This book offers a comprehensive but highly readable compilation of papers on the role of dopamine in sleep and sleep disorders. Leading experts in sleep medicine, psychiatry and neuroendocrinology provide a broad perspective on the field, from established theories to the latest research advances. Accordingly, it represents an interdisciplinary, cutting-edge guide for sleep disorder specialists, sleep researchers, psychiatrists, neurologists, pulmonologists, psychologists, and behavioral sleep medicine specialists.

One of the primary advances for the 21st century is progress beyond the need to defend the findings of behavioral genetic investigations of intelligence. With the advent of developmental behavioral genetics and molecular genetics researchers have taken their discoveries far beyond simple nature/nurture constructs to a finer understanding of how genes and environment intersect to affect cognitive function.

"Behavior Genetics of Cognition across the Lifespan" presents the state of the field in well-documented detail as noted experts examine gene-environment interactions in cognitive function from childhood into old age. Fluidity is at the heart of this coverage: normative and non-normative brain development get equal attention, and statistical, molecular, biological, brain imaging, and neurobiological approaches contribute separately and in combination to the findings.

All major life stages are examined as periods of gene-based cognitive change, including midlife, which until recently has been considered a period for marking time until "real" age-related change occurs. And the book is written so that individual chapters can be as useful on their own as the volume is as a whole. Among the topics covered in depth:

Cognitive abilities in childhood and adolescenceGenetic and environmental influences on intellectual disabilities in childhoodCognition in middle adulthoodGene by environment interplay in cognitive agingDementia: genes, environments, interactionsBrain imaging and cognition

By synthesizing where the field is today--and identifying issues that need further attention--"Behavior Genetics of Cognition across the Lifespan" is a bedrock text for behavioral geneticists, cognitive psychologists and neuroscientists."

Headache Medicine has recently become an official medical subspecialty. Practitioners who specialize in the field come from many different backgrounds including neurology, internal medicine, anesthesiology, rehabilitation medicine, family medicine, psychiatry, dentistry and others. A great deal of research is being done in HM, and, as a result, the field is one which is growing rapidly in every way. Interestingly, most patients with headache are not being treated by specialists in HM, in large part because of the vast numbers of patients requiring medical attention for headache disorders, and the relatively small number of bona fide specialists. Thus, there is a need for resources to guide these practitioners as they manage headache patients. There are several excellent scholarly texts in the field and numerous books for the public about headache. There are really no concise manuals of HM, however, there are books aimed at the bulk of skilled practitioners taking care of the major share of headache sufferers, who wish to understand the important concepts of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in this complex field. This is the aim of Dr. Levin's book which consists of 4 parts: Part 1- Headache Medicine Basic Science, Part 2- Diagnosis of Primary Headache Disorders, Part 3- Diagnosis of Secondary Headache Disorders, and Part 4- Headache Treatment.
Chapters in each section are concise, but include cutting edge information about these aspects of headache medicine. The organization of the contents of this book is similar to the Curriculum for Headache Medicine designed by the United Council for Neurologic Subspecialties (UCNS) which is the organization responsible for accreditingHeadache Medicine training programs and accrediting individual practitioners. The content of the book mirrors that of the UCNS board examination as well. Chapters include key tables and illustrations. Review questions are included at the end of each chapter and serve as a study resource. The editor is a charter diplomate of the UCNS HM examination and has directed board review courses for the American Headache Society and Headache Cooperative of New England. All of the eligible chapter authors have taken and passed this exam as well. The International Classification of Headache Disorders is used throughout this text and a concerted effort has been made to base content on evidence when available, rather than personal practices. Each chapter is intended as a stand alone monograph and as a result the book can be read in virtually any order.

"This is clearly the most authoritative and contemporary statement of current knowledge yet published."
from the Foreword by H. Sarnat

Tuberous sclerosis is the prototype of a category of malformations uniquely characterized by disturbances in cellular differentiation and growth. It presents with a complex association of different neurological phenotypes, including seizures, cognitive impairments and autism. It is important not only because it is a relatively common hereditary neurological disease with high morbidity, but because it has implications in other pathological processes, such as dysplasia and neoplasia, hamartoma formation and other disturbances in morphogenic processes.

This book correlates new genetic data and basic science, covers clinical presentation, reviews the historical background and current diagnostic criteria, and deals with the recent advances in neuropathology, molecular genetics and neurobiology which give a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease.

Paediatricians and child neurologists will find this book uniquely useful.

A family attempts to deal with the changes in a beloved family member due to Alzheimer's Disease as he goes from being an independent, world-renowned flautist to a man needing full-time professional care.

