This is the first book on the subject of FPF rings and the systematic use of the notion of the generator of the category mod-R of all right R-modules and its relationship to faithful modules. This carries out the program, explicit of inherent, in the work of G Azumaya, H. Bass, R. Dedekind, S. Endo, I. Kaplansky, K. Morita, T. Nakayama, R. Thrall, and more recently, W. Brandal, R. Pierce, T. Shores, R. and S. Wiegand and P. Vamos, among others. FPF rings include quasi-Frobenius rings (and thus finite rings over fields), pseudo-Frobenius (PF) rings (and thus injective cogenerator rings), bounded Dedekind prime rings and the following commutative rings; self-injective rings, Prufer rings, all rings over which every finitely generated module decomposes into a direct sum of cyclic modules (=FGC rings), and hence almost maximal valuation rings. Any product (finite or infinite) of commutative or self-basic PFP rings is FPF. A number of important classes of FPF rings are completely characterised including semiprime Neotherian, semiperfect Neotherian, perfect nonsingular prime, regular and self-injective rings. Finite group rings over PF or commutative injective rings are FPF. This work is the culmination of a decade of research and writing by the authors and includes all known theorems on the subject of noncommutative FPF rings. This book will be of interest to professional mathematicians, especially those with an interest in noncommutative ring theory and module theory.

This book is a self-contained account of the theory of classgroups of group rings. The guiding philosophy has been to describe all the basic properties of such classgroups in terms of character functions. This point of view is due to A. Frohlich and it achieves a considerable simplification and clarity over previous techniques. A main feature of the book is the introduction of the author's group logarithm, with numerous examples of its application. The main results dealt with are: Ullom's conjecture for Swan modules of p-groups; the self-duality theorem for rings of integers of tame extensions; the fixed-point theorem for determinants of group rings; the existence of Adams operations on classgroups. In addition, the author includes a number of calculations of classgroups of specific families of groups such as generalized dihedral groups, and quaternion and dihedral 2-groups. The work contained in this book should be readily accessible to any graduate student in pure mathematics who has taken a course in the representation theory of finite groups. It will also be of interest to number theorists and algebraic topologists.

This volume publishes key proceedings from the recent International Conference on Hopf Algebras held at DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois. With contributions from leading researchers in the field, this collection deals with current topics ranging from categories of infinitesimal Hopf modules and bimodules to the construction of a Hopf algebraic Morita invariant. It uses the newly introduced theory of bi-Frobenius algebras to investigate a notion of group-like algebras and summarizes results on the classification of Hopf algebras of dimension pq. It also explores pre-Lie, dendriform, and Nichols algebras and discusses support cones for infinitesimal group schemes.

Just as the circle number or the Euler constant e determines mathematics, fundamental constants of nature define the scales of the natural sciences. This book presents a new perspective by means of a few axioms and compares the resulting validity with experimental data. By the axiomatic approach Sommerfeld's mysterious fine-structure constant and Dirac's cosmic number are fixed as pure number constants. Thanks to these number constants, it is possible to calculate the value for the anomalous magnetic-moment of the electron in a simple way compared to QED calculations. With the same number constants it is also possible to calculate masses, partial lifetimes, magnetic-moments or charge radii of fundamental particles. The expressions used for the calculations, with few exceptions, yield values within the experimental error limits of the Particle Data Group. The author shows that the introduced number constants give even better predictions than the complicated QED calculations of today's doctrine. In the first part only experimental data from the literature for checking the postulates are used. In the second part the author explains electrical transport measurements with emergent behaviour, which were carried out in a professional environment.

Written by researchers who have helped found and shape the field, this book is a definitive introduction to geometric modeling. The authors present all of the necessary techniques for curve and surface representations in computer-aided modeling with a focus on how the techniques are used in design. They achieve a balance between mathematical rigor and broad applicability. Appropriate for readers with a moderate degree of mathematical maturity, this book is suitable as an undergraduate or graduate text, or particularly as a resource for self-study.

The Geometry Toolbox takes a novel and particularly visual approach to teaching the basic concepts of two- and three-dimensional geometry. It explains the geometry essential for today's computer modeling, computer graphics, and animation systems. While the basic theory is completely covered, the emphasis of the book is not on abstract proofs but rather on examples and algorithms. The Geometry Toolbox is the ideal text for professionals who want to get acquainted with the latest geometric tools. The chapters on basic curves and surfaces form an ideal stepping stone into the world of graphics and modeling. It is also a unique textbook for a modern introduction to linear algebra and matrix theory.

