This book lays the foundations of gas- and fluid dynamics.The basic equations are developed from first principles, building on the (assumed) knowledge of Classical Mechanics. This leads to the discussion of the mathematical properties of flows, conservation laws, perturbation analysis, waves and shocks. Most of the discussion centers on ideal (frictionless) fluids and gases. Viscous flows are discussed when considering flows around obstacles and shocks. Many of the examples used to illustrate various processes come from astrophysics and geophysical phenomena.

This book aims to face particles in flows from many different, but essentially interconnected sides and points of view. Thus the selection of authors and topics represented in the chapters, ranges from deep mathematical analysis of the associated models, through the techniques of their numerical solution, towards real applications and physical implications. The scope and structure of the book as well as the selection of authors was motivated by the very successful summer course and workshop "Particles in Flows'' that was held in Prague in the August of 2014. This meeting revealed the need for a book dealing with this specific and challenging multidisciplinary subject, i.e. particles in industrial, environmental and biomedical flows and the combination of fluid mechanics, solid body mechanics with various aspects of specific applications.

This book collects research papers on the philosophical foundations of probability, causality, spacetime and quantum theory. The papers are related to talks presented in six subsequent workshops organized by The Budapest-Krakow Research Group on Probability, Causality and Determinism. Coverage consists of three parts. Part I focuses on the notion of probability from a general philosophical and formal epistemological perspective. Part II applies probabilistic considerations to address causal questions in the foundations of quantum mechanics. Part III investigates the question of indeterminism in spacetime theories. It also explores some related questions, such as decidability and observation. The contributing authors are all philosophers of science with a strong background in mathematics or physics. They believe that paying attention to the finer formal details often helps avoiding pitfalls that exacerbate the philosophical problems that are in the center of focus of contemporary research. The papers presented here help make explicit the mathematical-structural assumptions that underlie key philosophical argumentations. This formally rigorous and conceptually precise approach will appeal to researchers and philosophers as well as mathematicians and statisticians.

This monograph studies optimization problems for rigid punches in elastic media and for high-speed penetration of rigid strikers into deformed elastoplastic, concrete, and composite media using variational calculations, tools from functional analysis, and stochastic and min-max (guaranteed) optimization approaches with incomplete data. The book presents analytical and numerical results developed by the authors during the last ten years.

This book provides an accessible introduction to the basic theory of fluid mechanics and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) from a modern perspective that unifies theory and numerical computation. Methods of scientific computing are introduced alongside with theoretical analysis and MATLAB (R) codes are presented and discussed for a broad range of topics: from interfacial shapes in hydrostatics, to vortex dynamics, to viscous flow, to turbulent flow, to panel methods for flow past airfoils. The third edition includes new topics, additional examples, solved and unsolved problems, and revised images. It adds more computational algorithms and MATLAB programs. It also incorporates discussion of the latest version of the fluid dynamics software library FDLIB, which is freely available online. FDLIB offers an extensive range of computer codes that demonstrate the implementation of elementary and advanced algorithms and provide an invaluable resource for research, teaching, classroom instruction, and self-study. This book is a must for students in all fields of engineering, computational physics, scientific computing, and applied mathematics. It can be used in both undergraduate and graduate courses in fluid mechanics, aerodynamics, and computational fluid dynamics. The audience includes not only advanced undergraduate and entry-level graduate students, but also a broad class of scientists and engineers with a general interest in scientific computing.

This monograph deals with the mechanics and thermodynamics of materials with memory, including properties of the dynamical equations that describe their evolution in time under varying loads. A work in four parts, the first is an introduction to continuum mechanics, including classical fluid mechanics, linear and non-linear elasticity. The second part considers continuum thermodynamics and its use to derive constitutive equations of materials with memory, including viscoelastic solids, fluids, heat conductors and some examples of non-simple materials. In the third part, free energies for materials with linear memory constitutive relations are discussed. The concept of a minimal state is introduced. Explicit formulae are presented for the minimum and related free energies. The final part deals with existence, uniqueness, and stability results for the integrodifferential equations describing the dynamical evolution of viscoelastic materials, including a new approach based on minimal states rather than histories. There are also chapters on the controllability of thermoelastic systems with memory, the Saint-Venant problem for viscoelastic materials and on the theory of inverse problems. The second edition includes a new chapter on thermoelectromagnetism as well as recent findings on minimal states and free energies. It considers the case of minimum free energies for non-simple materials and dielectrics, together with an introduction to fractional derivative models.

