architectures, including Master Boot Record and GUID Partition Table as part of the investigative process. It also covers cyberattack analysis in Windows, Linux, and network systems using virtual machines in real-world scenarios. Digital Forensics in the Era of Artificial Intelligence will be helpful for those interested in digital forensics and using machine learning techniques in the investigation of cyberattacks and the detection of evidence in cybercrimes.

Digital forensics plays a crucial role in identifying, analysing, and presenting cyber threats as evidence in a court of law. Artificial intelligence, particularly machine learning and deep learning, enables automation of the digital investigation process. This book provides an in-depth look at the fundamental and advanced methods in digital forensics. It also discusses how machine learning and deep learning algorithms can be used to detect and investigate cybercrimes. This book demonstrates digital forensics and cyber-investigating techniques with real-world applications. It examines hard disk analytics and style architectures, including Master Boot Record and GUID Partition Table as part of the investigative process. It also covers cyberattack analysis in Windows, Linux, and network systems using virtual machines in real-world scenarios. Digital Forensics in the Era of Artificial Intelligence will be helpful for those interested in digital forensics and using machine learning techniques in the investigation of cyberattacks and the detection of evidence in cybercrimes.

This is a systematic and well-paced introduction to mathematical logic. Excellent as a course text, the book presupposes only elementary background and can be used also for self-study by more ambitious students.Starting with the basics of set theory, induction and computability, it covers propositional and first order logic - their syntax, reasoning systems and semantics. Soundness and completeness results for Hilbert's and Gentzen's systems are presented, along with simple decidability arguments. The general applicability of various concepts and techniques is demonstrated by highlighting their consistent reuse in different contexts.Unlike in most comparable texts, presentation of syntactic reasoning systems precedes the semantic explanations. The simplicity of syntactic constructions and rules - of a high, though often neglected, pedagogical value - aids students in approaching more complex semantic issues. This order of presentation also brings forth the relative independence of syntax from the semantics, helping to appreciate the importance of the purely symbolic systems, like those underlying computers.An overview of the history of logic precedes the main text, while informal analogies precede introduction of most central concepts. These informal aspects are kept clearly apart from the technical ones. Together, they form a unique text which may be appreciated equally by lecturers and students occupied with mathematical precision, as well as those interested in the relations of logical formalisms to the problems of computability and the philosophy of logic.This revised edition contains also, besides many new exercises, a new chapter on semantic paradoxes. An equivalence of logical and graphical representations allows us to see vicious circularity as the odd cycles in the graphical representation and can be used as a simple tool for diagnosing paradoxes in natural discourse.

Infinitary logic, the logic of languages with infinitely long conjunctions, plays an important role in model theory, recursion theory and descriptive set theory. This book is the first modern introduction to the subject in forty years, and will bring students and researchers in all areas of mathematical logic up to the threshold of modern research. The classical topics of back-and-forth systems, model existence techniques, indiscernibles and end extensions are covered before more modern topics are surveyed. Zilber's categoricity theorem for quasiminimal excellent classes is proved and an application is given to covers of multiplicative groups. Infinitary methods are also used to study uncountable models of counterexamples to Vaught's conjecture, and effective aspects of infinitary model theory are reviewed, including an introduction to Montalban's recent work on spectra of Vaught counterexamples. Self-contained introductions to effective descriptive set theory and hyperarithmetic theory are provided, as is an appendix on admissible model theory.

Silly rabbit Your argument is ill-founded.

Have you read (or stumbled into) one too many irrational online debates? Ali Almossawi certainly had, so he wrote An Illustrated Book of Bad Arguments This handy guide is here to bring the internet age a much-needed dose of old-school logic (really old-school, a la Aristotle).

Here are cogent explanations of the straw man fallacy, the slippery slope argument, the ad hominem attack, and other common attempts at reasoning that actually fall short plus a beautifully drawn menagerie of animals who (adorably) commit every logical faux pas. Rabbit thinks a strange light in the sky must be a UFO because no one can prove otherwise (the appeal to ignorance). And Lion doesn t believe that gas emissions harm the planet because, if that were true, he wouldn t like the result (the argument from consequences).

Once you learn to recognize these abuses of reason, they start to crop up everywhere from congressional debate to YouTube comments which makes this geek-chic book a must for anyone in the habit of holding opinions. It s the antidote to fuzzy thinking, with furry animals "

'Points, questions, stories, and occasional rants introduce the 24 chapters of this engaging volume. With a focus on mathematics and peppered with a scattering of computer science settings, the entries range from lightly humorous to curiously thought-provoking. Each chapter includes sections and sub-sections that illustrate and supplement the point at hand. Most topics are self-contained within each chapter, and a solid high school mathematics background is all that is needed to enjoy the discussions. There certainly is much to enjoy here.'CHOICEEver notice how people sometimes use math words inaccurately? Or how sometimes you instinctively know a math statement is false (or not known)?Each chapter of this book makes a point like those above and then illustrates the point by doing some real mathematics through step-by-step mathematical techniques.This book gives readers valuable information about how mathematics and theoretical computer science work, while teaching them some actual mathematics and computer science through examples and exercises. Much of the mathematics could be understood by a bright high school student. The points made can be understood by anyone with an interest in math, from the bright high school student to a Field's medal winner.