This new book contains the most up-to-date and focused description of the applications of Clifford algebras in analysis, particularly classical harmonic analysis. It is the first single volume devoted to applications of Clifford analysis to other aspects of analysis. All chapters are written by world authorities in the area. Of particular interest is the contribution of Professor Alan McIntosh. He gives a detailed account of the links between Clifford algebras, monogenic and harmonic functions and the correspondence between monogenic functions and holomorphic functions of several complex variables under Fourier transforms. He describes the correspondence between algebras of singular integrals on Lipschitz surfaces and functional calculi of Dirac operators on these surfaces. He also discusses links with boundary value problems over Lipschitz domains. Other specific topics include Hardy spaces and compensated compactness in Euclidean space; applications to acoustic scattering and Galerkin estimates; scattering theory for orthogonal wavelets; applications of the conformal group and Vahalen matrices; Newmann type problems for the Dirac operator; plus much, much more! Clifford Algebras in Analysis and Related Topics also contains the most comprehensive section on open problems available. The book presents the most detailed link between Clifford analysis and classical harmonic analysis. It is a refreshing break from the many expensive and lengthy volumes currently found on the subject.

Radical Theory of Rings distills the most noteworthy present-day theoretical topics, gives a unified account of the classical structure theorems for rings, and deepens understanding of key aspects of ring theory via ring and radical constructions. Assimilating radical theory's evolution in the decades since the last major work on rings and radicals was published, the authors deal with some distinctive features of the radical theory of nonassociative rings, associative rings with involution, and near-rings. Written in clear algebraic terms by globally acknowledged authorities, the presentation includes more than 500 landmark and up-to-date references providing direction for further research.

Interest in finite automata theory continues to grow, not only because of its applications in computer science, but also because of more recent applications in mathematics, particularly group theory and symbolic dynamics. The subject itself lies on the boundaries of mathematics and computer science, and with a balanced approach that does justice to both aspects, this book provides a well-motivated introduction to the mathematical theory of finite automata. The first half of Finite Automata focuses on the computer science side of the theory and culminates in Kleene's Theorem, which the author proves in a variety of ways to suit both computer scientists and mathematicians. In the second half, the focus shifts to the mathematical side of the theory and constructing an algebraic approach to languages. Here the author proves two main results: Schutzenberger's Theorem on star-free languages and the variety theorem of Eilenberg and Schutzenberger. Accessible even to students with only a basic knowledge of discrete mathematics, this treatment develops the underlying algebra gently but rigorously, and nearly 200 exercises reinforce the concepts. Whether your students' interests lie in computer science or mathematics, the well organized and flexible presentation of Finite Automata provides a route to understanding that you can tailor to their particular tastes and abilities.

Noncommutative Geometry and Cayley-smooth Orders explains the theory of Cayley-smooth orders in central simple algebras over function fields of varieties. In particular, the book describes the etale local structure of such orders as well as their central singularities and finite dimensional representations. After an introduction to partial desingularizations of commutative singularities from noncommutative algebras, the book presents the invariant theoretic description of orders and their centers. It proceeds to introduce etale topology and its use in noncommutative algebra as well as to collect the necessary material on representations of quivers. The subsequent chapters explain the etale local structure of a Cayley-smooth order in a semisimple representation, classify the associated central singularity to smooth equivalence, describe the nullcone of these marked quiver representations, and relate them to the study of all isomorphism classes of n-dimensional representations of a Cayley-smooth order. The final chapters study Quillen-smooth algebras via their finite dimensional representations. Noncommutative Geometry and Cayley-smooth Orders provides a gentle introduction to one of mathematics' and physics' hottest topics.

Computational Aspects of Polynomial Identities: Volume l, Kemer's Theorems, 2nd Edition presents the underlying ideas in recent polynomial identity (PI)-theory and demonstrates the validity of the proofs of PI-theorems. This edition gives all the details involved in Kemer's proof of Specht's conjecture for affine PI-algebras in characteristic 0. The book first discusses the theory needed for Kemer's proof, including the featured role of Grassmann algebra and the translation to superalgebras. The authors develop Kemer polynomials for arbitrary varieties as tools for proving diverse theorems. They also lay the groundwork for analogous theorems that have recently been proved for Lie algebras and alternative algebras. They then describe counterexamples to Specht's conjecture in characteristic p as well as the underlying theory. The book also covers Noetherian PI-algebras, Poincare-Hilbert series, Gelfand-Kirillov dimension, the combinatoric theory of affine PI-algebras, and homogeneous identities in terms of the representation theory of the general linear group GL. Through the theory of Kemer polynomials, this edition shows that the techniques of finite dimensional algebras are available for all affine PI-algebras. It also emphasizes the Grassmann algebra as a recurring theme, including in Rosset's proof of the Amitsur-Levitzki theorem, a simple example of a finitely based T-ideal, the link between algebras and superalgebras, and a test algebra for counterexamples in characteristic p.

