X Kochendorffer, L.A. Kalu: lnin and their students in the 50s and 60s. Nowadays the most deeply developed is the theory of binary invariant relations and their combinatorial approximations. These combinatorial approximations arose repeatedly during this century under various names (Hecke algebras, centralizer rings, association schemes, coherent configurations, cellular rings, etc.-see the first paper of the collection for details) andin various branches of mathematics, both pure and applied. One of these approximations, the theory of cellular rings (cellular algebras), was developed at the end of the 60s by B. Yu. Weisfeiler and A.A. Leman in the course of the first serious attempt to study the complexity of the graph isomorphism problem, one of the central problems in the modern theory of combinatorial algorithms. At roughly the same time G.M. Adelson-Velskir, V.L. Arlazarov, I.A. Faradtev and their colleagues had developed a rather efficient tool for the constructive enumeration of combinatorial objects based on the branch and bound method. By means of this tool a number of "sports-like" results were obtained. Some of these results are still unsurpassed."

This book gives an intuitive and hands-on introduction to Topological Data Analysis (TDA). Covering a wide range of topics at levels of sophistication varying from elementary (matrix algebra) to esoteric (Grothendieck spectral sequence), it offers a mirror of data science aimed at a general mathematical audience. The required algebraic background is developed in detail. The first third of the book reviews several core areas of mathematics, beginning with basic linear algebra and applications to data fitting and web search algorithms, followed by quick primers on algebra and topology. The middle third introduces algebraic topology, along with applications to sensor networks and voter ranking. The last third covers key contemporary tools in TDA: persistent and multiparameter persistent homology. Also included is a user's guide to derived functors and spectral sequences (useful but somewhat technical tools which have recently found applications in TDA), and an appendix illustrating a number of software packages used in the field. Based on a course given as part of a masters degree in statistics, the book is appropriate for graduate students.

This two-volume work presents a systematic theoretical and computational study of several types of generalizations of separable matrices. The main attention is paid to fast algorithms (many of linear complexity) for matrices in semiseparable, quasiseparable, band and companion form. The work is focused on algorithms of multiplication, inversion and description of eigenstructure and includes a large number of illustrative examples throughout the different chapters.

The second volume, consisting of four parts, addresses the eigenvalue problem for matrices with quasiseparable structure and applications to the polynomial root finding problem. In the first part the properties of the characteristic polynomials of principal leading submatrices, the structure of eigenspaces and the basic methods to compute eigenvalues are studied in detail for matrices with quasiseparable representation of the first order. The second part is devoted to the divide and conquer method, with the main algorithms being derived also for matrices with quasiseparable representation of order one. The QR iteration method for some classes of matrices with quasiseparable of any order representations is studied in the third part. This method is then used in the last part in order to get a fast solver for the polynomial root finding problem. The work is based mostly on results obtained by the authors and their coauthors. Due to its many significant applications and the accessible style the text will be useful to engineers, scientists, numerical analysts, computer scientists and mathematicians alike.

This book introduces a new geometric vision of continued fractions. It covers several applications to questions related to such areas as Diophantine approximation, algebraic number theory, and toric geometry. The second edition now includes a geometric approach to Gauss Reduction Theory, classification of integer regular polygons and some further new subjects. Traditionally a subject of number theory, continued fractions appear in dynamical systems, algebraic geometry, topology, and even celestial mechanics. The rise of computational geometry has resulted in renewed interest in multidimensional generalizations of continued fractions. Numerous classical theorems have been extended to the multidimensional case, casting light on phenomena in diverse areas of mathematics. The reader will find an overview of current progress in the geometric theory of multidimensional continued fractions accompanied by currently open problems. Whenever possible, we illustrate geometric constructions with figures and examples. Each chapter has exercises useful for undergraduate or graduate courses.

