This book is an introduction to singularities for graduate students and researchers. Algebraic geometry is said to have originated in the seventeenth century with the famous work Discours de la methode pour bien conduire sa raison, et chercher la verite dans les sciences by Descartes. In that book he introduced coordinates to the study of geometry. After its publication, research on algebraic varieties developed steadily. Many beautiful results emerged in mathematicians' works. First, mostly non-singular varieties were studied. In the past three decades, however, it has become clear that singularities are necessary for us to have a good description of the framework of varieties. For example, it is impossible to formulate minimal model theory for higher-dimensional cases without singularities. A remarkable fact is that the study of singularities is developing and people are beginning to see that singularities are interesting and can be handled by human beings. This book is a handy introduction to singularities for anyone interested in singularities. The focus is on an isolated singularity in an algebraic variety. After preparation of varieties, sheaves, and homological algebra, some known results about 2-dimensional isolated singularities are introduced. Then a classification of higher-dimensional isolated singularities is shown according to plurigenera and the behavior of singularities under a deformation is studied. In the second edition, brief descriptions about recent remarkable developments of the researches are added as the last chapter.

The aim of the present monograph is a thorough study of the adic-completion, its left derived functors and their relations to the local cohomology functors, as well as several completeness criteria, related questions and various dualities formulas. A basic construction is the Cech complex with respect to a system of elements and its free resolution. The study of its homology and cohomology will play a crucial role in order to understand left derived functors of completion and right derived functors of torsion. This is useful for the extension and refinement of results known for modules to unbounded complexes in the more general setting of not necessarily Noetherian rings. The book is divided into three parts. The first one is devoted to modules, where the adic-completion functor is presented in full details with generalizations of some previous completeness criteria for modules. Part II is devoted to the study of complexes. Part III is mainly concerned with duality, starting with those between completion and torsion and leading to new aspects of various dualizing complexes. The Appendix covers various additional and complementary aspects of the previous investigations and also provides examples showing the necessity of the assumptions. The book is directed to readers interested in recent progress in Homological and Commutative Algebra. Necessary prerequisites include some knowledge of Commutative Algebra and a familiarity with basic Homological Algebra. The book could be used as base for seminars with graduate students interested in Homological Algebra with a view towards recent research.

This volume is the first of two containing selected papers from the International Conference on Advances in Mathematical Sciences, Vellore, India, December 2017 - Volume I. This meeting brought together researchers from around the world to share their work, with the aim of promoting collaboration as a means of solving various problems in modern science and engineering. The authors of each chapter present a research problem, techniques suitable for solving it, and a discussion of the results obtained. These volumes will be of interest to both theoretical- and application-oriented individuals in academia and industry. Papers in Volume I are dedicated to active and open areas of research in algebra, analysis, operations research, and statistics, and those of Volume II consider differential equations, fluid mechanics, and graph theory.

This volume contains research papers and surveys reflecting the topics discussed at the EMS Summer School on Multigraded Algebra and Applications held in Romania in August 2016. The school, which served as the 24th National School on Algebra, presented the main research directions of combinatorial commutative algebra with a strong focus on its applications in combinatorics, statistics, and biology. Recent progress in the field has led to new insights and suggested algebraic techniques for solving real-world data analysis problems. The summer school and resulting proceedings volume have raised numerous novel questions and encouraged a more interdisciplinary approach for young researchers when considering problems in pure and applied mathematical research. Featured topics in this volume include toric rings, binomial edge ideals, Betti numbers for numerical semigroup rings, and Waldschmidt constants. Researchers and graduate students interested in the developments of the field will find this book useful for their studies.

This English edition of Yuri I. Manin's well-received lecture notes provides a concise but extremely lucid exposition of the basics of algebraic geometry and sheaf theory. The lectures were originally held in Moscow in the late 1960s, and the corresponding preprints were widely circulated among Russian mathematicians. This book will be of interest to students majoring in algebraic geometry and theoretical physics (high energy physics, solid body, astrophysics) as well as to researchers and scholars in these areas. "This is an excellent introduction to the basics of Grothendieck's theory of schemes; the very best first reading about the subject that I am aware of. I would heartily recommend every grad student who wants to study algebraic geometry to read it prior to reading more advanced textbooks."- Alexander Beilinson