This book presents the construction and resolution of 50 practical optimization problems and covers an exceptionally wide range, including games-associated problems (Unblock Me, Sudokus), logistical problems, and problems concerning plant distribution, production, operations scheduling, management and resource allocation. The problems are divided into 5 difficulty levels. Problems in the first few levels are focused on learning the model construction methodology, while those in the last level include complex optimization environments. For each problem solution, the specific steps are illustrated, promoting reader comprehension. In addition, all the models are implemented in an optimization library, LINGO, their solutions have been analyzed and their correct construction has been verified. The book also includes a simple guide to implementing models in LINGO in a straightforward manner and in any input data format (text files, spreadsheets or databases). As an ideal companion to the author's previously published work Modelling in Mathematical Programming, the book is intended as a basic tool for students of operations research, and for researchers in any advanced area involving mathematical programming.

There are thousands of books relating to poker, blackjack, roulette and baccarat, including strategy guides, statistical analysis, psychological studies, and much more. However, there are no books on Pell, Rouleno, Street Dice, and many other games that have had a short life in casinos! While this is understandable - most casino gamblers have not heard of these games, and no one is currently playing them - their absence from published works means that some interesting mathematics and gaming history are at risk of being lost forever. Table games other than baccarat, blackjack, craps, and roulette are called carnival games, as a nod to their origin in actual traveling or seasonal carnivals. Mathematics of Casino Carnival Games is a focused look at these games and the mathematics at their foundation. Features * Exercises, with solutions, are included for readers who wish to practice the ideas presented * Suitable for a general audience with an interest in the mathematics of gambling and games * Goes beyond providing practical 'tips' for gamblers, and explores the mathematical principles that underpin gambling games

Architecture of Mathematics describes the logical structure of Mathematics from its foundations to its real-world applications. It describes the many interweaving relationships between different areas of mathematics and its practical applications, and as such provides unique reading for professional mathematicians and nonmathematicians alike. This book can be a very important resource both for the teaching of mathematics and as a means to outline the research links between different subjects within and beyond the subject. Features All notions and properties are introduced logically and sequentially, to help the reader gradually build understanding. Focusses on illustrative examples that explain the meaning of mathematical objects and their properties. Suitable as a supplementary resource for teaching undergraduate mathematics, and as an aid to interdisciplinary research. Forming the reader's understanding of Mathematics as a unified science, the book helps to increase his general mathematical culture.

This unique and contemporary text not only offers an introduction to proofs with a view towards algebra and analysis, a standard fare for a transition course, but also presents practical skills for upper-level mathematics coursework and exposes undergraduate students to the context and culture of contemporary mathematics. The authors implement the practice recommended by the Committee on the Undergraduate Program in Mathematics (CUPM) curriculum guide, that a modern mathematics program should include cognitive goals and offer a broad perspective of the discipline. Part I offers: An introduction to logic and set theory. Proof methods as a vehicle leading to topics useful for analysis, topology, algebra, and probability. Many illustrated examples, often drawing on what students already know, that minimize conversation about "doing proofs." An appendix that provides an annotated rubric with feedback codes for assessing proof writing. Part II presents the context and culture aspects of the transition experience, including: 21st century mathematics, including the current mathematical culture, vocations, and careers. History and philosophical issues in mathematics. Approaching, reading, and learning from journal articles and other primary sources. Mathematical writing and typesetting in LaTeX. Together, these Parts provide a complete introduction to modern mathematics, both in content and practice. Table of Contents Part I - Introduction to Proofs Logic and Sets Arguments and Proofs Functions Properties of the Integers Counting and Combinatorial Arguments Relations Part II - Culture, History, Reading, and Writing Mathematical Culture, Vocation, and Careers History and Philosophy of Mathematics Reading and Researching Mathematics Writing and Presenting Mathematics Appendix A. Rubric for Assessing Proofs Appendix B. Index of Theorems and Definitions from Calculus and Linear Algebra Bibliography Index Biographies Danilo R. Diedrichs is an Associate Professor of Mathematics at Wheaton College in Illinois. Raised and educated in Switzerland, he holds a PhD in applied mathematical and computational sciences from the University of Iowa, as well as a master's degree in civil engineering from the Ecole Polytechnique Federale in Lausanne, Switzerland. His research interests are in dynamical systems modeling applied to biology, ecology, and epidemiology. Stephen Lovett is a Professor of Mathematics at Wheaton College in Illinois. He holds a PhD in representation theory from Northeastern University. His other books include Abstract Algebra: Structures and Applications (2015), Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces, with Tom Banchoff (2016), and Differential Geometry of Manifolds (2019).

The two volumes in this advanced textbook present results, proof methods, and translations of motivational and philosophical considerations to formal constructions. In this Vol. I the author explains preferential structures and abstract size. In the associated Vol. II he presents chapters on theory revision and sums, defeasible inheritance theory, interpolation, neighbourhood semantics and deontic logic, abstract independence, and various aspects of nonmonotonic and other logics. In both volumes the text contains many exercises and some solutions, and the author limits the discussion of motivation and general context throughout, offering this only when it aids understanding of the formal material, in particular to illustrate the path from intuition to formalisation. Together these books are a suitable compendium for graduate students and researchers in the area of computer science and mathematical logic.