Hearing and communication present a variety of challenges to the nervous system. To be heard and understood, a communication signal must be transformed from a time-varying acoustic waveform to a perceptual representation to an even more abstract representation that integrates memory stores with semantic/referential information. Finally, this complex, abstract representation must be interpreted to form categorical decisions that guide behavior. Did I hear the stimulus? From where and whom did it come? What does it tell me? How can I use this information to plan an action? All of these issues and questions underlie auditory cognition. Since the early 1990s, there has been a re-birth of studies that test the neural correlates of auditory cognition with a unique emphasis on the use of awake, behaving animals as model. Continuing today, how and where in the brain neural correlates of auditory cognition are formed is an intensive and active area of research. Importantly, our understanding of the role that the cortex plays in hearing has the potential to impact the next generation of cochlear- and brainstem-auditory implants and consequently help those with hearing impairments. Thus, it is timely to produce a volume that brings together this exciting literature on the neural correlates of auditory cognition. This volume compliments and extends many recent SHAR volumes such as Sound Source Localization (2005) Auditory Perception of Sound Sources (2007), and Human Auditory Cortex (2010). For example, in many of these volumes, similar issues are discussed such as auditory-object identification and perception with different emphases: in Auditory Perception of Sound Sources, authors discuss the underlying psychophysics/behavior, whereas in the Human Auditory Cortex, fMRI data are presented. The unique contribution of the proposed volume is that the authors will integrate both of these factors to highlight the neural correlates of cognition/behavior. Moreover, unlike other these other volumes, the neurophysiological data will emphasize the exquisite spatial and temporal resolution of single-neuron as opposed to more coarse fMRI or MEG data] responses in order to reveal the elegant representations and computations used by the nervous system.

A comprehensive, state-of-the-art review of our current understanding of the molecular and structural biology of 5-HT receptors and their potential use for drug discovery. The authors describe the anatomical, cellular, and subcellular distribution of 5-HT receptors and demonstrate a powerful approach to elucidating their physiological role using knockout mice in which the 5-HT receptors were deleted. They also review our understanding of the physiological role(s) of 5-HT receptors based mainly on studies performed in genetically engineered mice. Highlights include discussions of the behavioral phenotypes of 5-HT receptor knockout animals, the molecular biology and pharmacology of 5-HT receptors, and insights into the complexity of 5-HT receptor signal transduction.

The G proteins are a family of structurally homologous, plasma membrane-associated guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins. These proteins play an integral role in the tra- duction of extracellular signals through second messenger systems. As such, G proteins affect a wide variety of intra cellular biochemical reactions by regulating the concent- tion of second messengers in cells. G proteins are heterotrimeric, consisting of a, p, and y polypeptide chains, with G protein specificity largely det- mined by the a-subunit, Molecular cloning of G protein s- units has revealed 23 distinct a-subunits, encoded by 17 different genes. Based on functional measures, G proteins are generally classified into three major categories: the G, family, which is stimulatory for adenylyl cyclase; the G, f- ily, which is inhibitory for adenylyl cyclase; and the G, f- ily, which stimulates phospholipases (Birnbaumer and Birnbaumer, 1995). Alternatively, on the basis of sequence homology, G proteins can be subdivided into four cate- ries: G,, G,, G,, and G12.

A "beautiful and astonishing" (Walter Isaacson, # 1 New York Times bestselling author of The Code Breaker) narrative that examines the many ways to be fully human, told by the first young adult with autism to attend Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar. As a child, Jory Fleming was wracked by uncontrollable tantrums, had no tolerance for people, and couldn't manage the outside world. Slightly more than a decade later, he was bound for England, selected to attend one of the world's premier universities. How to Be Human is a "profound, thought-provoking" (Barry M. Pizant, PhD, author of Uniquely Human) exploration of life amid a world constructed for neurotypical brains when yours is not. But the miracle of this book is that instead of dwelling on Jory's limitations, those who inhabit the neurotypical world will begin to better understand their own: they will contemplate what language cannot say, how linear thinking leads to dead ends, and how nefarious emotions can be, particularly when, in Jory's words, they are "weaponized." Through a series of deep, personal conversations with writer Lyric Winik, Jory makes a compelling case for logical empathy based on rational thought, asks why we tolerate friends who see us as a means to an end, and explains why he believes personality is a choice. Most movingly, he discusses how, after many hardships, he maintains a deep, abiding faith: "With people, I don't understand what goes in and what comes out, and how to relate," he says. "But I can always reconnect with my relationship with my Creator." Join Jory and Lyric as they examine what it means to be human and ultimately how each of us might become a better one. Jory asks us to consider: Who has value? What is a disability? And how do we correct the imbalances we see in the world? How to Be Human shows us the ways a beautifully different mind can express the very best of our shared humanity.