This book presents results about certain summability methods, such as the Abel method, the Norlund method, the Weighted mean method, the Euler method and the Natarajan method, which have not appeared in many standard books. It proves a few results on the Cauchy multiplication of certain summable series and some product theorems. It also proves a number of Steinhaus type theorems. In addition, it introduces a new definition of convergence of a double sequence and double series and proves the Silverman-Toeplitz theorem for four-dimensional infinite matrices, as well as Schur's and Steinhaus theorems for four-dimensional infinite matrices. The Norlund method, the Weighted mean method and the Natarajan method for double sequences are also discussed in the context of the new definition. Divided into six chapters, the book supplements the material already discussed in G.H.Hardy's Divergent Series. It appeals to young researchers and experienced mathematicians who wish to explore new areas in Summability Theory..

This book, the first in a two-volume set, provides an introduction to the fundamentals of (mainly) non-relativistic quantum mechanics. This first volume chiefly focuses on the essential principles, while applications and extensions of the formalism can be found in volume 2. Including but also moving beyond material that is covered in traditional textbooks on quantum mechanics, the book discusses in detail current issues such as interaction-free quantum measurements or neutrino oscillations, as well as fundamental problems and epistemological questions, such as the measurement problem. A chapter on the postulates of quantum mechanics rounds off this first volume. In order to quickly and clearly present the main principles of quantum mechanics and its mathematical formulation, there is a systematic transition between wave mechanics and algebraic representation in the first few chapters, in which the required mathematical tools are introduced step by step. Moreover, the appendix concisely reviews the most important mathematical tools, allowing readers to largely dispense with supplementary literature. The appendix also explores advanced topics, such as the Quantum-Zeno effect and time-delay experiments. Over 250 exercises, most of them with solutions, help to deepen the reader's understanding of the topics discussed. This revised second edition is expanded by an introduction to some ideas and problems of relativistic quantum mechanics. In this first volume, the Klein-Gordon and the Dirac equations are treated. Fundamentals of other areas are compiled in compact form, i.e., outlines of special relativity, classical field theory and electrodynamics. The book is chiefly intended for student science teachers and all students of physics, majors and minors alike, who are looking for a reasonably easy and modern introduction to quantum mechanics.

This book addresses selected topics in the theory of generalized inverses. Following a discussion of the "reverse order law" problem and certain problems involving completions of operator matrices, it subsequently presents a specific approach to solving the problem of the reverse order law for {1} -generalized inverses. Particular emphasis is placed on the existence of Drazin invertible completions of an upper triangular operator matrix; on the invertibility and different types of generalized invertibility of a linear combination of operators on Hilbert spaces and Banach algebra elements; on the problem of finding representations of the Drazin inverse of a 2x2 block matrix; and on selected additive results and algebraic properties for the Drazin inverse. In addition to the clarity of its content, the book discusses the relevant open problems for each topic discussed. Comments on the latest references on generalized inverses are also included. Accordingly, the book will be useful for graduate students, PhD students and researchers, but also for a broader readership interested in these topics.

This book provides an up-to-date overview of results in rigid body dynamics, including material concerned with the analysis of nonintegrability and chaotic behavior in various related problems. The wealth of topics covered makes it a practical reference for researchers and graduate students in mathematics, physics and mechanics. Contents Rigid Body Equations of Motion and Their Integration The Euler - Poisson Equations and Their Generalizations The Kirchhoff Equations and Related Problems of Rigid Body Dynamics Linear Integrals and Reduction Generalizations of Integrability Cases. Explicit Integration Periodic Solutions, Nonintegrability, and Transition to Chaos Appendix A : Derivation of the Kirchhoff, Poincare - Zhukovskii, and Four-Dimensional Top Equations Appendix B: The Lie Algebra e(4) and Its Orbits Appendix C: Quaternion Equations and L-A Pair for the Generalized Goryachev - Chaplygin Top Appendix D: The Hess Case and Quantization of the Rotation Number Appendix E: Ferromagnetic Dynamics in a Magnetic Field Appendix F: The Landau - Lifshitz Equation, Discrete Systems, and the Neumann Problem Appendix G: Dynamics of Tops and Material Points on Spheres and Ellipsoids Appendix H: On the Motion of a Heavy Rigid Body in an Ideal Fluid with Circulation Appendix I: The Hamiltonian Dynamics of Self-gravitating Fluid and Gas Ellipsoids