I am pleased to participate in this Summer School and look forward to sharing some ideas with you over the next few days. At the outset I would like to describe the approach I will take in 1 presenting the material. I aim to present the material in a non rigorous way and hopefully in an intuitive manner. At the same time I will draw attention to some of the major technical problems. It is pitched at someone who is unfamiliar with the area. The results presented here are unfamiliar to actuaries and insurance mathematicians although they are well known in some other fields. During the next few minutes I will make some preliminary comments. The purpose of these comments is to place the lectures in perspective and motivate the upcoming material. After this I will outline briefly the topics to be covered during the rest of this lecture and in the lectures that will follow. One of the central themes of these lectures is RISK-SHARING. Risk-sharing is a common response to uncertainty. Such uncertainty can arise from natural phenomena or social causes. One particular form of risk-sharing is the insurance mechanism. I will be dealing with models which have a natural application in the insurance area but they have been applied in other areas as well. In fact some of the paradigms to be discussed have the capacity to provide a unified treatment of problems in diverse fields."

This volume offers English translations of three early works by Ernst Schroeder (1841-1902), a mathematician and logician whose philosophical ruminations and pathbreaking contributions to algebraic logic attracted the admiration and ire of figures such as Dedekind, Frege, Husserl, and C. S. Peirce. Today he still engages the sympathetic interest of logicians and philosophers. The works translated record Schroeder's journey out of algebra into algebraic logic and document his transformation of George Boole's opaque and unwieldy logical calculus into what we now recognize as Boolean algebra. Readers interested in algebraic logic and abstract algebra can look forward to a tour of the early history of those fields with a guide who was exceptionally thorough, unfailingly honest, and deeply reflective.

The book is devoted to recent developments in the theory of fractional calculus and its applications. Particular attention is paid to the applicability of this currently popular research field in various branches of pure and applied mathematics. In particular, the book focuses on the more recent results in mathematical physics, engineering applications, theoretical and applied physics as quantum mechanics, signal analysis, and in those relevant research fields where nonlinear dynamics occurs and several tools of nonlinear analysis are required. Dynamical processes and dynamical systems of fractional order attract researchers from many areas of sciences and technologies, ranging from mathematics and physics to computer science.

This volume features contributions from the Women in Commutative Algebra (WICA) workshop held at the Banff International Research Station (BIRS) from October 20-25, 2019, run by the Pacific Institute of Mathematical Sciences (PIMS). The purpose of this meeting was for groups of mathematicians to work on joint research projects in the mathematical field of Commutative Algebra and continue these projects together long-distance after its close. The chapters include both direct results and surveys, with contributions from research groups and individual authors. The WICA conference was the first of its kind in the large and vibrant area of Commutative Algebra, and this volume is intended to showcase its important results and to encourage further collaboration among marginalized practitioners in the field. It will be of interest to a wide range of researchers, from PhD students to senior experts.

This book defines and studies a combinatorial object called the pedigree and develops the theory for optimising a linear function over the convex hull of pedigrees (the Pedigree polytope). A strongly polynomial algorithm implementing the framework given in the book for checking membership in the pedigree polytope is a major contribution. This book challenges the popularly held belief in computer science that a problem included in the NP-complete class may not have a polynomial algorithm to solve. By showing STSP has a polynomial algorithm, this book settles the P vs NP question. This book has illustrative examples, figures, and easily accessible proofs for showing this unexpected result. This book introduces novel constructions and ideas previously not used in the literature. Another interesting feature of this book is it uses basic max-flow and linear multicommodity flow algorithms and concepts in these proofs establishing efficient membership checking for the pedigree polytope. Chapters 3-7 can be adopted to give a course on Efficient Combinatorial Optimization. This book is the culmination of the author's research that started in 1982 through a presentation on a new formulation of STSP at the XIth International Symposium on Mathematical Programming at Bonn.

