Commutative algebra, combinatorics, and algebraic geometry are thriving areas of mathematical research with a rich history of interaction. Connections Between Algebra and Geometry contains lecture notes, along with exercises and solutions, from the Workshop on Connections Between Algebra and Geometry held at the University of Regina from May 29-June 1, 2012. It also contains research and survey papers from academics invited to participate in the companion Special Session on Interactions Between Algebraic Geometry and Commutative Algebra, which was part of the CMS Summer Meeting at the University of Regina held June 2-3, 2012, and the meeting Further Connections Between Algebra and Geometry, which was held at the North Dakota State University February 23, 2013. This volume highlights three mini-courses in the areas of commutative algebra and algebraic geometry: differential graded commutative algebra, secant varieties, and fat points and symbolic powers. It will serve as a useful resource for graduate students and researchers who wish to expand their knowledge of commutative algebra, algebraic geometry, combinatorics, and the intricacies of their intersection.

During the springs of 2011 and 2012, the author was invited by Peking University to give an advanced undergraduate algebra course (once a week over two months each year). This book was written during and for that course. By no way does it claim to be too exhaustive. It was originally intended as a brief introduction to algebra for an extremely pleasant and passionate audience. It certainly reflects some of the author's own tastes, and it was influenced by the feelings and the reactions of the students. Nevertheless, the result covers some advanced undergraduate algebra (rings, ideals, basics of fields theory, algebraic integers, modules, hom and tensor functors, projective modules, etc.) illustrated by numerous examples, counterexamples and exercises. Following a worldwide tradition, the author had planned to conclude by lecturing on the structure of finitely generated modules over principal ideal domains. But during the course, after explaining that the notion of projective modules is more natural than the notion of free modules, it became clear that principal ideal domains needed to be replaced by Dedekind rings; this is much less traditional in the literature - but not more difficult.

This book offers an introduction to cryptology, the science that makes secure communications possible, and addresses its two complementary aspects: cryptography---the art of making secure building blocks---and cryptanalysis---the art of breaking them. The text describes some of the most important systems in detail, including AES, RSA, group-based and lattice-based cryptography, signatures, hash functions, random generation, and more, providing detailed underpinnings for most of them. With regard to cryptanalysis, it presents a number of basic tools such as the differential and linear methods and lattice attacks. This text, based on lecture notes from the author's many courses on the art of cryptography, consists of two interlinked parts. The first, modern part explains some of the basic systems used today and some attacks on them. However, a text on cryptology would not be complete without describing its rich and fascinating history. As such, the colorfully illustrated historical part interspersed throughout the text highlights selected inventions and episodes, providing a glimpse into the past of cryptology. The first sections of this book can be used as a textbook for an introductory course to computer science or mathematics students. Other sections are suitable for advanced undergraduate or graduate courses. Many exercises are included. The emphasis is on providing reasonably complete explanation of the background for some selected systems.

The Art of Proof is designed for a one-semester or two-quarter course. A typical student will have studied calculus (perhaps also linear algebra) with reasonable success. With an artful mixture of chatty style and interesting examples, the student's previous intuitive knowledge is placed on solid intellectual ground. The topics covered include: integers, induction, algorithms, real numbers, rational numbers, modular arithmetic, limits, and uncountable sets. Methods, such as axiom, theorem and proof, are taught while discussing the mathematics rather than in abstract isolation. The book ends with short essays on further topics suitable for seminar-style presentation by small teams of students, either in class or in a mathematics club setting. These include: continuity, cryptography, groups, complex numbers, ordinal number, and generating functions.