This volume contains original research articles, survey articles and lecture notes related to the Computations with Modular Forms 2011 Summer School and Conference, held at the University of Heidelberg. A key theme of the Conference and Summer School was the interplay between theory, algorithms and experiment. The 14 papers offer readers both, instructional courses on the latest algorithms for computing modular and automorphic forms, as well as original research articles reporting on the latest developments in the field. The three Summer School lectures provide an introduction to modern algorithms together with some theoretical background for computations of and with modular forms, including computing cohomology of arithmetic groups, algebraic automorphic forms, and overconvergent modular symbols. The 11 Conference papers cover a wide range of themes related to computations with modular forms, including lattice methods for algebraic modular forms on classical groups, a generalization of the Maeda conjecture, an efficient algorithm for special values of p-adic Rankin triple product L-functions, arithmetic aspects and experimental data of Bianchi groups, a theoretical study of the real Jacobian of modular curves, results on computing weight one modular forms, and more.

Near Rings, Fuzzy Ideals, and Graph Theory explores the relationship between near rings and fuzzy sets and between near rings and graph theory. It covers topics from recent literature along with several characterizations. After introducing all of the necessary fundamentals of algebraic systems, the book presents the essentials of near rings theory, relevant examples, notations, and simple theorems. It then describes the prime ideal concept in near rings, takes a rigorous approach to the dimension theory of N-groups, gives some detailed proofs of matrix near rings, and discusses the gamma near ring, which is a generalization of both gamma rings and near rings. The authors also provide an introduction to fuzzy algebraic systems, particularly the fuzzy ideals of near rings and gamma near rings. The final chapter explains important concepts in graph theory, including directed hypercubes, dimension, prime graphs, and graphs with respect to ideals in near rings. Near ring theory has many applications in areas as diverse as digital computing, sequential mechanics, automata theory, graph theory, and combinatorics. Suitable for researchers and graduate students, this book provides readers with an understanding of near ring theory and its connection to fuzzy ideals and graph theory.

Filled with practical examples, Quasilinear Hyperbolic Systems, Compressible Flows, and Waves presents a self-contained discussion of quasilinear hyperbolic equations and systems with applications. It emphasizes nonlinear theory and introduces some of the most active research in the field. After linking continuum mechanics and quasilinear partial differential equations, the book discusses the scalar conservation laws and hyperbolic systems in two independent variables. Using the method of characteristics and singular surface theory, the author then presents the evolutionary behavior of weak and mild discontinuities in a quasilinear hyperbolic system. He also explains how to apply weakly nonlinear geometrical optics in nonequilibrium and stratified gas flows and demonstrates the power, generality, and elegance of group theoretic methods for solving Euler equations of gasdynamics involving shocks. The final chapter deals with the kinematics of a shock of arbitrary strength in three dimensions. With a focus on physical applications, this text takes readers on a journey through this fascinating area of applied mathematics. It provides the essential mathematical concepts and techniques to understand the phenomena from a theoretical standpoint and to solve a variety of physical problems.

Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. Don't let quadratic equations make you irrationalIf you are absolutely confused by absolute value equations, or you think parabolas are short moralstories, College Algebra DeMYSTiFied, Second Edition is your solution to mastering the topic's concepts and theories at your own pace. This thoroughly revised and updated guide eases you into the subject, beginning with the math fundamentals then introducing you to this advancedform of algebra. As you progress, you will learn howto simplify rational expressions, divide complex numbers, and solve quadratic equations. You will understand the difference between odd and even functions and no longer be confused by the multiplicity of zeros. Detailed examples make it easy to understand the material, and end-of-chapterquizzes and a final exam help reinforce key ideas. It's a no-brainer! You'll learn about: The x-y coordinate plane Lines and intercepts The FOIL method Functions Nonlinear equations Graphs of functions Exponents and logarithms Simple enough for a beginner, but challenging enough for an advanced student, College Algebra DeMYSTiFieD, Second Edition is your shortcut to a working knowledge of this engaging subject.