Simplicity theory is an extension of stability theory to a wider class of structures, containing, among others, the random graph, pseudo-finite fields, and fields with a generic automorphism. Following Kim's proof of forking symmetry' which implies a good behaviour of model-theoretic independence, this area of model theory has been a field of intense study. It has necessitated the development of some important new tools, most notably the model-theoretic treatment of hyperimaginaries (classes modulo type-definable equivalence relations). It thus provides a general notion of independence (and of rank in the supersimple case) applicable to a wide class of algebraic structures. The basic theory of forking independence is developed, and its properties in a simple structure are analyzed. No prior knowledge of stability theory is assumed; in fact many stability-theoretic results follow either from more general propositions, or are developed in side remarks. Audience: This book is intended both as an introduction to simplicity theory accessible to graduate students with some knowledge of model theory, and as a reference work for research in the field.

This is the second of three volumes that, together, give an exposition of the mathematics of grades 9-12 that is simultaneously mathematically correct and grade-level appropriate. The volumes are consistent with CCSSM (Common Core State Standards for Mathematics) and aim at presenting the mathematics of K-12 as a totally transparent subject. The first part of this volume is devoted to the study of standard algebra topics: quadratic functions, graphs of equations of degree 2 in two variables, polynomials, exponentials and logarithms, complex numbers and the fundamental theorem of algebra, and the binomial theorem. Having translations and the concept of similarity at our disposal enables us to clarify the study of quadratic functions by concentrating on their graphs, the same way the study of linear functions is greatly clarified by knowing that their graphs are lines. We also introduce the concept of formal algebra in the study of polynomials with complex coefficients. The last three chapters in this volume complete the systematic exposition of high school geometry that is consistent with CCSSM. These chapters treat the geometry of the triangle and the circle, ruler and compass constructions, and a general discussion of axiomatic systems, including non-Euclidean geometry and the celebrated work of Hilbert on the foundations. This book should be useful for current and future teachers of K-12 mathematics, as well as for some high school students and for education professionals.

An invaluable summary of research work done in the period from 1978 to the present

Newtonian Nonlinear Dynamics for Complex Linear and Optimization Problems explores how Newton's equation for the motion of one particle in classical mechanics combined with finite difference methods allows creation of a mechanical scenario to solve basic problems in linear algebra and programming. The authors present a novel, unified numerical and mechanical approach and an important analysis method of optimization.

This volume contains both invited lectures and contributed talks presented at the meeting on Total Positivity and its Applications held at the guest house of the University of Zaragoza in Jaca, Spain, during the week of September 26-30, 1994. There were present at the meeting almost fifty researchers from fourteen countries. Their interest in thesubject of Total Positivity made for a stimulating and fruitful exchange of scientific information. Interest to participate in the meeting exceeded our expectations. Regrettably, budgetary constraints forced us to restriet the number of attendees. Professor S. Karlin, of Stanford University, who planned to attend the meeting had to cancel his participation at the last moment. Nonetheless, his almost universal spiritual presence energized and inspired all of us in Jaca. More than anyone, he influenced the content, style and quality of the presentations given at the meeting. Every article in these Proceedings (except some by Karlin hirnself) references his influential treatise Total Positivity, Volume I, Stanford University Press, 1968. Since its appearance, this book has intrigued and inspired the minds of many researchers (one of us, in his formative years, read the galley proofs and the other of us first doubted its value but then later became its totally committed disciple). All of us present at the meeting encourage Professor Karlin to return to the task of completing the anxiously awaited Volume 11 of Total Positivity.

This classic book provides a broad introduction to homological algebra, including a comprehensive set of exercises. Since publication of the first edition homological algebra has found a large number of applications in many different fields. Today, it is a truly indispensable tool in fields ranging from finite and infinite group theory to representation theory, number theory, algebraic topology and sheaf theory. In this new edition, the authors have selected a number of different topics and describe some of the main applications and results to illustrate the range and depths of these developments. The background assumes little more than knowledge of the algebraic theories groups and of vector spaces over a field.