This book is an introduction to singularities for graduate students and researchers. It is said that algebraic geometry originated in the seventeenth century with the famous work Discours de la methode pour bien conduire sa raison, et chercher la verite dans les sciences by Descartes. In that book he introduced coordinates to the study of geometry. After its publication, research on algebraic varieties developed steadily. Many beautiful results emerged in mathematicians' works. Most of them were about non-singular varieties. Singularities were considered "bad" objects that interfered with knowledge of the structure of an algebraic variety. In the past three decades, however, it has become clear that singularities are necessary for us to have a good description of the framework of varieties. For example, it is impossible to formulate minimal model theory for higher-dimensional cases without singularities. Another example is that the moduli spaces of varieties have natural compactification, the boundaries of which correspond to singular varieties. A remarkable fact is that the study of singularities is developing and people are beginning to see that singularities are interesting and can be handled by human beings. This book is a handy introduction to singularities for anyone interested in singularities. The focus is on an isolated singularity in an algebraic variety. After preparation of varieties, sheaves, and homological algebra, some known results about 2-dim ensional isolated singularities are introduced. Then a classification of higher-dimensional isolated singularities is shown according to plurigenera and the behavior of singularities under a deformation is studied.

This volume highlights the main results of the research performed within the network "Harmonic and Complex Analysis and its Applications" (HCAA), which was a five-year (2007-2012) European Science Foundation Programme intended to explore and to strengthen the bridge between two scientific communities: analysts with broad backgrounds in complex and harmonic analysis and mathematical physics, and specialists in physics and applied sciences. It coordinated actions for advancing harmonic and complex analysis and for expanding its application to challenging scientific problems. Particular topics considered by this Programme included conformal and quasiconformal mappings, potential theory, Banach spaces of analytic functions and their applications to the problems of fluid mechanics, conformal field theory, Hamiltonian and Lagrangian mechanics, and signal processing. This book is a collection of surveys written as a result of activities of the Programme and will be interesting and useful for professionals and novices in analysis and mathematical physics, as well as for graduate students. Browsing the volume, the reader will undoubtedly notice that, as the scope of the Programme is rather broad, there are many interrelations between the various contributions, which can be regarded as different facets of a common theme.

This book investigates several duality approaches for vector optimization problems, while also comparing them. Special attention is paid to duality for linear vector optimization problems, for which a vector dual that avoids the shortcomings of the classical ones is proposed. Moreover, the book addresses different efficiency concepts for vector optimization problems. Among the problems that appear when the framework is generalized by considering set-valued functions, an increasing interest is generated by those involving monotone operators, especially now that new methods for approaching them by means of convex analysis have been developed. Following this path, the book provides several results on different properties of sums of monotone operators.

The book is the first book on complex matrix equations including the conjugate of unknown matrices. The study of these conjugate matrix equations is motivated by the investigations on stabilization and model reference tracking control for discrete-time antilinear systems, which are a particular kind of complex system with structure constraints. It proposes useful approaches to obtain iterative solutions or explicit solutions for several types of complex conjugate matrix equation. It observes that there are some significant differences between the real/complex matrix equations and the complex conjugate matrix equations. For example, the solvability of a real Sylvester matrix equation can be characterized by matrix similarity; however, the solvability of the con-Sylvester matrix equation in complex conjugate form is related to the concept of con-similarity. In addition, the new concept of conjugate product for complex polynomial matrices is also proposed in order to establish a unified approach for solving a type of complex matrix equation.

In this book the authors present an alternative set theory dealing with a more relaxed notion of infiniteness, called finitely supported mathematics (FSM). It has strong connections to the Fraenkel-Mostowski (FM) permutative model of Zermelo-Fraenkel (ZF) set theory with atoms and to the theory of (generalized) nominal sets. More exactly, FSM is ZF mathematics rephrased in terms of finitely supported structures, where the set of atoms is infinite (not necessarily countable as for nominal sets). In FSM, 'sets' are replaced either by `invariant sets' (sets endowed with some group actions satisfying a finite support requirement) or by `finitely supported sets' (finitely supported elements in the powerset of an invariant set). It is a theory of `invariant algebraic structures' in which infinite algebraic structures are characterized by using their finite supports. After explaining the motivation for using invariant sets in the experimental sciences as well as the connections with the nominal approach, admissible sets and Gandy machines (Chapter 1), the authors present in Chapter 2 the basics of invariant sets and show that the principles of constructing FSM have historical roots both in the definition of Tarski `logical notions' and in the Erlangen Program of Klein for the classification of various geometries according to invariants under suitable groups of transformations. Furthermore, the consistency of various choice principles is analyzed in FSM. Chapter 3 examines whether it is possible to obtain valid results by replacing the notion of infinite sets with the notion of invariant sets in the classical ZF results. The authors present techniques for reformulating ZF properties of algebraic structures in FSM. In Chapter 4 they generalize FM set theory by providing a new set of axioms inspired by the theory of amorphous sets, and so defining the extended Fraenkel-Mostowski (EFM) set theory. In Chapter 5 they define FSM semantics for certain process calculi (e.g., fusion calculus), and emphasize the links to the nominal techniques used in computer science. They demonstrate a complete equivalence between the new FSM semantics (defined by using binding operators instead of side conditions for presenting the transition rules) and the known semantics of these process calculi. The book is useful for researchers and graduate students in computer science and mathematics, particularly those engaged with logic and set theory.