Chaos is the idea that a system will produce very different long-term behaviors when the initial conditions are perturbed only slightly. Chaos is used for novel, time- or energy-critical interdisciplinary applications. Examples include high-performance circuits and devices, liquid mixing, chemical reactions, biological systems, crisis management, secure information processing, and critical decision-making in politics, economics, as well as military applications, etc. This book presents the latest investigations in the theory of chaotic systems and their dynamics. The book covers some theoretical aspects of the subject arising in the study of both discrete and continuous-time chaotic dynamical systems. This book presents the state-of-the-art of the more advanced studies of chaotic dynamical systems.

This book originated from a Discussion Group (Teaching Linear Algebra) that was held at the 13th International Conference on Mathematics Education (ICME-13). The aim was to consider and highlight current efforts regarding research and instruction on teaching and learning linear algebra from around the world, and to spark new collaborations. As the outcome of the two-day discussion at ICME-13, this book focuses on the pedagogy of linear algebra with a particular emphasis on tasks that are productive for learning. The main themes addressed include: theoretical perspectives on the teaching and learning of linear algebra; empirical analyses related to learning particular content in linear algebra; the use of technology and dynamic geometry software; and pedagogical discussions of challenging linear algebra tasks. Drawing on the expertise of mathematics education researchers and research mathematicians with experience in teaching linear algebra, this book gathers work from nine countries: Austria, Germany, Israel, Ireland, Mexico, Slovenia, Turkey, the USA and Zimbabwe.

The objective of this book is to provide tools for solving problems which involve cubic number fields. Many such problems can be considered geometrically; both in terms of the geometry of numbers and geometry of the associated cubic Diophantine equations that are similar in many ways to the Pell equation. With over 50 geometric diagrams, this book includes illustrations of many of these topics. The book may be thought of as a companion reference for those students of algebraic number theory who wish to find more examples, a collection of recent research results on cubic fields, an easy-to-understand source for learning about Voronoi's unit algorithm and several classical results which are still relevant to the field, and a book which helps bridge a gap in understanding connections between algebraic geometry and number theory. The exposition includes numerous discussions on calculating with cubic fields including simple continued fractions of cubic irrational numbers, arithmetic using integer matrices, ideal class group computations, lattices over cubic fields, construction of cubic fields with a given discriminant, the search for elements of norm 1 of a cubic field with rational parametrization, and Voronoi's algorithm for finding a system of fundamental units. Throughout, the discussions are framed in terms of a binary cubic form that may be used to describe a given cubic field. This unifies the chapters of this book despite the diversity of their number theoretic topics.

This book presents, in a uniform way, several problems in applied mechanics, which are analysed using the matrix theory and the properties of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. It reveals that various problems and studies in mechanical engineering produce certain patterns that can be treated in a similar way. Accordingly, the same mathematical apparatus allows us to study not only mathematical structures such as quadratic forms, but also mechanics problems such as multibody rigid mechanics, continuum mechanics, vibrations, elastic and dynamic stability, and dynamic systems. In addition, the book explores a wealth of engineering applications.

This volume resulted from presentations given at the international "Brainstorming Workshop on New Developments in Discrete Mechanics, Geometric Integration and Lie-Butcher Series", that took place at the Instituto de Ciencias Matematicas (ICMAT) in Madrid, Spain. It combines overview and research articles on recent and ongoing developments, as well as new research directions. Why geometric numerical integration? In their article of the same title Arieh Iserles and Reinout Quispel, two renowned experts in numerical analysis of differential equations, provide a compelling answer to this question. After this introductory chapter a collection of high-quality research articles aim at exploring recent and ongoing developments, as well as new research directions in the areas of geometric integration methods for differential equations, nonlinear systems interconnections, and discrete mechanics. One of the highlights is the unfolding of modern algebraic and combinatorial structures common to those topics, which give rise to fruitful interactions between theoretical as well as applied and computational perspectives. The volume is aimed at researchers and graduate students interested in theoretical and computational problems in geometric integration theory, nonlinear control theory, and discrete mechanics.

