This book begins with the history and fundamentals of optical fiber communications. Then, briefly introduces existing optical multiplexing techniques and finally focuses on spatial domain multiplexing (SDM), aka space division multiplexing, and orbital angular momentum of photon based multiplexing. These are two emerging multiplexing techniques that have added two new degrees of photon freedom to optical fibers.

Ultra-Wideband Surveillance Radar is an emerging technology for detecting and characterizing targets and cultural features for military and geosciences applications. To characterize objects near and under severe clutter, it is necessary to have fine range and cross range resolution. The resultant wide bandwidth classifies the systems as ultra-wideband, requiring special treatment in system technology and frequency allocation. This book explores several UWB surveillance radar prototypes, including Hostile Weapons Locator System (HOWLS), Multibeam Modular Surveillance Radar (MMSR), and geoscience synthetic aperture radar (GeoSAR). These prototype radars illustrated the early development of multi-mode capabilities leading to modern radar systems. Based on the results of these prototypes and recent radar technology publications a novel multi-mode, multi-channel radar is presented and analysed. The book begins with a history of airborne surveillance radar, then goes on to provide systematic and detailed coverage of the following topics and technologies: surveillance radar detection; surveillance radar modes; UWB antennas; ultra-Wideband SAR processing; interferometric radar modes; UWB ground moving target detection; UWB spectrum compliance; and UWB multimode operation. The first book to cover these new capabilities, this is an important reference for radar engineers, especially those working in geosciences and military applications. It is also relevant to academic and advanced engineering researchers developing new radar technologies and algorithms for image processing, as well as the advanced electromagnetics research community.

Source Separation and Machine Learning presents the fundamentals in adaptive learning algorithms for Blind Source Separation (BSS) and emphasizes the importance of machine learning perspectives. It illustrates how BSS problems are tackled through adaptive learning algorithms and model-based approaches using the latest information on mixture signals to build a BSS model that is seen as a statistical model for a whole system. Looking at different models, including independent component analysis (ICA), nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF), nonnegative tensor factorization (NTF), and deep neural network (DNN), the book addresses how they have evolved to deal with multichannel and single-channel source separation.

Nanoelectronics: Devices, Circuits and Systems explores current and emerging trends in the field of nanoelectronics, from both a devices-to-circuits and circuits-to-systems perspective. It covers a wide spectrum and detailed discussion on the field of nanoelectronic devices, circuits and systems. This book presents an in-depth analysis and description of electron transport phenomenon at nanoscale dimensions. Both qualitative and analytical approaches are taken to explore the devices, circuit functionalities and their system applications at deep submicron and nanoscale levels. Recent devices, including FinFET, Tunnel FET, and emerging materials, including graphene, and its applications are discussed. In addition, a chapter on advanced VLSI interconnects gives clear insight to the importance of these nano-transmission lines in determining the overall IC performance. The importance of integration of optics with electronics is elucidated in the optoelectronics and photonic integrated circuit sections of this book. This book provides valuable resource materials for scientists and electrical engineers who want to learn more about nanoscale electronic materials and how they are used.

This book is designed primarily as a laboratory operations manual for fundamental mechatronics and robotics experiential and project-based learning. It is also ordered in that starting with the Tricycle Robot, students build up their knowledge and experience of programming to be able to tackle the Rickshaw Robot and finally the most complex robot, i.e., the Hexapod Robot. The book is aimed at university and college students; however, with robotics curricula extending down into lower grades this book can also be very useful for teachers at any school level. Furthermore, the book provides useful ideas for driverless vehicles and robots, as well as for educators who are developing practical project-based teaching and learning modules. Readers of the book can easily modify the coding, computing language, and hardware to suit personal preferences.

Introduce yourself to the foundations of fuzzy logic with this easy-to-use guide Many fields studied are defined by imprecise information or high degrees of uncertainty. When this uncertainty derives from randomness, traditional probabilistic statistical methods are adequate to address it; more everyday forms of vagueness and imprecision, however, require the toolkit associated with 'fuzzy sets' and 'fuzzy logic'. Engineering and mathematical fields related to artificial intelligence, operations research and decision theory are now strongly driven by fuzzy set theory. Mathematical Foundation of Fuzzy Sets introduces readers to the theoretical background and practical techniques required to apply fuzzy logic to engineering and mathematical problems. It introduces the mathematical foundations of fuzzy sets as well as the current cutting edge of fuzzy-set operations and arithmetic, offering a rounded introduction to this essential field of applied mathematics. The result can be used either as a textbook or as an invaluable reference for working researchers and professionals. Mathematical Foundation of Fuzzy Sets offers the reader: Detailed coverage of set operations, fuzzification of crisp operations, and more Logical structure in which each chapter builds carefully on previous results Intuitive structure, divided into 'basic' and 'advanced' sections, to facilitate use in one- or two-semester courses Mathematical Foundation of Fuzzy Sets is essential for graduate students and academics in engineering and applied mathematics, particularly those doing work in artificial intelligence, decision theory, operations research, and related fields.