The history of mathematics is, to a considerable extent, connected with the study of solutions of the equation f(x)=a=const for functions f(x) of one real or complex variable. Therefore, it is surprising that we know very little about solutions of u(x,y)=A=const for functions of two real variables. These two solutions, called level of sets, are very important with regard to applications in physics, biology and economics as they make a map of appropriate processes described by the function u(x,y) for given parameters (x,y). This text explores a concept, Gamma-lines, which generalizes the concept of levels of sets and, at the same time, the concept of a-points. The authors provide a book on Gamma-lines for the broad specialist and show the large range of their field of applications. The general methods proposed in this volume are useful for both physicists and engineers.

Although research in curve shortening flow has been very active for nearly 20 years, the results of those efforts have remained scattered throughout the literature. For the first time, The Curve Shortening Problem collects and illuminates those results in a comprehensive, rigorous, and self-contained account of the fundamental results. The authors present a complete treatment of the Gage-Hamilton theorem, a clear, detailed exposition of Grayson's convexity theorem, a systematic discussion of invariant solutions, applications to the existence of simple closed geodesics on a surface, and a new, almost convexity theorem for the generalized curve shortening problem. Many questions regarding curve shortening remain outstanding. With its careful exposition and complete guide to the literature, The Curve Shortening Problem provides not only an outstanding starting point for graduate students and new investigations, but a superb reference that presents intriguing new results for those already active in the field.

Boolean algebras have historically played a special role in the development of the theory of general or "universal" algebraic systems, providing important links between algebra and analysis, set theory, mathematical logic, and computer science. It is not surprising then that focusing on specific properties of Boolean algebras has lead to new directions in universal algebra. In the first unified study of polynomial completeness, Polynomial Completeness in Algebraic Systems focuses on and systematically extends another specific property of Boolean algebras: the property of affine completeness. The authors present full proof that all affine complete varieties are congruence distributive and that they are finitely generated if and only if they can be presented using only a finite number of basic operations. In addition to these important findings, the authors describe the different relationships between the properties of lattices of equivalence relations and the systems of functions compatible with them. An introductory chapter surveys the appropriate background material, exercises in each chapter allow readers to test their understanding, and open problems offer new research possibilities. Thus Polynomial Completeness in Algebraic Systems constitutes an accessible, coherent presentation of this rich topic valuable to both researchers and graduate students in general algebraic systems.

"Presents the structure of algebras appearing in representation theory of groups and algebras with general ring theoretic methods related to representation theory. Covers affine algebraic sets and the nullstellensatz, polynomial and rational functions, projective algebraic sets. Groebner basis, dimension of algebraic sets, local theory, curves and elliptic curves, and more."

Group inverses for singular M-matrices are useful tools not only in matrix analysis, but also in the analysis of stochastic processes, graph theory, electrical networks, and demographic models. Group Inverses of M-Matrices and Their Applications highlights the importance and utility of the group inverses of M-matrices in several application areas. After introducing sample problems associated with Leslie matrices and stochastic matrices, the authors develop the basic algebraic and spectral properties of the group inverse of a general matrix. They then derive formulas for derivatives of matrix functions and apply the formulas to matrices arising in a demographic setting, including the class of Leslie matrices. With a focus on Markov chains, the text shows how the group inverse of an appropriate M-matrix is used in the perturbation analysis of the stationary distribution vector as well as in the derivation of a bound for the asymptotic convergence rate of the underlying Markov chain. It also illustrates how to use the group inverse to compute and analyze the mean first passage matrix for a Markov chain. The final chapters focus on the Laplacian matrix for an undirected graph and compare approaches for computing the group inverse. Collecting diverse results into a single volume, this self-contained book emphasizes the connections between problems arising in Markov chains, Perron eigenvalue analysis, and spectral graph theory. It shows how group inverses offer valuable insight into each of these areas.

Volume IV of the series "Mathematics and Physics Applied to Science and Technology," this comprehensive six-book set covers: Linear Differential Equations and Oscillators Non-linear Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems Higher-order Differential Equations and Elasticity Simultaneous Systems of Differential Equations and Multi-dimensional Oscillators Singular Differential Equations and Special Functions Classification and Examples of Differential Equations and their Applications