This volume contains extended abstracts outlining selected talks and other selected presentations given by participants of the workshop "Positivity and Valuations", held at the Centre de Recerca Matematica (CRM) in Barcelona from February 22nd to 26th, 2016. They include brief research articles reporting new results, descriptions of preliminary work or open problems, and the outcome of work in groups initiated during the workshop. The general subject is the application of valuation theory to positivity questions in algebraic geometry. The topics covered range from purely algebraic problems like finite generation of semigroups and algebras defined by valuations, and properties of the associated Poincare series, to more geometric questions like resolution of singularities and properties of Newton-Okounkov bodies, linked with non-archimedean geometry and tropical geometry. The book is intended for established researchers, as well as for PhD and postdoctoral students who want to learn more about the latest advances in these highly active areas of research.

The revealing of the phenomenon of superhydrophobicity (the "lotus-effect") has stimulated an interest in wetting of real (rough and chemically heterogeneous) surfaces. In spite of the fact that wetting has been exposed to intensive research for more than 200 years, there still is a broad field open for theoretical and experimental research, including recently revealed superhydrophobic, superoleophobic and superhydrophilic surfaces, so-called liquid marbles, wetting transitions, etc. This book integrates all these aspects within a general framework of wetting of real surfaces, where physical and chemical heterogeneity is essential. Wetting of rough/heterogeneous surfaces is discussed through the use of the variational approach developed recently by the author. It allows natural and elegant grounding of main equations describing wetting of solid surfaces, i.e. Young, Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter equations. The problems of superhydrophobicity, wetting transitions and contact angle hysteresis are discussed in much detail, in view of novel models and new experimental data. The second edition surveys the last achievements in the field of wetting of real surfaces, including new chapters devoted to the wetting of lubricated and gradient surfaces and reactive wetting, which have seen the rapid progress in the last decade. Additional reading, surveying the progress across the entire field of wetting of real surfaces, is suggested to the reader. Contents What is surface tension? Wetting of ideal surfaces Contact angle hysteresis Dynamics of wetting Wetting of rough and chemically heterogeneous surfaces: the Wenzel and Cassie Models Superhydrophobicity, superhydrophilicity, and the rose petal effect Wetting transitions on rough surfaces Electrowetting and wetting in the presence of external fields Nonstick droplets Wetting of lubricated surfaces

This book is primarily aimed at graduate students and researchers in graph theory, combinatorics, or discrete mathematics in general. However, all the necessary graph theory is developed from scratch, so the only pre-requisite for reading it is a first course in linear algebra and a small amount of elementary group theory. It should be accessible to motivated upper-level undergraduates.

This book features papers presented during a special session on algebra, functional analysis, complex analysis, and pluripotential theory. Research articles focus on topics such as slow convergence, spectral expansion, holomorphic extension, m-subharmonic functions, pseudo-Galilean group, involutive algebra, Log-integrable measurable functions, Gibbs measures, harmonic and analytic functions, local automorphisms, Lie algebras, and Leibniz algebras. Many of the papers address the theory of harmonic functions, and the book includes a number of extensive survey papers. Graduate and researchers interested in functional analysis, complex analysis, operator algebras and non-associative algebras will find this book relevant to their studies. The special session was part of the second USA-Uzbekistan Conference on Analysis and Mathematical Physics held on August 8-12, 2017 at Urgench State University (Uzbekistan). The conference encouraged communication and future collaboration among U.S. mathematicians and their counterparts in Uzbekistan and other countries. Main themes included algebra and functional analysis, dynamical systems, mathematical physics and partial differential equations, probability theory and mathematical statistics, and pluripotential theory. A number of significant, recently established results were disseminated at the conference's scheduled plenary talks, while invited talks presented a broad spectrum of findings in several sessions. Based on a different session from the conference, Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems is also published in the Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics Series.

This volume brings together recent, original research and survey articles by leading experts in several fields that include singularity theory, algebraic geometry and commutative algebra. The motivation for this collection comes from the wide-ranging research of the distinguished mathematician, Antonio Campillo, in these and related fields. Besides his influence in the mathematical community stemming from his research, Campillo has also endeavored to promote mathematics and mathematicians' networking everywhere, especially in Spain, Latin America and Europe. Because of his impressive achievements throughout his career, we dedicate this book to Campillo in honor of his 65th birthday. Researchers and students from the world-wide, and in particular Latin American and European, communities in singularities, algebraic geometry, commutative algebra, coding theory, and other fields covered in the volume, will have interest in this book.