Algebra, as we know it today, consists of many different ideas, concepts and results. A reasonable estimate of the number of these different items would be somewhere between 50,000 and 200,000. Many of these have been named and many more could (and perhaps should) have a name or a convenient designation. Even the nonspecialist is likely to encounter most of these, either somewhere in the literature, disguised as a definition or a theorem or to hear about them and feel the need for more information. If this happens, one should be able to find enough information in this Handbook to judge if it is worthwhile to pursue the quest.

In addition to the primary information given in the Handbook, there are references to relevant articles, books or lecture notes to help the reader. An excellent index has been included which is extensive and not limited to definitions, theorems etc.

The "Handbook of Algebra" will publish articles as they are received and thus the reader will find in this third volume articles from twelve different sections. The advantages of this scheme are two-fold: accepted articles will be published quickly and the outline of the Handbook can be allowed to evolve as the various volumes are published.

A particularly important function of the Handbook is to provide professional mathematicians working in an area other than their own with sufficient information on the topic in question if and when it is needed.
- Thorough and practical source for information
- Provides in-depth coverage of new topics in algebra
- Includes references to relevant articles, books and lecture notes

This book is a revised version of the first edition, regarded as a classic in its field. In some places, newer research results have been incorporated in the revision, and in other places, new material has been added to the chapters in the form of additional up-to-date references and some recent theorems to give readers some new directions to pursue.

In this book we give a complete geometric description of state spaces of operator algebras, Jordan as well as associative. That is, we give axiomatic characterizations of those convex sets that are state spaces of C*-algebras and von Neumann algebras, together with such characterizations for the normed Jordan algebras called JB-algebras and JBW-algebras. These non associative algebras generalize C*-algebras and von Neumann algebras re spectively, and the characterization of their state spaces is not only of interest in itself, but is also an important intermediate step towards the characterization of the state spaces of the associative algebras. This book gives a complete and updated presentation of the character ization theorems of [10]' [11] and [71]. Our previous book State spaces of operator algebras: basic theory, orientations and C*-products, referenced as [AS] in the sequel, gives an account of the necessary prerequisites on C*-algebras and von Neumann algebras, as well as a discussion of the key notion of orientations of state spaces. For the convenience of the reader, we have summarized these prerequisites in an appendix which contains all relevant definitions and results (listed as (AI), (A2), ... ), with reference back to [AS] for proofs, so that this book is self-contained.

This book contains select chapters on support vector algorithms from different perspectives, including mathematical background, properties of various kernel functions, and several applications. The main focus of this book is on orthogonal kernel functions, and the properties of the classical kernel functions-Chebyshev, Legendre, Gegenbauer, and Jacobi-are reviewed in some chapters. Moreover, the fractional form of these kernel functions is introduced in the same chapters, and for ease of use for these kernel functions, a tutorial on a Python package named ORSVM is presented. The book also exhibits a variety of applications for support vector algorithms, and in addition to the classification, these algorithms along with the introduced kernel functions are utilized for solving ordinary, partial, integro, and fractional differential equations. On the other hand, nowadays, the real-time and big data applications of support vector algorithms are growing. Consequently, the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) parallelizing the procedure of support vector algorithms based on orthogonal kernel functions is presented. The book sheds light on how to use support vector algorithms based on orthogonal kernel functions in different situations and gives a significant perspective to all machine learning and scientific machine learning researchers all around the world to utilize fractional orthogonal kernel functions in their pattern recognition or scientific computing problems.

This textbook on linear algebra includes the key topics of the subject that most advanced undergraduates need to learn before entering graduate school. All the usual topics, such as complex vector spaces, complex inner products, the Spectral theorem for normal operators, dual spaces, the minimal polynomial, the Jordan canonical form, and the rational canonical form, are covered, along with a chapter on determinants at the end of the book. In addition, there is material throughout the text on linear differential equations and how it integrates with all of the important concepts in linear algebra.
This book has several distinguishing features that set it apart from other linear algebra texts. For example: Gaussian elimination is used as the key tool in getting at eigenvalues; it takes an essentially determinant-free approach to linear algebra; and systems of linear differential equations are used as frequent motivation for the reader. Another motivating aspect of the book is the excellent and engaging exercises that abound in this text.
This textbook is written for an upper-division undergraduate course on Linear Algebra. The prerequisites for this book are a familiarity with basic matrix algebra and elementary calculus, although any student who is willing to think abstractly should not have too much difficulty in understanding this text."