This book offers an essential introduction to the notions of sound wave topology, duality, coherence and wave-mixing, which constitute the emerging new science of sound. It includes general principles and specific examples that illuminate new non-conventional forms of sound (sound topology), unconventional quantum-like behavior of phonons (duality), radical linear and nonlinear phenomena associated with loss and its control (coherence), and exquisite effects that emerge from the interaction of sound with other physical and biological waves (wave mixing). The book provides the reader with the foundations needed to master these complex notions through simple yet meaningful examples. General principles for unraveling and describing the topology of acoustic wave functions in the space of their Eigen values are presented. These principles are then applied to uncover intrinsic and extrinsic approaches to achieving non-conventional topologies by breaking the time reversal symmetry of acoustic waves. Symmetry breaking can impart topological immunity to wave degradation from imperfection scattering and catalyze controlled coherence. In the intrinsic case and the phonon representation of acoustic waves, the self-interaction/interference of a wave through its supporting medium exposes the notion of duality in the quantum statistics (i.e. boson vs. fermion characterized by the symmetry of multiple particle states) and how the quantum analogue behaviors of sound can be exploited in the form of novel sound-based information transfer and processing devices. By considering media that mix different types of waves, the book addresses the interaction of sound with other physical and biological waves but also brings to light examples of extrinsic processes that can lead to symmetry breaking. The coherent conversion of sound into other types of waves as well as the sound-induced non-conventional topology of elastic, electronic, spin and biological waves are presented in the case of media exhibiting elasto-electronic, photo-elastic, magneto-elastic effects and biological mechano-transduction.

This prizewinning PhD thesis presents a general discussion of the orbital motion close to solar system small bodies (SSSBs), which induce non-central asymmetric gravitational fields in their neighborhoods. It introduces the methods of qualitative theory in nonlinear dynamics to the study of local/global behaviors around SSSBs. Detailed mechanical models are employed throughout this dissertation, and specific numeric techniques are developed to compensate for the difficulties of directly analyzing. Applying this method, several target systems, like asteroid 216 Kleopatra, are explored in great detail, and the results prove to be both revealing and pervasive for a large group of SSSBs.

Progress in the numerical simulation of turbulence has been rapid in the 1990s. New techniques both for the numerical approximation of the Navier-Stokes equations and for the subgrid-scale models used in large-eddy simulation have emerged and are being widely applied for both fundamental and applied engineering studies, along with ideas for the performance and use of simulation for compressible, chemically reacting and transitional flows. This collection of papers from the second ERCOFTAC Workshop on Direct and Large-Eddy Simulation, held in Grenoble in September 1996, presents the research being undertaken in Europe and Japan on these topics. Describing in detail the ambitious use of DNS for fundamental studies and of LES for complex flows of potential and actual engineering importance, this volume should be of interest to researchers active in the area.

Cosmology has become a very active research field in the last decades thanks to the impressing improvement of our observational techniques which have led to landmark discoveries such as the accelerated expansion of the universe, and have put physicists in front of new mysteries to unveil, such as the quest after the nature of dark matter and dark energy. These notes offer an approach to cosmology, covering fundamental topics in the field: the expansion of the universe, the thermal history, the evolution of small cosmological perturbations and the anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background radiation. Some extra topics are presented in the penultimate chapter and some standard results of physics and mathematics are available in the last chapter in order to provide a self-contained treatment. These notes offer an in-depth account of the above-mentioned topics and are aimed to graduate students who want to build an expertise in cosmology.

This book highlights the acoustical metamaterials' capability to manipulate the direction of sound propagation in solids which in turn control the scattering, diffraction and refraction, the three basic mechanisms of sound propagation in solids. This gives rise to several novel theories and applications and hence the name new acoustics. As an introduction, the book mentions that symmetry of acoustic fields is the theoretical framework of acoustical metamaterials. This is then followed by describing that acoustical metamaterials began with locally resonant sonic materials which ushered in the concept of negative acoustic parameters such as mass density and bulk modulus. This complies with form invariance of the acoustic equation of motion which again exemplifies the symmetry property of acoustic fields.

This book evaluates and suggests potentially critical improvements to causal set theory, one of the best-motivated approaches to the outstanding problems of fundamental physics. Spacetime structure is of central importance to physics beyond general relativity and the standard model. The causal metric hypothesis treats causal relations as the basis of this structure. The book develops the consequences of this hypothesis under the assumption of a fundamental scale, with smooth spacetime geometry viewed as emergent. This approach resembles causal set theory, but differs in important ways; for example, the relative viewpoint, emphasizing relations between pairs of events, and relationships between pairs of histories, is central. The book culminates in a dynamical law for quantum spacetime, derived via generalized path summation.