Wiring diagrams form a kind of graphical language that describes operations or processes with multiple inputs and outputs, and shows how such operations are wired together to form a larger and more complex operation. This monograph presents a comprehensive study of the combinatorial structure of the various operads of wiring diagrams, their algebras, and the relationships between these operads. The book proves finite presentation theorems for operads of wiring diagrams as well as their algebras. These theorems describe the operad in terms of just a few operadic generators and a small number of generating relations. The author further explores recent trends in the application of operad theory to wiring diagrams and related structures, including finite presentations for the propagator algebra, the algebra of discrete systems, the algebra of open dynamical systems, and the relational algebra. A partial verification of David Spivak's conjecture regarding the quotient-freeness of the relational algebra is also provided. In the final part, the author constructs operad maps between the various operads of wiring diagrams and identifies their images. Assuming only basic knowledge of algebra, combinatorics, and set theory, this book is aimed at advanced undergraduate and graduate students as well as researchers working in operad theory and its applications. Numerous illustrations, examples, and practice exercises are included, making this a self-contained volume suitable for self-study.

This volume contains proceedings of two conferences held in Toronto (Canada) and Kozhikode (India) in 2016 in honor of the 60th birthday of Professor Kumar Murty. The meetings were focused on several aspects of number theory: The theory of automorphic forms and their associated L-functions Arithmetic geometry, with special emphasis on algebraic cycles, Shimura varieties, and explicit methods in the theory of abelian varieties The emerging applications of number theory in information technology Kumar Murty has been a substantial influence in these topics, and the two conferences were aimed at honoring his many contributions to number theory, arithmetic geometry, and information technology.

This book discusses the application of independent continuous mapping method in predicting and the optimization of the mechanical performance of buckling with displacement, stress and static constrains. Each model is explained by mathematical theories and followed by simulation with frequently-used softwares. With abundant project data, the book is an essential reference for mechanical engineers, structural engineers and industrial designers.

This volume presents a collection of articles highlighting recent developments in commutative algebra and related non-commutative generalizations. It also includes an extensive bibliography and lists a substantial number of open problems that point to future directions of research in the represented subfields. The contributions cover areas in commutative algebra that have flourished in the last few decades and are not yet well represented in book form. Highlighted topics and research methods include Noetherian and non-Noetherian ring theory, module theory and integer-valued polynomials along with connections to algebraic number theory, algebraic geometry, topology and homological algebra. Most of the eighteen contributions are authored by attendees of the two conferences in commutative algebra that were held in the summer of 2016: "Recent Advances in Commutative Ring and Module Theory," Bressanone, Italy; "Conference on Rings and Polynomials" Graz, Austria. There is also a small collection of invited articles authored by experts in the area who could not attend either of the conferences. Following the model of the talks given at these conferences, the volume contains a number of comprehensive survey papers along with related research articles featuring recent results that have not yet been published elsewhere.

This book summarizes the research advances in star identification that the author's team has made over the past 10 years, systematically introducing the principles of star identification, general methods, key techniques and practicable algorithms. It also offers examples of hardware implementation and performance evaluation for the star identification algorithms. Star identification is the key step for celestial navigation and greatly improves the performance of star sensors, and as such the book include the fundamentals of star sensors and celestial navigation, the processing of the star catalog and star images, star identification using modified triangle algorithms, star identification using star patterns and using neural networks, rapid star tracking using star matching between adjacent frames, as well as implementation hardware and using performance tests for star identification. It is not only valuable as a reference book for star sensor designers and researchers working in pattern recognition and other related research fields, but also as teaching resource for senior postgraduate and graduate students majoring in information processing, computer science, artificial intelligence, aeronautics and astronautics, automation and instrumentation. Dr. Guangjun Zhang is a professor at the School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, China and also the Vice President of Beihang University, China

This volume comprises selected extended papers written by prominent researchers participating in the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2015, Hong Kong, 18-20 March 2015. The conference served as a platform for discussion of frontier topics in theoretical and applied engineering and computer science, and subjects covered include communications systems, control theory and automation, bioinformatics, artificial intelligence, data mining, engineering mathematics, scientific computing, engineering physics, electrical engineering, and industrial applications. The book describes the state-of-the-art in engineering technologies and computer science and its applications, and will serve as an excellent reference for industrial and academic researchers and graduate students working in these fields.