This text features a careful treatment of flow lines and algebraic invariants in contact form geometry, a vast area of research connected to symplectic field theory, pseudo-holomorphic curves, and Gromov-Witten invariants (contact homology). In particular, it develops a novel algebraic tool in this field: rooted in the concept of critical points at infinity, the new algebraic invariants defined here are useful in the investigation of contact structures and Reeb vector fields. The book opens with a review of prior results and then proceeds through an examination of variational problems, non-Fredholm behavior, true and false critical points at infinity, and topological implications. An increasing convergence with regular and singular Yamabe-type problems is discussed, and the intersection between contact form and Riemannian geometry is emphasized. Rich in open problems and full, detailed proofs, this work lays the foundation for new avenues of study in contact form geometry and will benefit graduate students and researchers.

This is the first comprehensive basic monograph on mixed Hodge structures. Starting with a summary of classic Hodge theory from a modern vantage point the book goes on to explain Deligne's mixed Hodge theory. Here proofs are given using cubical schemes rather than simplicial schemes. Next come Hain's and Morgan's results on mixed Hodge structures related to homotopy theory. Steenbrink's approach of the limit mixed Hodge structure is then explained using the language of nearby and vanishing cycle functors bridging the passage to Saito's theory of mixed Hodge modules which is the subject of the last chapter. Since here D-modules are essential, these are briefly introduced in a previous chapter. At various stages applications are given, ranging from the Hodge conjecture to singularities. The book ends with three large appendices, each one in itself a resourceful summary of tools and results not easily found in one place in the existing literature (homological algebra, algebraic and differential topology, stratified spaces and singularities). The book is intended for advanced graduate students, researchers in complex algebraic geometry as well as interested researchers in nearby fields (algebraic geometry, mathematical physics

Efficient parallel solutions have been found to many problems. Some of them can be obtained automatically from sequential programs, using compilers. However, there is a large class of problems - irregular problems - that lack efficient solutions. IRREGULAR 94 - a workshop and summer school organized in Geneva - addressed the problems associated with the derivation of efficient solutions to irregular problems. This book, which is based on the workshop, draws on the contributions of outstanding scientists to present the state of the art in irregular problems, covering aspects ranging from scientific computing, discrete optimization, and automatic extraction of parallelism. Audience: This first book on parallel algorithms for irregular problems is of interest to advanced graduate students and researchers in parallel computer science.

Inequalities continue to play an essential role in mathematics. The subject is per haps the last field that is comprehended and used by mathematicians working in all the areas of the discipline of mathematics. Since the seminal work Inequalities (1934) of Hardy, Littlewood and P6lya mathematicians have laboured to extend and sharpen the earlier classical inequalities. New inequalities are discovered ev ery year, some for their intrinsic interest whilst others flow from results obtained in various branches of mathematics. So extensive are these developments that a new mathematical periodical devoted exclusively to inequalities will soon appear; this is the Journal of Inequalities and Applications, to be edited by R. P. Agar wal. Nowadays it is difficult to follow all these developments and because of lack of communication between different groups of specialists many results are often rediscovered several times. Surveys of the present state of the art are therefore in dispensable not only to mathematicians but to the scientific community at large. The study of inequalities reflects the many and various aspects of mathemat ics. There is on the one hand the systematic search for the basic principles and the study of inequalities for their own sake. On the other hand the subject is a source of ingenious ideas and methods that give rise to seemingly elementary but nevertheless serious and challenging problems. There are many applications in a wide variety of fields from mathematical physics to biology and economics."