This volume presents the lecture notes of short courses given by three leading experts in mathematical logic at the 2010 and 2011 Asian Initiative for Infinity Logic Summer Schools. The major topics covered set theory and recursion theory, with particular emphasis on forcing, inner model theory and Turing degrees, offering a wide overview of ideas and techniques introduced in contemporary research in the field of mathematical logic.

Provides overview of security challenges of IoT and mitigation techniques with a focus on authorization and access control mechanisms Discusses behavioural analysis of threats and attacks using UML base modelling Covers use of Oauth2.0 Protocol and UMA for connecting web applications Includes Role Based Access Control (RBAC), Discretionary Access Control (DAC), Mandatory Access Control (MAC), and Permission Based Access Control (PBAC) Explores how to provide access to third party web applications through resource server by use of secured and reliable Oauth2.0 framework

The central contention of this book is that second-order logic has a central role to play in laying the foundations of mathematics. In order to develop the argument fully, the author presents a detailed development of higher-order logic, including a comprehensive discussion of its semantics. Professor Shapiro demonstrates the prevalence of second-order notions in mathematics is practised, and also the extent to which mathematical concepts can be formulated in second-order languages . He shows how first-order languages are insufficient to codify many concepts in contemporary mathematics, and thus that higher-order logic is needed to fully reflect current mathematics. Throughout, the emphasis is on discussing the philosophical and historical issues associated with this subject, and the implications that they have for foundational studies. For the most part, the author assumes little more than a familiarity with logic as might be gained from a beginning graduate course which includes the incompleteness of arithmetic and the Lowenheim-Skolem theorems. All those concerned with the foundations of mathematics will find this a thought-provoking discussion of some of the central issues in this subject.

Soft computing encompasses various computational methodologies, which, unlike conventional algorithms, are tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, and partial truth. Soft computing technologies offer adaptability as a characteristic feature and thus permit the tracking of a problem through a changing environment. Besides some recent developments in areas like rough sets and probabilistic networks, fuzzy logic, evolutionary algorithms, and artificial neural networks are core ingredients of soft computing, which are all bio-inspired and can easily be combined synergetically.This book presents a well-balanced integration of fuzzy logic, evolutionary computing, and neural information processing. The three constituents are introduced to the reader systematically and brought together in differentiated combinations step by step. The text was developed from courses given by the authors and offers numerous illustrations as

In order to perform effective analysis of today’s information security systems, numerous components must be taken into consideration. This book presents a well-organized, consistent solution created by the author, which allows for precise multilevel analysis of information security systems and accounts for all of the significant details. Enabling the multilevel modeling of secure systems, the quality of protection modeling language (QoP-ML) approach provides for the abstraction of security systems while maintaining an emphasis on quality protection. This book introduces the basis of the QoP modeling language along with all the advanced analysis modules, syntax, and semantics. It delineates the steps used in cryptographic protocols and introduces a multilevel protocol analysis that expands current understanding. Introduces quality of protection evaluation of IT Systems Covers the financial, economic, and CO2 emission analysis phase Supplies a multilevel analysis of Cloud-based data centers Details the structures for advanced communication modeling and energy analysis Considers security and energy efficiency trade-offs for the protocols of wireless sensor network architectures Includes case studies that illustrate the QoP analysis process using the QoP-ML Examines the robust security metrics of cryptographic primitives Compares and contrasts QoP-ML with the PL/SQL, SecureUML, and UMLsec approaches by means of the SEQUAL framework The book explains the formal logic for representing the relationships between security mechanisms in a manner that offers the possibility to evaluate security attributes. It presents the architecture and API of tools that ensure automatic analysis, including the automatic quality of protection analysis tool (AQoPA), crypto metrics tool (CMTool), and security mechanisms evaluation tool (SMETool). The book includes a number of examples and case studies that illustrate the QoP analysis process by the QoP-ML. Every operation defined by QoP-ML is described within parameters of security metrics to help you better evaluate the impact of each operation on your system's security.

The starting point for this monograph is the previously unknown connection between the Continuum Hypothesis and the saturation of the non-stationary ideal on 1; and the principle result of this monograph is the identification of a canonical model in which the Continuum Hypothesis is false. This is the first example of such a model and moreover the model can be characterized in terms of maximality principles concerning the universal-existential theory of all sets of countable ordinals. This model is arguably the long sought goal of the study of forcing axioms and iterated forcing but is obtained by completely different methods, for example no theory of iterated forcing whatsoever is required. The construction of the model reveals a powerful technique for obtaining independence results regarding the combinatorics of the continuum, yielding a number of results which have yet to be obtained by any other method. This monograph is directed to researchers and advanced graduate students in Set Theory. The second edition is updated to take into account some of the developments in the decade since the first edition appeared, this includes a revised discussion of -logic and related matters.