Biomass and Carbon Fuels in Metallurgy presents contemporary and new insights into the use of carbonaceous (Biomass) fuels in the metallurgical sector. The authors describe application of these fuels in different technological processes to produce pig iron, steel and ferroalloys. Emphasis is placed on biomass and its metallurgical utilization. Coverage includes the specification of fuels, their classification and the characteristics of their basic properties. The use of carbonaceous fuels in the production of various kinds of agglomerates (ferriferous, manganese and metalized) is also covered. Key Features: Provides a comprehensive view of carbonaceous fuels in various metallurgy processes Details experiments conducted on the use of traditional and alternative (biomass) carbonaceous fuels for the production of agglomerates. Demonstrates that the energy potential of biomass can also be successfully used in pyrometallurgical processes Describes applications of biomass-based fuels in different technological processes for the production of pig iron, steel and ferroalloys. Coverage includes the specification of fuels, their classification and the characteristics of their basic properties.

The major aim of this book is to introduce the ways in which scientists approach and think about a phenomenon -- hearing -- that intersects three quite different disciplines: the physics of sound sources and the propagation of sound through air and other materials, the anatomy and physiology of the transformation of the physical sound into neural activity in the brain, and the psychology of the perception we call hearing. Physics, biology, and psychology each play a role in understanding how and what we hear.
The text evolved over the past decade in an attempt to convey something about scientific thinking, as evidenced in the domain of sounds and their perception, to students whose primary focus is not science. It does so using a minimum of mathematics (high school functions such as linear, logarithmic, sine, and power) without compromising scientific integrity. A significant enrichment is the availability of a compact disc (CD) containing over 20 examples of acoustic demonstrations referred to in the book. These demonstrations, which range from echo effects and filtered noise to categorical speech perception and total more than 45 minutes, are invaluable resources for making the text come alive.

The scope of this book is to present in a systematic and unified manner the ray method (in its various forms) for studying nonlinear wave propagation in situations of physical interest (essentially fluid dynamics and plasma physics). The book could be used for an advanced graduate course on nonlinear waves. It should also be of interest to applied mathematicians, physicists and engineers, working in areas related to nonlinear waves.

The past three decades have witnessed the great success of lithium-ion batteries, especially in the areas of 3C products, electrical vehicles, and smart grid applications. However, further optimization of the energy/power density, coulombic efficiency, cycle life, charge speed, and environmental adaptability are still needed. To address these issues, a thorough understanding of the reaction inside a battery or dynamic evolution of each component is required. Microscopy and Microanalysis for Lithium-Ion Batteries discusses advanced analytical techniques that offer the capability of resolving the structure and chemistry at an atomic resolution to further drive lithium-ion battery research and development. * Provides comprehensive techniques that probe the fundamentals of Li-ion batteries. * Covers the basic principles of the techniques involved as well as its application in battery research. * Describes details of experimental set-ups and procedure for successful experiments. This reference is aimed at researchers, engineers, and scientists studying lithium-ion batteries including chemical, materials, and electrical engineers, as well as chemists and physicists.

Covers climate change fundamentals and its impact on different ecosystems and natural disasters Describes non-renewable energy aspects like fossil fuel, coal, oil, natural gas and so forth Explores sustainable development in terms of environment, social and economic aspects Includes species diversity and loss, agriculture productivity, water resources scarcity, health and environmental, rise in sea level and coastal area submergence Illustrates scientific hybridization of traditional ecological knowledge for enhancing climate change adaptation

Covers potential energy storage (rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors) and energy conversion (solar cells and fuel cells) materials. Develops theoretical predictions and experimental observations under a unified quasi-particle framework. Illustrate up-to-date calculation results and experimental measurements. Describes successful synthesis, fabrication, and measurements, as well as potential applications and near future challenges.

Key Features: Describes feedstock evaluation and the effects of elemental, chemical and fractional composition. Details reactor types and bed types. Explores the process options and parameters involved. Assesses coke formation and additives. Considers next generation processes and developments.

Provides background material needed to understand digital twin technology Presents computational facet of digital twin Includes physics based and surrogate model representations Addresses the problem of uncertainty in measurements and modeling Discusses practical case studies of implementation of digital twins addressing additive manufacturing, server farms, predictive maintenance, and smart cities

1. This book gives the reader a comprehensive and in-depth introduction to the variable gain control and details a series of related innovative technologies. Instead of reading various relevant books, this book enables readers to establish an overall understanding of variable gain control methods for different systems. 2. The goal of this book is to interpret complex control knowledge in simple terms. It is easy to understand and needs little background knowledge. 3. It highlights the practical applications of variable gain control in energy conversation. The designed variable gain control has a simple form and is convenient for engineering applications. 4. Discussion remarks are provided in each chapter with new contributions to emphasize the novelty of the presented design and analysis methods. Moreover, a number of interesting remaining problems in the related topics, which are worthy of further investigation, are discussed in this book. 5. Simulation results are given in each chapter, sometimes in a comparative manner, to show the effectiveness of these methods.