Urban Mobility and the Smartphone: Transportation, Travel Behavior and Public Policy provides a global synthesis of the transformation of urban mobility by the smartphone, clarifying the definitions of new concepts and objects in mobility studies, accounting for the changes in transportation and travel behavior triggered by the spread of the smartphone, and discussing the implications of these changes for policy-making and research. Urban mobility is approached here as a system of actors: the perspectives of individual behavior (including lifestyles), the supply of mobility services (including actors, business models), and public policy-making are considered. The book is based on an extensive review of the academic literature as well as systematic observation of the development of smartphone-based mobility services around the world. In addition, case studies provide practical illustrations of the ongoing transformation of mobility services influenced by the dissemination of smartphones. The book not only consolidates existing research, but also picks up on weak signals that help researchers and practitioners anticipate future changes in urban mobility systems. Key Features * Synthesizes existing research into one reference, providing researchers and policy-makers with a clear and complete understanding of the changes triggered by the spread of the smartphone. * Analyzes numerous case studies throughout developed and developing countries providing practical illustrations of the influence of the smartphone on travel behavior, transportation systems, and policy-making. * Provides insights for researchers and practitioners looking to engage with the "smart cities" and "smart mobility" discourse.

Fractional Order Systems: Optimization, Control, Circuit Realizations and Applications consists of 21 contributed chapters by subject experts. Chapters offer practical solutions and novel methods for recent research problems in the multidisciplinary applications of fractional order systems, such as FPGA, circuits, memristors, control algorithms, photovoltaic systems, robot manipulators, oscillators, etc. This book is ideal for researchers working in the modeling and applications of both continuous-time and discrete-time dynamics and chaotic systems. Researchers from academia and industry who are working in research areas such as control engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, computer science, and information technology will find the book most informative.

Gallium Oxide: Technology, Devices and Applications discusses the wide bandgap semiconductor and its promising applications in power electronics, solar blind UV detectors, and in extreme environment electronics. It also covers the fundamental science of gallium oxide, providing an in-depth look at the most relevant properties of this materials system. High quality bulk Ga2O3 is now commercially available from several sources and n-type epi structures are also coming onto the market. As researchers are focused on creating new complex structures, the book addresses the latest processing and synthesis methods. Chapters are designed to give readers a complete picture of the Ga2O3 field and the area of devices based on Ga2O3, from their theoretical simulation, to fabrication and application.

Phenomena of Optical Metamaterials provides an overview of phenomena enabled by artificial and designed metamaterials and their application for photonic devices. The book explores the study of active metamaterials with tunable and switchable properties and novel functionalities, such as the control of spontaneous emission and enhancement. Topics addressed cover theory, modelling and design, applications in practical devices, fabrication, characterization, and measurement, thus helping readers understand and develop new artificial, functional materials.

CONVERGED COMMUNICATIONS A one-of-a-kind exploration of the past, present, and future of telecommunications In Converged Communications: Evolution from Telephony to 5G Mobile Internet, telecommunications industry veteran Erkki Koivusalo delivers an essential reference describing how different communications systems work, how they have evolved from fixed telephone networks to the latest 5G mobile systems, and how the voice and data services converged. The central theme of the book is to build deeper understanding about incremental technological progress by introducing both state of the art and their predecessor technologies. The book explores four main areas, including fixed telephone systems, data communication systems, mobile cellular systems, and IP multimedia systems. It clearly explains architectures, protocols, and functional procedures, and discusses a variety of topics ranging from physical layer processes to system level interactions. Converged -Communications offers: In-depth treatments of fixed telephone and transmission systems, including operation of telephone exchanges and signaling systems Comprehensive explorations of data communication systems, including transmission of data over telephone lines and data network technologies, such as Ethernet and TCP/IP Incisive discussions of mobile cellular systems, including GSM, 3G, LTE, VoLTE and 5G Insightful analysis of incremental system evolution to justify various design choices made The book is supported with extensive online appendices, which covers communication system concepts, an overview of standardization, various technologies used in the past, state-of-the art technologies such as WLAN, cable modems, and FTTx, complementing the other systems described in the book which have evolved from the fixed telephone network. Perfect for network operators, system integrators, and communication system vendors, Converged Communications: Evolution from Telephony to 5G Mobile Internet will also earn a place in the libraries of undergraduate and graduate students studying telecommunications and mobile systems. Constructive comments and improvement proposals about Converged Communications or its online appendices can be sent by email to address [email protected]. The feedback will be considered for possible new editions of the book or the revisions of the appendices.

A cutting-edge, advanced level, exploration of optical sensing application in power transformers Optical Sensing in Power Transformers is filled with the critical information and knowledge on the optical techniques applied in power transformers, which are important and expensive components in the electric power system. Effective monitoring of systems has proven to decrease the transformer lifecycle cost and increase a high level of availability and reliability. It is commonly held that optical sensing techniques will play an increasingly significant role in online monitoring of power transformers. In this comprehensive text, the authors--noted experts on the topic--present a scholarly review of the various cutting-edge optical principles and methodologies adopted for online monitoring of power transformers. Grounded in the authors' extensive research, the book examines optical techniques and high-voltage equipment testing and provides the foundation for further application, prototype, and manufacturing. The book explores the principles, installation, operation, condition detection, monitoring, and fault diagnosis of power transformers. This important text: Provides a current exploration of optical sensing application in power transformers Examines the critical balance and pros and cons of cost and quality of various optical condition monitoring techniques Presents a wide selection of techniques with appropriate technical background Extends the vision of condition monitoring testing and analysis Treats condition monitoring testing and analysis tools together in a coherent framework Written for researchers, technical research and development personnel, manufacturers, and frontline engineers, Optical Sensing in Power Transformers offers an up-to-date review of the most recent developments of optical sensing application in power transformers.