This monograph covers the theory of finite and infinite matrices over the fields of real numbers, complex numbers and over quaternions. Emphasizing topics such as sections or truncations and their relationship to the linear operator theory on certain specific separable and sequence spaces, the authors explore techniques like conformal mapping, iterations and truncations that are used to derive precise estimates in some cases and explicit lower and upper bounds for solutions in the other cases. Most of the matrices considered in this monograph have typically special structures like being diagonally dominated or tridiagonal, possess certain sign distributions and are frequently nonsingular. Such matrices arise, for instance, from solution methods for elliptic partial differential equations. The authors focus on both theoretical and computational aspects concerning infinite linear algebraic equations, differential systems and infinite linear programming, among others. Additionally, the authors cover topics such as Bessel's and Mathieu's equations, viscous fluid flow in doubly connected regions, digital circuit dynamics and eigenvalues of the Laplacian.

The main focus of this monograph is to offer a comprehensive presentation of known and new results on various generalizations of CS-modules and CS-rings. Extending (or CS) modules are generalizations of injective (and also semisimple or uniform) modules. While the theory of CS-modules is well documented in monographs and textbooks, results on generalized forms of the CS property as well as dual notions are far less present in the literature. With their work the authors provide a solid background to module theory, accessible to anyone familiar with basic abstract algebra. The focus of the book is on direct sums of CS-modules and classes of modules related to CS-modules, such as relative (injective) ejective modules, (quasi) continuous modules, and lifting modules. In particular, matrix CS-rings are studied and clear proofs of fundamental decomposition results on CS-modules over commutative domains are given, thus complementing existing monographs in this area. Open problems round out the work and establish the basis for further developments in the field. The main text is complemented by a wealth of examples and exercises.

This is the first textbook on attribute exploration, its theory, its algorithms forapplications, and some of its many possible generalizations. Attribute explorationis useful for acquiring structured knowledge through an interactive process, byasking queries to an expert. Generalizations that handle incomplete, faulty, orimprecise data are discussed, but the focus lies on knowledge extraction from areliable information source.The method is based on Formal Concept Analysis, a mathematical theory ofconcepts and concept hierarchies, and uses its expressive diagrams. The presentationis self-contained. It provides an introduction to Formal Concept Analysiswith emphasis on its ability to derive algebraic structures from qualitative data,which can be represented in meaningful and precise graphics.

Perturbative Algebraic Quantum Field Theory (pAQFT), the subject of this book, is a complete and mathematically rigorous treatment of perturbative quantum field theory (pQFT) that doesn't require the use of divergent quantities and works on a large class of Lorenzian manifolds. We discuss in detail the examples of scalar fields, gauge theories and the effective quantum gravity. pQFT models describe a wide range of physical phenomena and have remarkable agreement with experimental results. Despite this success, the theory suffers from many conceptual problems. pAQFT is a good candidate to solve many, if not all, of these conceptual problems. Chapters 1-3 provide some background in mathematics and physics. Chapter 4 concerns classical theory of the scalar field, which is subsequently quantized in chapters 5 and 6. Chapter 7 covers gauge theory and chapter 8 discusses effective quantum gravity. The book aims to be accessible to researchers and graduate students, who are interested in the mathematical foundations of pQFT.