Since the appearance of the John O'Keefe and Lynn Nadel book in which they proposed that the hippocampus provides an abstract, internal representation of the animal's environment, considerable conceptual progress in the area of navigational information processing has been achieved. The purpose of the current work is to consolidate recent data and conceptual insights related to navigational insight processing in a format useful to both practitioners and advanced students in neuroscience.

Kernicterus (bilirubin encephalopathy) is a highly interesting example of metabolic encephalopathy. It fills all the characteristics of a metabolic encephalopathy in that it can develop rapidly, produces signature signs and symptoms, and is amenable to successful treatment. In the absence of treatment kernicterus can produce devastating sequelae and death. The present volume will examine the biochemistry and physiology of bilirubin as well as its hepatic metabolism and renal excretion. Chapters will elaborate bodily disposition of bilirubin and its neuropathology. Both early treatments and current therapy will be discussed in detail. Phototherapy will be presented, and its efficacy and influence on incidence thoroughly examined.

Since the U.S. Supreme Court's Roe v. Wade decision in 1973, nearly thirty million legal abortions have been performed in the United States. Every year hundreds of thousands of women choose to have abortions. Yet a veil of secrecy is drawn across abortion sites, disturbed only by protest demonstrations and violence outside clinics. For years the antichoice movement has loudly condemned the abortion procedure. Opponents use such words as "baby-killing", "murder", and "blood-dripping abortionists" to describe what goes on in an abortion clinic - highly charged words that are intended to frighten women who are facing one of the most important decisions of their lives. What does - and does not - go on inside an abortion clinic? Why do women seek this procedure? Why would a physician specialize in this service? Why I Am An Abortion Doctor provides a unique, firsthand look at the life and work of a leading abortion provider. With compassion and courage Dr. Suzanne T. Poppema shares the intimate details of her private and professional struggle - including a view from the abortion clinic operating room as well as a recollection of her own fifth-month abortion - to promote better understanding of the reality of abortion and the violent forces that threaten a woman's right to choose. Dr. Poppema's journey has led her from a Catholic upbringing in rural New Hampshire to professional training at Harvard Medical School, where she made a critical career decision to forgo the fame and fortune awaiting those who enter lucrative medical specialties in favor of becoming a family physician. She has traveled to some of the poorest places on earth, where she observed the expendability of human life and thesubjugation of women. Dr. Poppema's work has brought her a world-wide reputation as an authority on abortion. She served as a member of an international panel in Paris to discuss the French abortion pill, RU 486. Her own clinic was chosen as one of the few U.S. test sites for this controversial drug. Why I Am An Abortion Doctor is a compelling, informative book for readers on both sides of the controversy. It is a groud-breaking work that puts a human face on abortion and tells precisely what the procedure involves, who it helps, and why women seek to terminate their pregnancies.

This book is devoted to the study of the functional architecture of the visual cortex. Its geometrical structure is the differential geometry of the connectivity between neural cells. This connectivity is building and shaping the hidden brain structures underlying visual perception. The story of the problem runs over the last 30 years, since the discovery of Hubel and Wiesel of the modular structure of the primary visual cortex, and slowly cams towards a theoretical understanding of the experimental data on what we now know as functional architecture of the primary visual cortex.
Experimental data comes from several domains: neurophysiology, phenomenology of perception and neurocognitive imaging. Imaging techniques like functional MRI and diffusion tensor MRI allow to deepen the study of cortical structures.Due to this variety of experimental data, neuromathematematics deals with modellingboth cortical structures and perceptual spaces.
From the mathematical point of view, neuromathematical call for new instruments of pure mathematics: sub-Riemannian geometry models horizontal connectivity, harmonic analysis in non commutative groups allows to understand pinwheels structure, as well as non-linear dimensionality reduction is at the base of many neural morphologies and possibly of the emergence ofperceptual units. Butat the center of theneurogeometry is the problem of harmonizing contemporary mathematical instruments with neurophysiological findings and phenomenological experiments in an unitary science of vision.
The contributions to this book come from the very founders of the discipline."