Simultaneous Differential Equations and Multi-Dimensional Vibrations is the fourth book within Ordinary Differential Equations with Applications to Trajectories and Vibrations, Six-volume Set. As a set, they are the fourth volume in the series Mathematics and Physics Applied to Science and Technology. This fourth book consists of two chapters (chapters 7 and 8 of the set). The first chapter concerns simultaneous systems of ordinary differential equations and focuses mostly on the cases that have a matrix of characteristic polynomials, namely linear systems with constant or homogeneous power coefficients. The method of the matrix of characteristic polynomials also applies to simultaneous systems of linear finite difference equations with constant coefficients. The second chapter considers linear multi-dimensional oscillators with any number of degrees of freedom including damping, forcing, and multiple resonance. The discrete oscillators may be extended from a finite number of degrees-of-freedom to infinite chains. The continuous oscillators correspond to waves in homogeneous or inhomogeneous media, including elastic, acoustic, electromagnetic, and water surface waves. The combination of propagation and dissipation leads to the equations of mathematical physics. Presents simultaneous systems of ordinary differential equations and their elimination for a single ordinary differential equation Includes cases with a matrix of characteristic polynomials, including simultaneous systems of linear differential and finite difference equations with constant coefficients Covers multi-dimensional oscillators with damping and forcing, including modal decomposition, natural frequencies and coordinates, and multiple resonance Discusses waves in inhomogeneous media, such as elastic, electromagnetic, acoustic, and water waves Includes solutions of partial differential equations of mathematical physics by separation of variables leading to ordinary differential equations

This monograph is devoted to monoidal categories and their connections with 3-dimensional topological field theories. Starting with basic definitions, it proceeds to the forefront of current research. Part 1 introduces monoidal categories and several of their classes, including rigid, pivotal, spherical, fusion, braided, and modular categories. It then presents deep theorems of Muger on the center of a pivotal fusion category. These theorems are proved in Part 2 using the theory of Hopf monads. In Part 3 the authors define the notion of a topological quantum field theory (TQFT) and construct a Turaev-Viro-type 3-dimensional state sum TQFT from a spherical fusion category. Lastly, in Part 4 this construction is extended to 3-manifolds with colored ribbon graphs, yielding a so-called graph TQFT (and, consequently, a 3-2-1 extended TQFT). The authors then prove the main result of the monograph: the state sum graph TQFT derived from any spherical fusion category is isomorphic to the Reshetikhin-Turaev surgery graph TQFT derived from the center of that category. The book is of interest to researchers and students studying topological field theory, monoidal categories, Hopf algebras and Hopf monads.

Designed for an advanced undergraduate- or graduate-level course, Abstract Algebra provides an example-oriented, less heavily symbolic approach to abstract algebra. The text emphasizes specifics such as basic number theory, polynomials, finite fields, as well as linear and multilinear algebra. This classroom-tested, how-to manual takes a more narrative approach than the stiff formalism of many other textbooks, presenting coherent storylines to convey crucial ideas in a student-friendly, accessible manner. An unusual feature of the text is the systematic characterization of objects by universal mapping properties, rather than by constructions whose technical details are irrelevant. Addresses Common Curricular Weaknesses In addition to standard introductory material on the subject, such as Lagrange's and Sylow's theorems in group theory, the text provides important specific illustrations of general theory, discussing in detail finite fields, cyclotomic polynomials, and cyclotomic fields. The book also focuses on broader background, including brief but representative discussions of naive set theory and equivalents of the axiom of choice, quadratic reciprocity, Dirichlet's theorem on primes in arithmetic progressions, and some basic complex analysis. Numerous worked examples and exercises throughout facilitate a thorough understanding of the material.

Anatolii Illarionovich Shirshov (1921-1981) was an outstanding Russian mat- maticianwhoseworksessentiallyin?uenced thetheoriesofassociative,Lie,Jordan and alternative rings. Many Shirshov's students and students of his students had a successful research career in mathematics. AnatoliiShirshovwasbornonthe8thofAugustof1921inthevillageKolyvan near Novosibirsk. Before the II World War he started to study mathematics at Tomsk university but then went to the front to ?ght as a volunteer. In 1946 he continued his study at Voroshilovgrad (now Lugansk) Pedagogical Institute and at the same time taught mathematics at a secondary school. In 1950 Shirshov was accepted as a graduate student at the Moscow State University under the supervision of A. G. Kurosh. In 1953 he has successfully defended his Candidate of Science thesis (analog of a Ph. D. ) "Some problems in the theory of nonassociative rings and algebras" and joined the Department of Higher Algebra at the Moscow State University. In 1958 Shirshov was awarded the Doctor of Science degree for the thesis "On some classes of rings that are nearly associative". In 1960 Shirshov moved to Novosibirsk (at the invitations of S. L. Sobolev and A. I. Malcev) to become one of the founders of the new mathematical institute of the Academy of Sciences (now Sobolev Institute of Mathematics) and to help the formation of the new Novosibirsk State University. From 1960 to 1973 he was a deputy director of the Institute and till his last days he led the research in the theory of algebras at the Institute.