Solar Thermal Conversion Technologies for Industrial Process Heating presents a comprehensive look at the use of solar thermal energy in industrial applications, such as textiles, chemical processing, and food. The successful projects implemented in a variety of industries are shown in case studies, alongside performance assessment methodologies. The book will be useful for researchers, graduate students, and industry professionals with an aim to promote mutual understanding between sectors dealing with solar thermal energy. The book includes various solar thermal energy conversion technologies and new techniques and applications of solar collectors in industrial sectors. Features: Covers the key designs and novel technologies employed in the processing industries. Discusses challenges in the incorporation of the solar thermal system in industrial applications. Explores the techno-economic, environmental impact, and life cycle analysis, with government policies for promoting the system. Includes real-world case studies. Presents chapters written by global experts in the field. The book will be useful for researchers, graduate students, and industry professionals with an aim to promote mutual understanding between sectors dealing with solar thermal energy.

Covers flight mechanics, flight simulation, flight testing, flight control, and aeroservoelasticity. Features artificial neural network and fuzzy logic-based aspects in modeling and analysis of flight mechanics systems: aircraft parameter estimation, and reconfiguration of control. Focuses on a systems-based approach. Includes two new chapters, numerical simulation examples with a MATLAB® based approach, and end-of-chapter exercises. Includes a Solutions Manual and Figure Slides for adopting instructors.

Explains different power electronics types of converters with different types of renewable energy sources Provides review of the major power conversion topologies in one book Focuses on experimental analysis rather than simulation work Recommends usage of MATLAB, PSCAD, and PSIM simulation software for detailed analysis Includes DC-DC converters reasonable with peculiar power rating

Includes over 250 solved problems to supplement graduate-level courses in fluid mechanics and turbomachinery. Enables students to practice applying key concepts of fluid mechanics and the governing conservation laws to solve real-world problems. Uses the physics-first approach, allowing for a good understanding of the problem physics and the results obtained. Covers problems on flowpath aerodynamics design. Covers problems on secondary air systems modeling of gas turbines.

Offering a comprehensive overview of biofuels and bioenergy systems, Biofuels: Technologies, Policies, and Opportunities describes advances in technologies and global policies around biofuels as a renewable energy source. It discusses the basics of biofuel and bioenergy systems and current status and potential challenges in developed and developing countries. The book also highlights the questions that should be asked, available options, and processes (conventional and advanced) to enhance biofuel production. Details how technological interventions can influence the operation of an effective bioenergy system. Presents information regarding Renewable Energy Directives and global policies related to energy chains, energy models, market status, and appropriateness of technology selection for different generations of biofuel generation. Covers socio-economic aspects and techno-economic feasibility as well as a detailed Life cycle simulations (LCS)approach, revealing the real constraints being faced in the biofuels sector. Helps bioenergy professionals to prepare a roadmap for day-to-day operations. Describes recent advances such as biohythane, advanced oxidation process, and nanocatalyzed pretreatment for biofuel generation from wastewater. Addresses the most commonly discussed issues in the biofuel sector and the rationales underpinning them. Written for professionals, academic researchers, decision makers, and policymakers in the biofuel sector, this book provides readers with a wide-ranging review of current research and developments in the respective field.

One of the fundamental aspects of petroleum exploitation and production is that of petroleum engineering, ie the assessment and recovery of oil from the various types of oil 'reservoirs'. The importance of effective petroleum engineering has increased dramatically due to a number or of varying reasons. Firstly, recoverable oil reserves should be capable of extended life by application of efficient reservoir depletion methods. Secondly, the average recovery factor does not appear to have increased over the last three decades. Thirdly, the behaviour of reservoirs is still unpredictable in spite of the fact that the principles of oil recovery are better understood. Finally, there has been an enormous growth in the number of computer-based analysis techniques available to the engineer. These factors, taken in conjunction with the fact that many developments have been presented as unpublished papers, have highlighted the need for a series of volumes which will give the engineer a starting point for the collection of up-to-date information. This new series of volumes, Developments in Petroleum Engineering, is intended to fill this gap and will contain reviews of recent developments. The chapters are written by specialists at a level which summarises the progress, but does not necessarily cover every facet and detail, of a particular subject. Rather, they direct the reader to the most useful of the original sources.