How should neuroscience, psychology and behavioral genetics impact legal responsibility practices? Recent findings from these fields are sometimes claimed to threaten the moral foundations of legal responsibility practices by revealing that determinism, or something like it, is true. On this account legal responsibility practices should be abolished because there is no room for such outmoded fictions as responsibility in an enlightened and scientifically-informed approach to the regulation of society. However, the chapters in this volume reject this claim and its related agenda of radical legal reform. Embracing instead a broadly compatibilist approach - one according to which responsibility hinges on psychological features of agents not on metaphysical features of the universe - this volume's authors demonstrate that the behavioral and mind sciences may impact legal responsibility practices in a range of different ways, for instance: by providing fresh insight into the nature of normal and pathological human agency, by offering updated medical and legal criteria for forensic practitioners as well as powerful new diagnostic and intervention tools and techniques with which to appraise and to alter minds, and by raising novel regulatory challenges. Science and law have been locked in a philosophical dialogue on the nature of human agency ever since the 13th century when a mental element was added to the criteria for legal responsibility. The rich story told by the 14 essays in this volume testifies that far from ending this philosophical dialogue, neuroscience, psychology and behavioral genetics have the potential to further enrich and extend this dialogue.

I. Introduction: General Issues in Developmental Disorders.- 1 State of the World's Children: Developmental-Behavioral Disorders in a Global Context.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Children in History.- 3. Children Today.- 4. Recent Nutrition Data.- 5. Children Tomorrow.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 2 PL 99-457: A New Challenge and Responsibility for Physicians.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Physician Involvement.- 2.1. Identification.- 2.2. Medical Evaluation.- 2.3. Communication with the IFSP Team.- 2.4. Family Support.- 2.5. Participation in the IFSP Process.- 2.6. Advocacy.- 3. Barriers to Physician Involvement.- 4. Overcoming Barriers.- Selected Readings.- 3 An Ethical Issue in Developmental Pediatrics: Analysis and Discussion of a Case History.- Case History-S. L., a Newborn with Partial Trisomy-13.- Reference.- Selected Readings: Ethical-Legal Issues.- 4 A Physician's Primer of Developmental and Psychologic Test Instruments.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Possible Developmental Delay.- 2.1. Developmental (Cognitive/Motor) Delay.- 2.2. Language Delay.- 2.3. Behavioral/Adaptive Delays.- 3. Cases Involving Suspected Developmental Delay.- 4. Difficulties in School Performance.- 4.1. Intelligence.- 4.2. Academic Achievement.- 4.3. Perceptual/Visual Motor.- 4.4. Attention/Concentration.- 4.5. Behavioral.- 5. Cases Involving Suspected School Problems.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- II. Developmental Disorders.- 5 Neonatal Brain Care: Does Early Developmental Intervention Work?.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Supplemental Stimulation.- 3. Protection at All Costs.- 4. Contingency-Based and Developmentally-Based Interventions.- 5. Summary.- References.- 6 Early Identification of Cerebral Palsy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Types of Cerebral Palsy.- 3. Early Clinical Signs of Cerebral Palsy.- 3.1. Amiel-Tison et al. (1977).- 3.2. Ellenberg and Nelson (1981).- 3.3. Harris (1987).- 3.4. Research Conclusions.- 4. Summary.- References.- 7 Movement Disorders and Paroxysmal Behaviors in Children and Adolescents.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Disorders Characterized by Alteration in the State of Consciousness and Abnormal Movements.- 2.1. Seizure Disorders.- 2.2. Pseudoseizures.- 3. Disorders Characterized Primarily by an Alteration in Consciousness.- 3.1. Syncope Due to Inadequate Cerebral.- 3.2. Postural Hypotension.- 3.3. Steal Syndromes.- 3.4. Cardiac Arrhythmias.- 3.5. Breath Holding Spells.- 3.6. Syncope Due to Hypoxia or Hypoglycemia.- 4. Disorders Characterized Primarily by Abnormal Movements.- 4.1. Disorders Characterized by Hyperkinesia.- 4.2. Disorders Characterized Primarily by Abnormalities of Posture and Tone.- 4.3. Disorders Characterized Primarily by Akinesia.- 5. Other Paroxysmal Disorders.- 5.1. Rett Syndrome.- 5.2. Mannerisms.- References.- 8 Epilepsy: Implications for Intelligence, Learning, and Behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Epilepsy and Intelligence.- 3. Epilepsy and Learning Difficulties.- 4. Epilepsy and Childhood Emotional and Behavioral Disorders.- 4.1. Anticonvulsants and Behavior Disorders.- 4.2. Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Psychiatric Disorders.- 5. Summary.- References.- 9 Learning Disabilities: "The Good News/The Bad News".- 1. Introduction.- 2. Toward a Definition.- 3. Significant Discrepancy.- 4. Research.- 5. The Future.- References.- 10 Lessons I've Learned from Learning Disabilities.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Overlooked Learning Disability.- 2.1. Emotional Disturbance and Underachievement.- 2.2. Headaches and Fatigue.- 3. Miscellaneous Lessons I Have Learned.- 3.1. "Abnormal Depth Perception" in a Clumsy Child.- 3.2. Involuntary Movements with Accompanying Behavioral Upset.- 3.3. Refusal to Speak in an Anxious Child.- 3.4. Cerebral Palsy with Accompanying Depression.- 3.5. Newly Acquired Perceptual Disorder in an Intelligent Child.- 3.6. Situational Depression with a Well-Controlled Seizure Disorder.- 3.7. Acute Psychosis with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.- 3.8. Declining School Performance and the Misdiagnosis of Seizures.- 3.9. Adolescent Stroke with Com...