Novel Magnetic Nanostructures: Unique Properties and Applications reviews the synthesis, design, characterization and unique properties of emerging nanostructured magnetic materials. It discusses the most promising and relevant applications, including data storage, spintronics and biomedical applications. Properties investigated include electronic, self-assembling, multifunctional, and magnetic properties, along with magnetic phenomena. Structures range from magnetic nanoclusters, nanoparticles, and nanowires, to multilayers and self-assembling nanosystems. This book provides a better understanding of the static and dynamic magnetism in new nanostructures for important applications.

Encyclopedia of Materials: Electronics, Three Volume Set provides a compilation on all aspects of electronic materials and devices, i.e., their science, engineering and technology. As electronic materials are integrated into numerous devices and widely used in almost all sectors, including information and communication technology, automation and control, robotics, manufacturing, process industries, instrumentation, energy and power systems, healthcare, and defense and security, this book is an ideal reference. This area of science will play an influential role in the future. In addition, given the rapid expansion of publications in this field, the compilation of definitive reviews of this kind is especially important and invaluable. The study of electronic materials is truly multidisciplinary, therefore the contributors to, and the audience for, this work will be from the fields of materials science, engineering, physics and chemistry. This title will provide users with a single and unique reference source for fundamental and applied research in electronic materials, incorporating elements from many different disciplines and applications. The work will be an invaluable resource for libraries in universities, research organizations, and manufacturing and technology companies.

Encapsulation Technologies for Electronic Applications, Second Edition, offers an updated, comprehensive discussion of encapsulants in electronic applications, with a primary emphasis on the encapsulation of microelectronic devices and connectors and transformers. It includes sections on 2-D and 3-D packaging and encapsulation, encapsulation materials, including environmentally friendly 'green' encapsulants, and the properties and characterization of encapsulants. Furthermore, this book provides an extensive discussion on the defects and failures related to encapsulation, how to analyze such defects and failures, and how to apply quality assurance and qualification processes for encapsulated packages. In addition, users will find information on the trends and challenges of encapsulation and microelectronic packages, including the application of nanotechnology. Increasing functionality of semiconductor devices and higher end used expectations in the last 5 to 10 years has driven development in packaging and interconnected technologies. The demands for higher miniaturization, higher integration of functions, higher clock rates and data, and higher reliability influence almost all materials used for advanced electronics packaging, hence this book provides a timely release on the topic.

While human capabilities can withstand broad levels of strain, they cannot hope to compete with the advanced abilities of automated technologies. Developing advanced robotic systems will provide a better, faster means to produce goods and deliver a level of seamless communication and synchronization that exceeds human skill. Advanced Robotics and Intelligent Automation in Manufacturing is a pivotal reference source that provides vital research on the application of advanced manufacturing technologies in regards to production speed, quality, and innovation. While highlighting topics such as human-machine interaction, quality management, and sensor integration, this publication explores state-of-the-art technologies in the field of robotics engineering as well as human-robot interaction. This book is ideally designed for researchers, students, engineers, manufacturers, managers, industry professionals, and academicians seeking to enhance their innovative design capabilities.

Developments in Antenna Analysis and Design presents recent developments in antenna design and modeling techniques for a wide variety of applications, chosen because they are contemporary in nature, have been receiving considerable attention in recent years, and are crucial for future developments. It includes topics such as body-worn antennas, that play an important role as sensors for Internet of Things (IoT), and millimeter wave antennas that are vitally important for 5G devices. It also covers a wide frequency range that includes terahertz and optical frequencies. Additionally, it discusses topics such as theoretical bounds of antennas and aspects of statistical analysis that are not readily found in the existing literature. This second volume covers the topics of: graphene-based antennas; millimeter-wave antennas; terahertz antennas; optical antennas; fundamental bounds of antennas; fast and numerically efficient techniques for analyzing antennas; statistical analysis of antennas; ultra-wideband arrays; reflectarrays; and antennas for small satellites, viz., CubeSats. The first volume covers the theory of characteristic modes (TCM) and characteristic bases; wideband antenna element designs; MIMO antennas; antennas for wireless communication; reconfigurable antennas employing microfluidics; flexible and body-worn antennas; and antennas using meta-atoms and artificially-engineered materials, or metamaterials (MTMs). The two volumes represent a unique combination of topics pertaining to antenna design and analysis, not found elsewhere. It is essential reading for the antenna community including designers, students, researchers, faculty engaged in teaching and research of antennas, and the users as well as decision makers.