This text from the author team of Aufmann and Nation offers the same engaging style and support for students as the Aufmann College Algebra series, all in a brief format that covers the entire course in a single semester. Interactive learning techniques incorporated throughout the text help students better understand concepts, focus their study habits, and achieve greater success.In this First Edition, the authors have also integrated many components into the textbook to help students diagnose and remediate weak algebra skills. Prerequisite review in the textbook and supporting materials allows students to fill in gaps in their mathematical knowledge, and keeps instructors from having to spend time on review. Extra support also comes from the Aufmann Interactive Method, featuring Try Exercises that allow students to practice math as it is presented and to more easily study for tests.

This book features selected papers from The Seventh International Conference on Research and Education in Mathematics that was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from 25 - 27th August 2015. With chapters devoted to the most recent discoveries in mathematics and statistics and serve as a platform for knowledge and information exchange between experts from academic and industrial sectors, it covers a wide range of topics, including numerical analysis, fluid mechanics, operation research, optimization, statistics and game theory. It is a valuable resource for pure and applied mathematicians, statisticians, engineers and scientists, and provides an excellent overview of the latest research in mathematical sciences.

Leonid Ryvkin gives a motivated and self-sustained introduction to n-plectic geometry with a special focus on symmetries. The relevant algebraic structures from scratch are developed. The author generalizes known symplectic notions, notably observables and symmetries, to the n-plectic case, culminating in solving the existence question for co-moment maps for general pre-n-plectic manifolds. Finally partial results scattered along the literature are derived from our general result.

Set-theoretic Preliminaries.

Toplogical Preliminaries.

Algebraic Preliminaries.

Three Basic Principles of Linear Analysis.

Integration and Set Functions.

Special Spaces.

Convex Sets and Weak Topologies.

Operators and Their Adjoints.

General Spectral Theory.

Applications.

References.

Notation Index.

Author Index.

Subject Index.

This book presents Hyper-lattice, a new algebraic model for partially ordered sets, and an alternative to lattice. The authors analyze some of the shortcomings of conventional lattice structure and propose a novel algebraic structure in the form of Hyper-lattice to overcome problems with lattice. They establish how Hyper-lattice supports dynamic insertion of elements in a partial order set with a partial hierarchy between the set members. The authors present the characteristics and the different properties, showing how propositions and lemmas formalize Hyper-lattice as a new algebraic structure.

This self-contained monograph presents matrix algorithms and their analysis. The new technique enables not only the solution of linear systems but also the approximation of matrix functions, e.g., the matrix exponential. Other applications include the solution of matrix equations, e.g., the Lyapunov or Riccati equation. The required mathematical background can be found in the appendix. The numerical treatment of fully populated large-scale matrices is usually rather costly. However, the technique of hierarchical matrices makes it possible to store matrices and to perform matrix operations approximately with almost linear cost and a controllable degree of approximation error. For important classes of matrices, the computational cost increases only logarithmically with the approximation error. The operations provided include the matrix inversion and LU decomposition. Since large-scale linear algebra problems are standard in scientific computing, the subject of hierarchical matrices is of interest to scientists in computational mathematics, physics, chemistry and engineering.

Basic Algebra and Advanced Algebra systematically develop concepts and tools in algebra that are vital to every mathematician, whether pure or applied, aspiring or established. Together, the two books give the reader a global view of algebra and its role in mathematics as a whole.