This volume is designed to serve as a reference source containing both historical and recent references with a special focus on the existing gaps of knowledge regarding EEG deviations in psychiatricpopulations. Every chapter begins by outlining the clinical issues, then reviews available literature and concludes by highlighting a) currently supportable findings, and b) open research questions. In some chapters the author makes suggestions regarding the research design that will most likely lead to generating data that can move the field towards resolving unresolved issues."

This volume includes paradigms, model systems, and techniques for the study of dysfunctions in the nervous system. The advantages and disadvantages of the approaches presented are critically discussed.
Key Features
* Neural injury
* Developmental cell death
* Disease processes and aging

Researchers seeking problems that offer more hope of success often avoid subjects that seem to be difficult to approach experimentally, or subjects for which experimental results are difficult to interpret. The breakdown part of protein turnover in vivo, particularly in nervous tissue, was such a subject in the past - it was difficult to measure and difficult to explore the mechanisms involved. For factors that influence protein metabolism, it was thought that protein content, function, and distribution are controlled only by the synthetic mechanisms that can supply the needed specificity and response to stimuli. The role of breakdown was thought to be only a general metabolic digestion, elimination of excess polypeptides. We now know that the role of breakdown is much more complex: it has multiple functions, it is coupled to turnover, and it can affect protein composition, function, and synthesis. In addition to eliminating abnormal proteins, breakdown has many modulatory functions: it serves to activate and inactivate enzymes, modulate membrane function, alter receptor channel properties, affect transcription and cell cycle, form active peptides, and much more. The hydrolysis of peptide bonds often involves multiple steps, many enzymes, and cycles (such as ubiquination), and often requires the activity of enzyme complexes. Their activation, modification, and inactivation can thus play an important role in biological functions, with numerous families of proteases participating. The specific role of each remains to be elucidated.

Drug addiction remains one of the most important public health problems in western societies and is a rising concern for developing nations. Over the past 3 decades, experimental research on the neurobiology and psychology of drug addiction has generated a torrent of exciting data, from the molecular up to the behavioral levels. As a result, a new and pressing challenge for addiction research is to formulate a synthetic theoretical framework that goes well beyond mere scientific eclectism to deepen our understanding of drug addiction and to foster our capacity to prevent and to cure drug addiction. Intrigued by the apparent irrational behavior of drug addicts, researchers from a wide range of scientific disciplines have formulated a plethora of theoretical schemes over the years to understand addiction. However, most of these theories and models are qualitative in nature and are formulated using terms that are often ill-defined. As a result, the empirical validity of these models has been difficult to test rigorously, which has served to generate more controversy than clarity. In this context, as in other scientific fields, mathematical and computational modeling should contribute to the development of more testable and rigorous models of addiction.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research in the role of non-neuronal cells - astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, endothelial cells, pericytes, microglia, and other immune cells in ischemic brain injury and long-term recovery. In these cases, neurodegeneration and brain repair are controlled in a sophisticated system, incorporating interactions between different cell types and cellular systems. Also explored are the therapeutic strategies that target non-neuronal responses after stroke and their translational potentials.

The main message of this monograph is that the appearance of the mammalian brain with the ability to acquire drives ensured the development of social life, and eventually led to the evolution of the human society. This most sophisticated form of organized life on earth is still in the trial and error phase of its development. It seeks to outgrow the myth-directed era of its history and come to its final state, the ration-directed human society.

In this volume contemporary methods designed to provide insights into, mathematical structure for, and predictive inferences about neuroendocrine control mechanisms are presented.
Key Features
* Collates an array of contemporary techniques for analysis of neuroendocrine data
* Discusses current problems in and solutions to neurohormone pulse analysis
* Identifies relevant software available