Provides an overview of the biowaste as a sustainable source in the field of biofuel production Includes effective conversion parameters of the biowaste feedstocks and their classification Summarizes current research into the development and exploitation of new biofuel sources Discusses improvement of pilot scale scalability, and chemical processing and design flow Presents relevant and realistic global explanations on biowaste management techniques for biofuels

1) Presents a new type of S-N equation 2) Discusses empirical fracture equations of mixed mode crack 3) Applies the Wohler Curve Methods for a Low/Medium/High cycle fatigue in metallic materials 4) Enables the reader to analyse failure and fracture in metallic materials

This book, suitable for interested post-16 school pupils or undergraduates looking for a supplement to their course text, develops our modern view of space-time and its implications in the theories of gravity and cosmology. While aspects of this topic are inevitably abstract, the book seeks to ground thinking in observational and experimental evidence where possible. In addition, some of Einstein's philosophical thoughts are explored and contrasted with our modern views. Written in an accessible yet rigorous style, Jonathan Allday, a highly accomplished writer, brings his trademark clarity and engagement to these fascinating subjects, which underpin so much of modern physics. Features: Restricted use of advanced mathematics, making the book suitable for post-16 students and undergraduates Contains discussions of key modern developments in quantum gravity, and the latest developments in the field, including results from the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) Accompanied by appendices on the CRC Press website featuring detailed mathematical arguments for key derivations

Covers technologies considered to explore, predict, operation and maintenance of renewable energy sources Aids design and use of renewable energy sources including application of artificial intelligence in a real-time environment Includes IoT, Cloud Computing, Big data, Smart Grid and different optimization techniques for resource forecasting, installation, operation, and optimization of energy generation Discusses the principle of integration/hybridization of renewable energy sources along with their optimization based on energy requirement. Reviews concept and challenges involved in the implementation of smart grid.

This book investigates the role of law in enabling and addressing the barriers to the development of off-grid renewable electricity (OGRE). The limited development of OGRE is ascribed to a host of social, economic, and legal barriers, including the problem of initial capital costs, existing subsidies for conventional electricity, and lack of technological and institutional capacity. Through the analyses of selected case studies from Africa, Asia, Europe and North and South America, this book discusses the typical barriers to the development of OGRE from a global perspective and examines the role of the law in addressing them. Drawing together the lessons learnt from the case studies, this book offers robust recommendations on how the development of OGRE will support the goal of achieving universal access to low carbon, reliable, and sustainable electricity globally. This volume will be of great interest to students, scholars, policy makers, investors, and practitioners in the fields of energy law and policy, climate change, and renewable energy development.

Building on insights from ecological economics and philosophy of technology, this book offers a novel, interdisciplinary approach to understand the contradictory nature of Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is rapidly emerging as a cost-effective option in the world economy. However, reports about miserable working conditions, environmentally deleterious mineral extraction and toxic waste dumps corrode the image of a problem-free future based on solar power. Against this backdrop, Andreas Roos explores whether 'ecologically unequal exchange' - an asymmetric transfer of labour time and natural resources - is a necessary condition for solar PV development. He demonstrates how the massive increase in solar PV installation over recent years would not have been possible without significant wage/price differences in the world economy - notably between Europe/North America and Asia- and concludes that solar PV development is currently contingent on environmental injustices in the world economy. As a solution, Roos argues that solar technology is best coupled with strategies for degrowth, which allow for a transition away from fossil fuels and towards a socially just and ecologically sustainable future. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of solar power, philosophy of technology, and environmental justice.

Introduction to Ship Engine Room Systems outlines the key systems, machinery and equipment found in a ship's engine room. It explores the basics of their function with overall practical guidance for engine room operation and maintenance, recognising emerging environmental challenges. It covers the following topics: The role and function of the steering and propulsion systems Power generation The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems The water management system Engine room fires and emergency response systems Engine room watch procedures and checklists The book serves as an accessible introductory text for engineering students at HNC, HND, and foundation degree level, marine engineering cadets, and non-engineering marine professionals such as deck officers and cadets who want a general guide to how the engine room functions.

Gives comprehensive treatment on fluid dynamics and fluvial process from fundamentals to advanced level applications in one volume Present knowledge on sediment transport and its interaction with turbulence Covers recent methodologies on the study of turbulent flow theories with verification of data collected by ADV, PIV, LDA, and imaging techniques Explores latest empirical formulae for estimation of bed load, saltation and suspension Contains theory to experimentations with field practices with comprehensive explanations and illustrations with introduction of environmental fluid mechanics

Foundations of Mechanics is a mathematical exposition of classical mechanics with an introduction to the qualitative theory of dynamical systems and applications to the two-body problem and three-body problem.

Summarizes current recycling processes, challenges, and perspectives. Offers a comprehensive review of current commercialized LIB recycling companies. Showcases an innovative closed-loop hydrometallurgical recycling process to recycle lithium cathode materials. Provides detailed modelling and economic analysis of several hydrometallurgical recycling processes. Features practical cases and data developed by the authors.