Key topics and features of Advanced Algebra:

*Topics build upon the linear algebra, group theory, factorization of ideals, structure of fields, Galois theory, and elementary theory of modules as developed in Basic Algebra

*Chapters treat various topics in commutative and noncommutative algebra, providing introductions to the theory of associative algebras, homological algebra, algebraic number theory, and algebraic geometry

*Sections in two chapters relate the theory to the subject of GrAbner bases, the foundation for handling systems of polynomial equations in computer applications

*Text emphasizes connections between algebra and other branches of mathematics, particularly topology and complex analysis

*Book carries on two prominent themes recurring in Basic Algebra: the analogy between integers and polynomials in one variable over a field, and the relationship between number theory and geometry

*Many examples and hundreds of problems are included, along with hints or complete solutions for most of the problems

*The exposition proceeds from the particular to the general, often providing examples well before a theory that incorporates them; it includes blocks of problems that illuminate aspects of the text and introduce additional topics

Advanced Algebra presents its subject matter in a forward-looking way that takes into account the historical development of thesubject. It is suitable as a text for the more advanced parts of a two-semester first-year graduate sequence in algebra. It requires of the reader only a familiarity with the topics developed in Basic Algebra.

The main goal of this book is to find the constructive content hidden in abstract proofs of concrete theorems in Commutative Algebra, especially in well-known theorems concerning projective modules over polynomial rings (mainly the Quillen-Suslin theorem) and syzygies of multivariate polynomials with coefficients in a valuation ring. Simple and constructive proofs of some results in the theory of projective modules over polynomial rings are also given, and light is cast upon recent progress on the Hermite ring and Groebner ring conjectures. New conjectures on unimodular completion arising from our constructive approach to the unimodular completion problem are presented. Constructive algebra can be understood as a first preprocessing step for computer algebra that leads to the discovery of general algorithms, even if they are sometimes not efficient. From a logical point of view, the dynamical evaluation gives a constructive substitute for two highly nonconstructive tools of abstract algebra: the Law of Excluded Middle and Zorn's Lemma. For instance, these tools are required in order to construct the complete prime factorization of an ideal in a Dedekind ring, whereas the dynamical method reveals the computational content of this construction. These lecture notes follow this dynamical philosophy.

This book presents an exciting collection of contributions based on the workshop "Bringing Maths to Life" held October 27-29, 2014 in Naples, Italy. The state-of-the art research in biology and the statistical and analytical challenges facing huge masses of data collection are treated in this Work. Specific topics explored in depth surround the sessions and special invited sessions of the workshop and include genetic variability via differential expression, molecular dynamics and modeling, complex biological systems viewed from quantitative models, and microscopy images processing, to name several. In depth discussions of the mathematical analysis required to extract insights from complex bodies of biological datasets, to aid development in the field novel algorithms, methods and software tools for genetic variability, molecular dynamics, and complex biological systems are presented in this book. Researchers and graduate students in biology, life science, and mathematics/statistics will find the content useful as it addresses existing challenges in identifying the gaps between mathematical modeling and biological research. The shared solutions will aid and promote further collaboration between life sciences and mathematics.

This volume presents five surveys with extensive bibliographies and six original contributions on set optimization and its applications in mathematical finance and game theory. The topics range from more conventional approaches that look for minimal/maximal elements with respect to vector orders or set relations, to the new complete-lattice approach that comprises a coherent solution concept for set optimization problems, along with existence results, duality theorems, optimality conditions, variational inequalities and theoretical foundations for algorithms. Modern approaches to scalarization methods can be found as well as a fundamental contribution to conditional analysis. The theory is tailor-made for financial applications, in particular risk evaluation and [super-]hedging for market models with transaction costs, but it also provides a refreshing new perspective on vector optimization. There is no comparable volume on the market, making the book an invaluable resource for researchers working in vector optimization and multi-criteria decision-making, mathematical finance and economics as well as [set-valued] variational analysis.

Konrad Schoebel aims to lay the foundations for a consequent algebraic geometric treatment of variable Separation, which is one of the oldest and most powerful methods to construct exact solutions for the fundamental equations in classical and quantum physics. The present work reveals a surprising algebraic geometric structure behind the famous list of separation coordinates, bringing together a great range of mathematics and mathematical physics, from the late 19th century theory of separation of variables to modern moduli space theory, Stasheff polytopes and operads. "I am particularly impressed by his mastery of a variety of techniques and his ability to show clearly how they interact to produce his results." (Jim Stasheff)