This work discusses the problem of physical meaning of the three main dynamical properties of matter motion, namely gravitation, inertia and weightlessness. It considers that Newtonian gravitation and Galileo's inertia are the centrifugal effects of interaction energy of a self-gravitating n-body system and its potential field. A self-gravitating celestial body appears to be an excellent natural centrifuge that is rotated by the energy of interacting elementary particles. Weightlessness is a consequence of the centrifugal effect of elementary particles interaction that appears at differentiation of a body matter with respect to density. The author analyzes the problem of creation of mass particles and elements from the elementary particles of "dark matter", and discusses the basic physics of the Jacobi dynamics from the viewpoint of quantum gravitation. Chapters assert that the fundamentals of Jacobi dynamics completely correspond to conditions of natural centrifuges. The centrifuge is an excellent experimental model for the study of dynamical effects in solving the many body problem. In this book, readers may follow the demonstration of some of those studies and follow derivations, solutions and conclusions that provide a solid basis for further research in celestial mechanics, geophysics, astrophysics, geo- and planetary sciences.

This book describes the development of a new analytical, full-vehicle model with nine degrees of freedom, which uses the new modified skyhook strategy (SKDT) to control the full-vehicle vibration problem. The book addresses the incorporation of road bank angle to create a zero steady-state torque requirement when designing the direct tilt control and the dynamic model of the full car model. It also highlights the potential of the SKDT suspension system to improve cornering performance and paves the way for future work on the vehicle's integrated chassis control system. Active tilting technology to improve vehicle cornering is the focus of numerous ongoing research projects, but these don't consider the effect of road bank angle in the control system design or in the dynamic model of the tilting standard passenger vehicles. The non-incorporation of road bank angle creates a non-zero steady state torque requirement.

An almost complete collection of the papers given at the International Workshop on Imaging in High Energy Astronomy (Anacapri, Italy, 1994). These proceedings, which concentrate on imaging above 10 keV, represent the state of the art in the field, resulting from the success of many missions (I.C. Granat and CGRO) carrying detectors for high energy astronomy with imaging capabilities. The main topics of the book are Bragg concentrators, coded mask-modulation collimators, double Compton telescopes, the occultation method, tracking chambers, and new experimental techniques. The book also contains some papers dealing with image reconstruction and processing, with an emphasis on the above techniques.

This book highlights the mathematical and physical properties of acoustical sources with singularities located in the complex plane and presents the application of such special elements to solve acoustical radiation and scattering problems. Sources whose origin lies in the complex plane are also solutions of the wave equation but possess different radiating properties as their counterparts with real positions. Such mathematical constructions are known in the fields of optics and electrodynamics, but they are not common in acoustical research. The objective of the book is to introduce this concept to acousticians and motivate them to engage themselves in further research and application of complex sources. Such sources are particularly useful to formulate Green's functions and related equivalent source and boundary element methods in half-spaces.

This book highlights time reversal acoustics, techniques based on the symmetry properties of acoustic fields. It has the unique feature that the first eleven chapters of the book are on the indepth studies of the theories of time reversal acoustics. The remaining chapters are on the four major applications of time reversal acoustics, together with their experimental setups and case studies: underwater communication, seismic exploration,nondestructive evaluation, and medical ultrasound imaging.. The gauge invariance approach to acoustic fields, proposed by the author in 2007, is confirmed by the successful fabrication of acoustical metamaterials and the applications of time reversal acoustics to superresolution. The book also presents groundbreaking applications of time reversal acoustics to underwater communication technology and the application of metamaterials to time reversal acoustics.

This thesis covers several important topics relevant to our understanding of quark-gluon plasma. It describes measurement of the third-order harmonic flow using two-particle correlations and isolation of flow and non-flow contributions to particle correlations in gold-gold collisions. The work also investigates long-range longitudinal correlations in small systems of deuteron-gold collisions. The former is related to the hydrodynamic transport properties of the quark-gluon plasma created in gold-gold collisions. The latter pertains to the question whether hydrodynamics is applicable to small systems, such as deuteron-gold collisions, and whether the quark-gluon plasma can be formed in those small-system collisions. The work presented in this thesis was conducted with the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory, where the center-of-mass energy of both collision systems was a factor of 100 larger than the rest mass of the colliding nuclei. The results contained in this thesis are highly relevant to our quest for deeper understanding of quantum chromodynamics. The results obtained challenge the interpretation of previous works from several other experiments on small systems, and provoke a fresh look at the physics of hydrodynamics and particle correlations pertinent to high energy nuclear collisions.

This book discusses basic thermodynamic behaviors and 'abnormal' properties from a thermo-physical perspective, and explores basic heat transfer and flow properties, the latest findings on their physical aspects and indications, chemical engineering properties, microscale phenomena, as well as transient behaviors in fast and critical environments. It also presents the most and challenging problems and the outlook for applications and innovations of supercritical fluids.

1. Bursting and Structure of the Turbulence in an Internal Flow Manipulated by Riblets; S. Tardu, T.V. Truong, B. Tanguay. 2. On Near-Wall Turbulence-Generating Events in a Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Riblet Surface; Y.P. Tang, D.G. Clark. 3. Friction Velocity and Virtual Origin Estimates for Mean Velocity Profiles above Smooth and Triangular Riblet Surfaces; A.D. Schwarz-van Manen, A.F.M. van Geloven, J. Nieuwenhuizen, J.C. Stouthart, K.K. Prasad, F.T.M. Nieuwstadt. 4. Viscous Sublayers Analysis of Riblets and Wire Arrays; P. Luchini. 5. Riblet Flow Calculations with a Low Reynolds Number K - epsilon model; L. Djenidi, R.A. Antonia. 6. On the Prediction of Riblet Performance with Engineering Turbulence Models; B.E. Launder, S.P. Li. 7. Modelling the Time Dependent Flow over the Viscous Wall Region; S. Tullis, A. Pollard. 8. Possibility of Drag Reduction using d-Type Roughness; K.S. Choi, N. Fujisawa. 9. The Drag of Three-Dimensional Rectangualr Cavities; E. Savory, N. Toy, P.J. Disimile, R.G. DiMicco. 10. Turbulence Structure of Dilute Polymer and Surfactant Solutions in Artificially Roughened Pipes; H.-W. Bewersdorff, H. Thiel. 11. Effect of External Manipulators on the Heat Transfer on a Flat Plate Turbulent Boundary Layer; A. Hamdouni, J.P. Bonnet.

This book - specifically developed as a novel textbook on elementary classical mechanics - shows how analytical and numerical methods can be seamlessly integrated to solve physics problems. This approach allows students to solve more advanced and applied problems at an earlier stage and equips them to deal with real-world examples well beyond the typical special cases treated in standard textbooks. Another advantage of this approach is that students are brought closer to the way physics is actually discovered and applied, as they are introduced right from the start to a more exploratory way of understanding phenomena and of developing their physical concepts. While not a requirement, it is advantageous for the reader to have some prior knowledge of scientific programming with a scripting-type language. This edition of the book uses Python, and a chapter devoted to the basics of scientific programming with Python is included. A parallel edition using Matlab instead of Python is also available. Last but not least, each chapter is accompanied by an extensive set of course-tested exercises and solutions.

Many open questions in Theoretical Physics pertain to strongly interacting quantum systems such as the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) produced in heavy-ion collisions or the strange-metal phase observed in many high-temperature superconductors. These systems are notoriously difficult to study using traditional methods such as perturbation theory, but the gauge/gravity duality offers a successful alternative approach, which maps strongly interacting quantum gauge theories to computationally tractable, classical gravity theories. This book begins with a pedagogical introduction to how the duality can be used to extract transport properties of quantum systems from their gravity dual. It then presents new results on hydrodynamic transport in strongly interacting quantum fluids, providing strong evidence that the Haack-Yarom identity between second-order transport coefficients holds for all fluids with a classical gravity dual and may be a universal feature of all strongly coupled quantum fluids such as the QGP. Newly derived Kubo formulae, expressing transport coefficients in terms of quantum correlators, hold independently of the duality. Lastly, the book discusses new results on magnetic impurities in strongly correlated metals, including the first dual gravity description of an inter-impurity coupling, crucial for the quantum criticality underlying the strange-metal phase.

This book systematically describes the concepts and principles for multi-satellite relative motion, passive and near passive formation designs, trajectory planning and control for fuel optimal formation maneuvers, and formation flying maintenance control design. As such, it provides a sound foundation for researchers and engineers in this field to develop further theories and pursue their implementations. Though satellite formation flying is widely considered to be a major advance in space technology, there are few systematic treatments of the topic in the literature. Addressing that gap, the book offers a valuable resource for academics, researchers, postgraduate students and practitioners in the field of satellite science and engineering.

In its fifth extended edition the successful monograph package "Multiphase Flow Dynamics" contains theory, methods and practical experience for describing complex transient multi-phase processes in arbitrary geometrical configurations, providing a systematic presentation of the theory and practice of numerical multi-phase fluid dynamics. In the present first volume the local volume and time averaging is used to derive a complete set of conservation equations for three fluids each of them having multi components as constituents. Large parts of the book are devoted on the design of successful numerical methods for solving the obtained system of partial differential equations. Finally the analysis is repeated for boundary fitted curvilinear coordinate systems designing methods applicable for interconnected multi-blocks. This fifth edition includes various updates, extensions, improvements and corrections, as well as a completely new chapter containing the basic physics describing the multi-phase flow in turbines, compressors, pumps and other rotating hydraulic machines.